District Survey Report For Minor Minerals (Other Than Sand)

Prepared in accordance with Para 7 (iii) of S.O.141 (E) of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Notification Dated 15th January 2016

GOVERNMENT OF DISTRICT

PREPARED BY S RAKSHIT (FCC AND QP), O P SINGH (M.Sc GEOLOGY) AND A K SINGH (ENV. SPECIALIST) OF A & K ENTERPRISES,

Under the guidance of deiaa, gIRIDIH

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

District Mining Officer, Executive Engineer, Giridih Road Division

Executive Engineer, Additional Director, Minor Irrigation Geology

Member Secretary Divisional Forest Officer, Cum Sub-Divisional Officer, Giridih DEIAA

Deputy Director Mines, Giridih

Approved

Dy. Commissioner/Chairman, DEIAA, Giridih

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

CONTENT

Ch.No Description Page No

Preamble 5

1 Introduction 6-8

1.1 Location and Geographical Area 6

1.2 Administrative Units 6

1.3 Connectivity 7

2 Overview of mining activity in the district 14

3 List of Mining lease in the district 16-27

4 General profile of the District 27-29

4.1 River System 30

4.2 Climate 31

4.3 Soil 31

4.4 Demography 32

4.5 Forest (Flora & Fauna) 32

5 Land Utilization Pattern of the District 34

6 Ground Water Scenario 35-36

6.1 Hydrogeology 35

6.2 Depth to water level 36

6.3 Ground water quality 36

7 Overview Of Impact Of Mining On Environment 38

Conclusion & References 61

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

PREAMBLE

Keeping in view of experience gained in period of one decade, the MOEF&CC came out with Environmental Impact Assessment Notification S.O.-1533(E) dated 14th Sept.2006. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different kinds of development projects as listed in Scheduled -1 of notification.

Further, pursuance of the order of Hon’ble Supreme Court Petition (C) No. 19628-19629 of 2009, dated 27th Feb.2012 In the matter of Deepak Kumar etc., Vs State of Haryana and others etc., prior environmental clearance has now become mandatory for Mining of Minor Minerals irrespective of the area of Mining Lease.

And also in view of the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th Jan.2015 the matter regarding Sand, Brick earth, & borrowed earth cutting for Road Construction has to take prior E.C. For Mining Lease irrespective of the fact that whether the area involved is more or less than 5 hectares. They also suggested to make a policy on E.C for sand including other minor minerals mining lease in cluster.

In pursuance MOEF&CC Notification S.O. 141(E) dated 15th Jan.2016,District Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) & District level Expert Appraisal Committee (DEAC) has been formed for Category –B2 Minor Minerals having area less than or equal to 5 ha.

MOEF&CC in consultation with State Government has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand & other Minor minerals mining detailing the provisions on Environmental Clearance for cluster. Creation of District Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) & proper monitoring of Minor Minerals Mining using Information Technology to track the mineral out material from source to destination.

DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of Mining of Minor Mineral to DEIAA on basis of District Survey report. This will model and guiding document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical setup, environmental and ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on data of various departments, published reports, Journal and websites. The District Survey report will form the basis for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. District Survey Reports are to be reviewed once in every five years as per statue, however this is an interim report, which will be updated at regular intervals.

In line with above guideline Chief Secretary of Government of Jharkhand issued a letter to all Deputy Commissioner’s Vide letter No. -1874/Cs dated 01-08-2017 & Notification No. Khani(vivid) - 67/2017/1905 dated 16-08-2017 by Secretary Government Department of Industries, Mines & Geology, Government of Jharkhand, to prepare a District Survey Report as per guideline.

The Main objective is to ensure the following:-

1. Identification of Minor Mineral Resources in the district (other than sand). 2. Identification of areas of minor minerals having the potential where mining can be allowed. 3. Identification of area and proximity to infrastructure and installations where 4. mining should be prohibited. 5. Probable commercial use for minor mineral.

