DOCSLIB.ORG

The Future of Airports a Vision of 2040 and 2070

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Future of Airports a Vision of 2040 and 2070 The Future of Airports A Vision of 2040 and 2070 Topic No. 1: The World in 2040 and 2070 White Paper ENAC Alumni – Airport Think Tank Version 2 of April 2020 The Future of Airports: A Vision of 2040 and 2070 Disclaimer The materials of The Future of Airports are being provided to the general public for information purposes only. The information shared in these materials is not all-encompassing or comprehensive and does not in any way intend to create or implicitly affect any elements of a contractual relationship. Under no circumstances ENAC Alumni, the research team, the panel members, and any participating organizations are responsible for any loss or damage caused by the usage of these contents. ENAC Alumni does not endorse products, providers or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer’s names appear herein solely for illustration purposes. ‘Participating organization’ designates an organization that has brought inputs to the roundtables and discussions that have been held as part of this research initiative. Their participation is not an endorsement or validation of any finding or statement of The Future of Airports. ENAC Alumni 7 Avenue Edouard Belin | CS 54005 | 31400 Toulouse Cedex 4 | France https://www.alumni.enac.fr/en/ | [email protected] | +33 (0)5 62 17 43 38 2 Topic No. 1: The World in 2040 and 2070 Research Team • Gaël Le Bris, C.M., P.E., Principal Investigator | Senior Aviation Planner, WSP, Raleigh, NC, USA • Loup-Giang Nguyen, Data Analyst | Aviation Planner, WSP, Raleigh, NC, USA • Beathia Tagoe, Assistant Data Analyst | Aviation Planner, WSP, Raleigh, NC, USA Panel Members • Eduardo H. Bernardi, Director, Department of Investments, Secretaria Nacional de Aviação Civil, Ministério da Infraestrutura, Brasília - DF, Brazil • Andy Brooker-Tormey, Director, Airport Operations Control Centre, Dubai Airports, Dubai, UAE • Philippe Fonta, Senior Expert Sustainability, Strategy & Stakeholders, SCRUM-Consult, Geneva, Switzerland • Matthieu Gualino, Director of the ICAO Security Training Center, ENAC, Toulouse, France • Ernie Heymsfield, University of Arkansas & Chair of the AV070 Committee, Fayetteville, AR, USA • Marc Houalla, Managing Director of Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Groupe ADP, Roissy-en-Fr., France • Marc Huault, Head of Infrastructure, Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, Blagnac, France • Maurice Jenkins, Division Director, Information Services, Miami-Dade Aviation Department, Miami, FL, USA • Pierre Jouniaux, Chief Executive Officer, Safety Line, Paris, France • Magali Kintzler, Air Traffic Manager CDG, DGAC/DSNA, Roissy-en-France, France • Philippe Laborie, Director of Airport Operations, Groupe ADP, Roissy-en-France, France • Nicolas Lamballe, Enseignant Aéroport, ENAC, Toulouse, France • Ferran B. Lazaro, Director of Operations, Quside Technologies S.L., Barcelona, Spain • Eugene Leeman, Liaison Officer to Eurocontrol, ACI Europe, Brussels, Belgium • Guy Marguet, Projects and Methods Coordinator, Genève Airport & Chair of The French-Speaking Airports (UAF&FA) Technical Committee, Geneva, Switzerland • Thomas Pétrelle, Airport CDM Expert, Groupe ADP, Orly, France • Arlyn Purcell, Director, Aviation Environment & Sustainability, Port of Seattle, Seattle, WA, USA • Michel Ricaud, Deputy Managing Director – Project Management, Paris-Orly Intl. Airport, Groupe ADP, Orly, France • Olivier Sciara, Senior Officer, Safety, Air Navigation & Technical Affairs, UAF&FA, Paris, France Participating Organizations • AV070 Aircraft/Airport Compatibility Committee of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) • ENAC – Ecole Nationale de l’Aviation Civile | National University of Civil Aviation • UAF&FA – The French-Speaking Airports 3 The Future of Airports: A Vision of 2040 and 2070 Foreword In February 2019, ENAC Alumni – the alumni association of the National University of Civil Aviation (ENAC) – organized a day of discussion and education on the current and future challenges in air transportation: The State of the Air (“Les Etats de l'Air”). This event, held at the headquarter of the French General Directorate for Civil Aviation (DGAC), was part of a broader effort to fulfill some of our primary missions toward our 24,000 members: to maintain their knowledge up to date, to provide them platforms where to express and exchange ideas, and to promote excellence in aviation & space. In addition to master classes on Airports, Aircraft and Systems, Design & Certification, Airline Operations, Air Traffic Management, Aircraft Maintenance, Pilots & Flight Operations, Safety & Compliance, and Entrepreneurship, the State of the Air featured a series of roundtables bringing together key leaders of the industry in the sectors of air transportation, tourism and general aviation who presented their vision of the future. Following the large success of the State of the Air, and considering the dedication and expertise of our alumni, it has been decided to take the momentum and invite our think tanks to launch projects on the future of aviation. These think tanks reflect the diversity and excellence of our alumni community: air traffic management, airline operations, airports, digital innovation, and sustainable development. The Airport Think Tank chaired by Gaël Le Bris is one of the most active of our research groups. The Future of Airports is an important study that brings a significant value added to help us foresee future challenges and prepare our industry for the changes to come. The participants of The Future of Airports have provided remarkable work. The output of the working sessions and the research findings are being released as white papers and other practice-ready materials that will be shared and brought to decision makers and leaders of both the public and private sectors worldwide. I am confident that the outcome of this Think Tank will be a huge move forward for the promotion and recognition of the ENAC Alumni. Marc Houalla, President of ENAC Alumni 4 Topic No. 1: The World in 2040 and 2070 Introduction From March 2019 to April 2020, the Airport Think Tank of ENAC Alumni conducted a research project on the long-term future of the airport industry: “The Future of Airports”. The project involved thought aviation leaders from diverse backgrounds and affiliations who looked at the trends and potentially disruptive changes, emerging transformational innovations, their impact on practice and their challenges for air transportation, and the needs in research, education and policies for anticipating and facilitating these changes. The future of airports cannot be envisioned without considering the future of our societies. At the 2040 and 2070 horizons of our study, we will count more fellow human beings than ever. Overall, we will be wealthier and more educated, and have a longer life expectancy. However, we will all face increased impacts from climate change that will put pressure on resources and communities, and might increase inequalities. We will have different social expectations. How can aviation address these new paradigms and continue to provide mobility? First and foremost, we shall never forget that safety always comes first. As we are making air transportation increasingly automated and connected, we shall remember that our top priority must be to safeguard life, health, and property, and to promote the public welfare. Human-induced climate change is the most formidable threat to our civilization. Transportation must become greener if we want to sustain the development of our societies without degrading our well-being and endangering public health at a horizon increasingly visible. Aviation shall keep pioneering green policies. As aviation professionals, we are on the front line to tackle the fundamental issues arising and still continue to interconnect people and move freight. Aviation shall remain a world of opportunities and “create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world” as stated in the Convention of Chicago of 1947. By 2040 and 2070, it is likely that unforeseeable groundbreaking technological innovations, scientific discoveries, and social and political changes will occur and deeply impact our world. When reading these pages, remember that we conducted our work and prepared these materials with our eyes of 2019. We are all part of this future, and we can make a difference individually if we make ethical and sustainable decisions. Aviator and writer Antoine de Saint- Exupéry said that when it comes to the future, “it is not about foreseeing it, but about making it possible”. Let’s make a bright aviation future possible together. Gaël Le Bris, Chair of the Airport Think Tank of ENAC Alumni 5 The Future of Airports: A Vision of 2040 and 2070 Topic No. 1: The World in 2040 and 2070 A More Populated World: Adding 3 to 6 Billion People by 2070 Per the United Nations, the current human population is more than 7.7 billion. This number will grow around 9 billion in 2040, and then 10.5 billion in 2070. While the demography of the more developed regions will be nearly stagnant and perhaps even starting to shrink by the mid-century, most of the worldwide population growth will occur in Asia and Africa. Africa will observe the highest growth rates and will account for 26% of humankind in 2070. Nigeria, currently with the world’s 7th largest population, is projected to surpass the United States and become the third most populated country before 2050.1 These trends will dramatically modify the long-term balance of power and the face of the world. They might also change aviation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Retail Services at Dubai Airports Company