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

Introduction almost lies in the central part of the North Chotanagpur Divison in the state of Jharkhand and the district is bounded on the north by Jamui and some part of of , on the east by the districts of , Jamtara and ,on the south by and some part of and on the west by Hazaribag and district. It covers an area of about 4854.33 Sq. Km and is situated between 240 02’ and 240 45’ N latitude and 850 40’ and 860 34’E longitude. The district falls in Survey of toposheet nos. 72 H /13,14,15, 16, 72 L/ 01, 02, 03, 04,07,08, 12, 72 E/13, 72 I/1 and 5. The district which acquired the status of an independent district on 6th December, 1972, has a close linkage with the parent district . In 1999, part of it became . Giridih is the administrative headquarter and the principal town of the district. The district has been given this name for abundance of mountain and hillocks in the district. It has one sub – division which has been further divided into thirteen blocks namely – Giridih, , , , , Dhanwar, Dewri, , Gawan, Tisri, Dumri, Birni and Sariya. The district has two constituencies namely Kodarma and Giridih and 6 assembly seats.

Transport facilities Roads- The district is well served by a new work of good roads, Besides the Grand Trunk Road and the National High ways there are a number of state high ways and R.E.O. roads connecting one place of the districts with other places within and outside the district. All the block head quarters of the districts are connected with district head quarter by metalled roads.

The following are the important state high ways: 1. Giridih-Dumri - 45Kms. 2. Giridih –Madhupur - 31Kms. 3. Giridih-Jamua - 40Kms. 4. Hills - 25Kms. 5. Dhanwar-Sriya - 35Kms. 6. Giridih- - 20Kms

The distance of blocks from district headquarter are as follows:- - 1.5Kms Jamua - 35Kms Rajdhanwar - 64Kms Tisri - 65Kms Gawan - 85Kms Deori - 55Kms Bengabad - 17Kms

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Bagodar - 70Kms (via Dumri) Gandey - 23Kms Dumri - 46Kms Pirtand - 25kms Birni - 75Kms

Railways On 1.1.1871 Madhupur Giridih branch of broad gauge section was opened for the convenience of transport of coal , which is supposed to be a class amply found to be abundant and applicable for Railways . It has operated under East India Railway Company under a route mileage of 15.83 Kms. within the district of Giridih and a route mileage of 20.98 Kms. for the entire section. Only two stations fall in this section which is now under Eastern Railway. In Feb. 1907 the grand coal section was opened for traffic. The important station in this section within the district are not only two namely Parasnath ( Bazar) and Hazaribagh Road (Sariya) but Nemiaghat, Chergo Blockhut, Chondharybandh, Karmabandh, Blockhut, Chinchiki, Garaiya Bazar Blockhut are also the stations operational for the Passengers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PLACES OF RELIGIOUS, HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

1. Baidadih It is small village situated near railway station on the Giridih-Madhupur section of eastern Railway. It is noted for its large well water of which contains. Important minerals and is transported to Calcutta and other places for medicinal use. A large annual fair is held in the village on the occasion of Lakhshmi Puja.

2. Dalgando The village is situated about 6 km. north west of the block headquarters at Bengabad. A mica belt was discovered here. The village has a Shiva Temple where an annual fair is held on the occasion of Shivaratri. 3. Khandoli It is a small village situated on the foot of the hills about 8km north of Giridih railway station. The village is noted as a picnic spot. The water of the Khandoli Dam is supplied to the Giridih Town by pipe lines. The district administration has developed the site for the attraction of tourists. Boating facilities are available here on a minimum charges. Towers are being built for the tourists to watch the lovely scene of surroundings.

4. Madhuban The Village which lies in has a famous temple believed to be more that 2000 years old. It is a place of considerable religious importance for the Jains. The Samosharan Temple and Bhomiyajee Asthan are very beautiful places of attraction. “The Dharam mangal Vidyapith” temple is newly constructed.