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 22, Issue 7, Ver. 15 (July. 2017) PP 70-75 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Retail Services at Dubai Airports Company Dr. Dina Alkhodary & Dr. Mohammed Shehada Isra University ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to focus on retail stores at Dubai Airports Company by giving a general idea about the status of businesses, number of clients and nature of different processes that happen on daily bases. Furthermore, to check out customers’ satisfaction at the services offered by the retail stores. A questionnaire will be designed and distributed to the staff that is running the retail stores. After reviewing the questionnaire results, statistical analysis will be made to find the strengths and weaknesses of each process and display the suggested remedies for each constrain in details. At the end, based on the observations and the analysis a conclusion and recommendations will be established on the given subject. Key Words: Retail service, Dubai Airports Company, Customer Service, Performance, Staff, Procedures. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Date of Submission: 20 -02-2017 Date of acceptance: 26-07-2017 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. INTRODUCTION Dubai’s business friendly environment, open skies, geocentric location, fast growing home airlines and emergence as a leading global city for tourism, trade and commerce continued to propel the aviation sector. 85 million passengers projected to visit Dubai in 2016. The new enlargement that has taken place in Dubai’s Airport facility has elevated passenger experience at Dubai X Box (DXB), with open boarding gates allowing them more time and freedom to enjoy the great variety of opportunities for shopping, food and relaxation.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Size Really Matters
    ISSN 1718-7966 SEPTEMBER 22, 2014 / VOL. 457 WEEKLY AVIATION HEADLINES Read by thousands of aviation professionals and technical decision-makers every week www.avitrader.com WORLD NEWS Aeroflot’s budget plans The annual World Low Cost Airline Congress held in London, England came to a close last week, and yet again provided a platform to discuss topical issues affecting the low cost airline industry. Aeroflot CEO Vitaly Saveliev used the event to introduce the new LCC subsidiary Dobrolet. Saveliev fully examined and detailed the challenges facing an LCC in Rus- Unlike London, Dubai is acting sia, he said an initial concern for now to meet future traffic regulations was the safety aspect for demands. setting up an LCC operation. “This Photo: has now been resolved,” he told the Dubai Airports conference. Aeroflot targets opera- tions to begin this winter season. Where size really matters New overhead bins for A320 Dubai acts now to meet passenger demand tomorrow family Airbus will introduce its new pivot- The massive investment ear- be the biggest airport project in analyst at StrategicAero Research. ing overhead stowage option for the marked for Al Maktoum Inter- the world and will be built in two “Unlike Heathrow, DWC will put A320 Family aircraft beginning in Q1 national Airport at Dubai World phases. The first phase includes money where its mouth is and 2016 with the delivery of the first of Central (DWC) underscores not two satellite buildings with a col- expand now, rather than get con- 45 brand new A321 aircraft for Delta just the importance of develop- lectively capacity of 120 million gested tomorrow and not have the Air Lines.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Airports a Vision of 2040 and 2070
    The Future of Airports A Vision of 2040 and 2070 Topic No. 4: Security Threats and Unlawful Activities White Paper ENAC Alumni – Airport Think Tank Version 2 of April 2020 The Future of Airports: A Vision of 2040 and 2070 Disclaimer The materials of The Future of Airports are being provided to the general public for information purposes only. The information shared in these materials is not all-encompassing or comprehensive and does not in any way intend to create or implicitly affect any elements of a contractual relationship. Under no circumstances ENAC Alumni, the research team, the panel members, and any participating organizations are responsible for any loss or damage caused by the usage of these contents. ENAC Alumni does not endorse products, providers or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer’s names appear herein solely for illustration purposes. ‘Participating organization’ designates an organization that has brought inputs to the roundtables and discussions that have been held as part of this research initiative. Their participation is not an endorsement or validation of any finding or statement of The Future of Airports. ENAC Alumni 7 Avenue Edouard Belin | CS 54005 | 31400 Toulouse Cedex 4 | France https://www.alumni.enac.fr/en/ | [email protected] | +33 (0)5 62 17 43 38 2 Topic No. 4: Security Threats and Unlawful Activities Research Team • Gaël Le Bris, C.M., P.E., Principal Investigator | Senior Aviation Planner, WSP, Raleigh, NC, USA • Loup-Giang Nguyen, Data Analyst | Aviation Planner, WSP, Raleigh, NC, USA • Beathia Tagoe, Assistant Data Analyst | Aviation Planner, WSP, Raleigh, NC, USA Panel Members • Eduardo H.
    [Show full text]
  • Jcdecaux Wins Landmark Dubai International Airports' Exclusive
    JCDecaux wins landmark Dubai International Airports’ exclusive advertising contract for 10 years Paris, October 20, 2008 - JCDecaux SA (Euronext Paris: DEC), the number one outdoor advertising company in Europe and Asia Pacific and the second worldwide announced today that its subsidiary JCDecaux Dicon has entered into a 10-year contract for the exclusive advertising concession at Dubai International . Dubai International Airports will have an annual capacity of 75 million passengers following the completion of its ongoing expansion project that will include the construction of a new Terminal and two new Concourses. The airport will become the world’s first aviation facility of its size specifically designed for the Airbus A380 and the new hub of Emirates, the carrier recognized internationally as the world’s fastest growing airline. Dubai International Airports are expected to welcome more than 40 million passengers in 2008. Airports worldwide accounted for 4.6 billion passengers in 2007, representing a 5.6 % growth versus 2006 while passenger traffic in the Middle East rose by more than 15%. This performance puts the airport industry clearly on track for the predicted doubling of global air traffic by 2020. In 2007 Dubaï International Airports registered 19 % growth in passenger throughput which totalled 34.3 million. This figure is expected to reach 60 million by 2010. In April 2008 Dubai International Airports ranked number 20 amongst city airports worldwide and number 10 amongst JCDecaux city airport concessions. JCDecaux runs 145 airports worldwide including 7 of the top 10: London, New-York, Paris, Los Angeles, Dallas, Frankfurt and Beijing, as well as fast-growing airports such as Shanghai and Bengalore.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Airport Ownership and Management and the Ground Handling Market in Selected Non-European Union (EU) Countries
    Study on airport DG MOVE, European ownership and Commission management and the ground handling market in selected non-EU countries Final Report Our ref: 22907301 June 2016 Client ref: MOVE/E1/SER/2015- 247-3 Study on airport DG MOVE, European ownership and Commission management and the ground handling market in selected non-EU countries Final Report Our ref: 22907301 June 2016 Client ref: MOVE/E1/SER/2015- 247-3 Prepared by: Prepared for: Steer Davies Gleave DG MOVE, European Commission 28-32 Upper Ground DM 28 - 0/110 London SE1 9PD Avenue de Bourget, 1 B-1049 Brussels (Evere) Belgium +44 20 7910 5000 www.steerdaviesgleave.com Steer Davies Gleave has prepared this material for DG MOVE, European Commission. This material may only be used within the context and scope for which Steer Davies Gleave has prepared it and may not be relied upon in part or whole by any third party or be used for any other purpose. Any person choosing to use any part of this material without the express and written permission of Steer Davies Gleave shall be deemed to confirm their agreement to indemnify Steer Davies Gleave for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Steer Davies Gleave has prepared this material using professional practices and procedures using information available to it at the time and as such any new information could alter the validity of the results and conclusions made. The information and views set out in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Dubai International Airport (DXB) Is Designated As IATA Level 3 – Slot Coordinated
    Conditions of Use Effective 25 October 2015 Reference# DXB 06-09-2015-02 Conditions of Use Including Airport Charges Dubai International P.O. Box: 2525, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Tel: +971 4 216 1173, email: [email protected] dubaiairports.ae Conditions of Use Effective 25 October 2015 Reference# DXB 06-09-2015-02 Category: Passenger and Cargo Airport: Dubai International The use of any facilities at the airport by any operator constitutes acceptance of these Conditions of Use. This edition replaces the IATA Summer Season 2015 Conditions of Use and the previously issued IATA Winter 2015 Conditions of Use. Nothing in these conditions shall be taken to confer a right for you to use airport facilities without Dubai Airports’ permission and we reserve the right to withdraw such agreement in accordance with the regulator where you have breached these conditions. P.O. Box: 2525, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. 2 Tel: +971 4 216 1173, email: [email protected] dubaiairports.ae Conditions of Use Effective 25 October 2015 Reference# DXB 06-09-2015-02 Contents 1 Definitions of Terms .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2 Conditions of Use ................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • United Arab Emirates 2020