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5. Parasnath Parasnath hill which is of 4479 ft height is the highest mountain south of the Himalayas. It was made accessible since the construction of a road in 1838. Significantly the oldest of the Jain temple appears to have came to light only in AD.1775.Parasnath is revered as “Mavang Guru” or hill deity by the Santhals of old districts of Hazaribag, Madhuban, Bakura and Santhal Pargana and each year they assemble at the period of full moon in Baisakh, i.e., Budha Purnima” and celebrate a religious hunt (prey) for three days wherein the assembly decides the matters of great interest relating to their customs and charges of offence are probed and accordingly as per need even individuals are outcasted. As per entry in record of rights Swetamber Jains challenged the authority of Santhals over Parasnath. Challenge of Swetamber Jains was upheld by the High Court. When appeal was preferred in the Privy Council, the Santhals have given up the exclusive rights in a customary way of religious hunt in the Parasnath hills, but that rights have been exercised by Santhals in a symbolic way in recent years. In this way Parasnath hills claim the ambience of both the Jains and the Santhals of Giridih district of Jharkhand and in respect of reverence bestowed upon their highest religious beliefs. 6. Sito chak It is a small village of and contains , an old Shiva temple belived to be about 1000years old. It has image of Lord Shiva and Parvati with inscription and engravings on them. The local people believed that more images of these deities can be found in the village if excavation work is undertaken. 7. Usri fall It is famous water fall over the river Usri, situated about 13Km east of Giridih town. It is a favourite picnic spot.

GEOLOGY

The oldest geological formation which occurs in the district is the crystalline metamorphics of Archaean age, which forms the basement. The area is underlain by rocks belonging to Chotanagpur granite gneissic complex of Proterozoic age comprising of biotite and quartz biotite granite gneiss. These are overlain by lower Gondwana sedimentaries which were deposited in the slowly sinking faulted troughs or basins. The rocks of younger age include only quaternary sediments mixed with residual soil at places and are confined to small areas in and around drainage channels. The Archaean crystallines are formed from rock types of both sedimentary and igneous origin. The sedimentaries were converted into various grades of schists by regional metamorphism. Quartz biotite granite gneiss covers a large part of the area and seems to be intruded by granites showing porphhyroblastic texture. The Chotanagpur granite gneiss contains enclaves of metasedimentaries which are aligned in almost E-W direction. The Meta sedimentaries in the area include Amphibolite, hornblende schist and Epidiorite. The amphibolites /meta basics occur as interband with quartzofelsphatic rocks and also occur in the form of isolated bodies. The metamorphosed were then intruded by magmas of basic and acid composition. Intrusive dykes and epidiorites occur usually as prominent hillocks in and around the area.

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General Formation Lithology Stratigraphic Sequence of Giridih district Age Quaternary Alluvium Sand, silt , clay Lr. Gondwana Barakar Formation Sandstone, grit, shale, ( Upper Carboniferous Karharbari carbonaceous shale, to Permian) Talcher coal Shale, Sandstone Sandstone, Shale, Boulders, conglomerates ------UNCONFORMITY------Archaean Chotanagpur Granite Quartz vein, breciatted (Lower to Upper Gneiss Complex quartz, pegmatites Proterozoic. Unclassified Meta Sedimentatries Biotite and quartz biotite granite gneiss

Amphibolite,Hornblend e schist. Epidiorite

The Gondwana rocks which are exposed in trough like basins in the area is the Barakar formations only. This formation is extensively jointed, fractured and faulted, intruded by dykes and sills. The Gondwanas, unconformably overly the metamorphics and over a greater part of the area dipping southerly, thereby exposing the younger unit towards the south adjoining the southern faulted boundary. Sandstone, shale, carbonaceous shale, coal and clays are the major litho units of the Gondwanas. Some area has been noticed with basaltic formation of cretaceous era. Alluvium and residual soils occur only as superficial deposit in general. Deposits of alluvium occur along the flood plains of Barakar, Sikri and the local streams namely Usri, Dhirabar , Khakho Nadi , as thin veneer.