    United Arab Emirates 2020 1 Table of Contents Business in the United Arab Emirates _____________________________________ 4 Market Overview _____________________________________________________________ 4 Market Challenges ___________________________________________________________ 5 Market Opportunities _________________________________________________________ 5 Market Entry Strategy _________________________________________________________ 6 Leading Sectors for U.S. Exports and Investment ___________________________ 7 Architecture, Construction, and Engineering (ACE) ________________________________ 7 Aerospace _________________________________________________________________ 12 Automotive ________________________________________________________________ 14 Aviation ___________________________________________________________________ 19 Conventional Power _________________________________________________________ 26 Defense ___________________________________________________________________ 30 Education _________________________________________________________________ 33 Healthcare Services _________________________________________________________ 37 Information Communication Technology (ICT) ___________________________________ 41 Nuclear Power ______________________________________________________________ 46 Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Services _______________________________________ 48 Renewable Energy __________________________________________________________ 52 Safety & Security ___________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Conditions of Use Review
    Conditions of Use Conditions of Use Category: Passengers and Cargo Airport: Dubai World Central (DWC) Effective date: IATA Winter 2020 season A. This edition of Conditions of Use replaces the IATA Summer 2020 Conditions of Use and any of its preceding versions. B. These Conditions of Use set out (as comprehensively as possible), the terms and conditions that apply to and govern the relation with all Operators that use any facilities at the Airport. An Operator shall be deemed to have agreed to be legally bound by fully and irrevocably accepted the terms and conditions set out in these Conditions by using or continuing to use any facilities at the Airport. C. No clause shall be taken to confer a right for an Operator to use Airport facilities without Dubai Airports Corporation’s permission. D. These Conditions are not intended and shall not be taken as waiving or limiting the powers and authority of Dubai Airports Corporation conferred on it by the applicable laws of the Emirate of Dubai and/or the United Arab Emirates. E. An Operator will only be permitted to use or continue to use any facilities at the Airport subject to and conditional upon the strict compliance at all times with the terms and conditions stipulated in these Conditions. Dubai Airports Corporation reserves the right to modify such Conditions in accordance with the regulator where the Operators have breached any of these Conditions. Effective 25th October 2020 Reference# DWC P&C W20 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFINITION OF TERMS ..............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transport, Storage, Communications and Information Technology
    CHAPTER 7 | Transport, Storage, Communications and Information Technology Sheikh Zayed road in Dubai downtown. 117 Dubai Economic Report 2018 Dubai_DED DubaiDED Dubai DED his chapter highlights the importance of these sectors as drivers of economic growth, foreign investment, a well-managed infrastructure to effectively support trans- port of goods in and around the country, and a world class T road system and modern public transportation system by metro, bus, taxi, waterbuses and ferries, and mass transit. The UAE ranks first globally in terms of government procurement of high technology products and innovation capacity. The ICT sector is attractive to foreign direct investment (FDI) which has doubled over the last decade (2007- 2016), reaching USD$6,017 million in 2016. ↗ Dubai and the UAE rank first globally for the quality of transport infrastructure, outperforming most countries of the world, including many in the developed world. ↗ The transport and storage sector is the second largest contributor to Dubai’s GDP, contributing 11.8 per cent in 2017. ↗ The emirate’s road network is recognized as the best globally in terms of safety and efficiency. ↗ Dubai is home to two of the world’s best airports in terms of effi- ciency and quality of service. ↗ The Al Maktoum International Airport project is part of Dubai World Central, one of Dubai’s largest air transport projects, and includes the construction of the world’s first fully integrated airport city. ↗ According to the Global Competitiveness Report (2017–2018) issued by the World Economic Forum, the UAE ranks first globally in terms of government procurement of high technology products.
    [Show full text]
  • RESTRICTED WT/TPR/S/338 27 April 2016
    RESTRICTED WT/TPR/S/338 27 April 2016 (16-2331) Page: 1/108 Trade Policy Review Body TRADE POLICY REVIEW REPORT BY THE SECRETARIAT UNITED ARAB EMIRATES This report, prepared for the third Trade Policy Review of the United Arab Emirates, has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), sought clarification from the United Arab Emirates on its trade policies and practices. Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Mr. John Finn (tel: 022 739 5081), Mr. Usman Ali Khilji (tel.: 022 739 6936), and Mr. Samer Seif El Yazal (tel.: 022 739 5459). Document WT/TPR/G/338 contains the policy statement submitted by the United Arab Emirates. Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the first session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on the United Arab Emirates. This report was drafted in English. WT/TPR/S/338 • United Arab Emirates - 2 - CONTENTS SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 6 1 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................... 9 1.1 Fiscal Policy ............................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Monetary and Exchange Policy ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • BIOGRAPHIES Dr. Ruwantissa Abeyratne Eng. Maryam Ali Ahmed
    Revised, 20 October 2011 BIOGRAPHIES Dr. Ruwantissa Abeyratne Senior Legal Officer, ICAO Dr. Ruwantissa Abeyratne has worked in the field of aviation law and management for thirty years. He is currently Senior Legal Officer at the International Civil Aviation Organization. Tissa holds two doctorates and a master’s degree in air law. He has published 19 books and numerous leading journal articles on international law and aerospace law, in addition to many papers presented to conferences. Two of his recent books are Aviation and the Environment and Aviation and the Carbon Trade. He is a Fellow of both the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. Eng. Maryam Ali Ahmed Al Balooshi United Arab Emirates Professional Experience July‐ Nov2010: Offered an internship with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)‐ Environment Unit‐Montreal‐ Canada. April 2010‐ ongoing: Working as Manager Environment studies‐ UAE General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA). June 2009‐ March 2010: Worked as Manager Environment‐ Dubai Airports Company Oct 2007 – June 2009: Worked as Legislator ‐ Dubai airports Company April 2006‐Sep 2007: Worked as Health, Safety and Environmental officer in Department of Civil Aviation.‐Dubai airport. April 2004 to April 2006: Worked as Corporate Environment Coordinator in Emirates General Petroleum Company (Emarat), member of Integrated Management System (IMS) committee, Particularly coordinated the implementation of ISO14001 & OHSAS18001 and achieved both certificates. May 2003‐April 2004: Worked in the student and academic services department in HCT (high college of technology) Dubai Men’s college as an administration assistant. 2 Also assisted math instructor during summer courses (math 100 and math 150).
    [Show full text]
  • United Arab Emirates CCG 2017
    United Arab Emirates Table of Contents Doing Business in United Arab Emirates _______________________________ 7 Market Overview _______________________________________________________________ 7 Market Challenges _____________________________________________________________ 8 Market Opportunities ___________________________________________________________ 9 Market Entry Strategy ___________________________________________________________ 9 Political Environment ______________________________________________ 11 Political Environment __________________________________________________________ 11 Selling U.S. Products & Services ____________________________________ 12 Using an Agent to Sell U.S. Products and Services _________________________________ 12 Establishing an Office _________________________________________________________ 13 Franchising __________________________________________________________________ 16 Direct Marketing ______________________________________________________________ 18 Joint Ventures/Licensing _______________________________________________________ 18 Selling to the Government ______________________________________________________ 20 Distribution & Sales Channels ___________________________________________________ 21 Express Delivery ______________________________________________________________ 22 Selling Factors & Techniques ___________________________________________________ 22 E-Commerce _________________________________________________________________ 23 Trade Promotion & Advertising __________________________________________________
    [Show full text]