Physiography and Drainage: - The physiography of the area is controlled by rock types occurring in the area, which are hard consolidated and semi consolidated formations. The district represents a hilly and undulating terrain with an average elevation varying from 250 m to 600 m amsl . The district may be divided broadly into three natural divisions viz 1. The Central Plateau 2. The Lower plateau 3. The Damodar valley The central area of the district is occupied by the central plateau, which is surrounded by lower plateaus from all sides except in the west where a ridge connects the central plateau to the . The lower plateau with average height of 1300 ft is undulating in nature. In the north and North West the lower plateaus form tablelands until they reach ghats when they drop in height to 700 ft. The Damodar valley occurs along the southern part of the district. In the district lies the famous Parasnath hill, which has the distinction of being the highest peak of the state with an altitude of 4479 ft above mean sea level.

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The majority of the area is occupied by plateau, which is moderately to shallow weathered, depending upon its area of occurrence. However major portion of the plateau area is moderately weathered. Some of the linear ridges running along E-W direction occur near Dumaria, Naukadihi Kalhamanja, Bharkatta villages and some of the residual hillocks scattered in nature, occur near Shriram nagar, Khandauli and Jonktiabad. The linear ridges and the residual hills act as run-off zone. Majority of the villages in the area occur on the inter stream divide. The major part of the district is having dendritic drainage pattern, controlled mainly by the topography the area. The district is divided into two main watersheads viz the Barakar and the Sakri rivers. The drains through major portion of the district, enters the district near the Birni block and also flows through Pirtand block. The Sakri river passes through the areas of Deori and Gawan blocks. A number of small rivers also flows in the district, the most important among them being Usri. Usri fall is one of the important fall on the river Usri situated about 13 km from Giridih town. All the rivers in the district area are seasonal in nature. During summer the flow of Barakar river is minimal. One of the major river is the Barakar river, which flows in NW-SE direction. The Usri Nadi, whcih flows in NW- SE direction, takes turn near Rautgadi Dhirabar nadi near Garatanr village and starts flowing almost in N-S direction. The Usri Nadi is joined by the village. Some of the prominent streams, which flow through the district are Jaria Nala, Khakho Nadi, Chilkharo Nala etc. The drainage of the buffer zone is mainly controlled by the Barakar river and its tributaries namely Usri Nadi, Dhirabar nadi, Khakho Nadi ,Jaria Nala, Chilkharo Nala etc and the Sikri river. The Usri Nadi along with its tributaries meets the Barakar river near Hazaribad village.

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

Overview of Mining Activity in the District

Available minor minerals in Jharkhand are Barytes, Calcite, Kaolin/ China Clay, Other clay, Dolomite, Dunamite, Feldspar, Fire clay, Gypsum, Lime stone (Kankar), Mica, Pyrophillite, Quartz, Quartzite, Ordinary sand, Shale, Silicious sand, slate, Talc, Soapstone, Stotite, Agate, Diaspore etc.

Valuable minerals such as Mica, Fire clay, Mica-schist, Quartzite/Metamorphic , Coal, Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss, Granitoid gneiss, Sandstone, Shale & Granophyre etc. are found in the district.

Mines and Minerals The district has been famous for the mines of well known ruby mica and for several large coal fields which contain one of the best qualities of metallurgical . The extensive deposits of mica in this district are of importance not only to Jharkhand but to India and other countries also. It is mostly found near the block of Tisri and Gawan . The massif of Parasnath Hill consists mainly of a pyroxone bearing garmetiferous quartzite with felspathic gneisses and gabbroic rocks near the lease. Steatite of soap stone are also found to the west of Parasnath. In 50s there were about 123 registered mica factories at Giridih, but because of stock piling abroad in recent years and paucity of quality mica in the old Mica mines, the mica trade has been subjected to a tremendous set back since the late 80s, moreover substitution by synthetic mica and other products in the electronic Industries, supplemented by fall of socialist soviet block has given rise to serious concern in the mica export resulting in closers of several reputed forms. As a consequence obviously the number of engaged workers although very lowly paid has dwindled from a figure of 50.000 to almost a co-percent i.e .5000 recently. The mining operations has largely been confined to Koderma area, although in a restricted way, whereas most of the mines in Tisri and Gawan have been closed down. However, the industries have still been carrying their operating to meet out the demands of the country and to some extent demands in Europe, Latin America , South East Asia and other countries.

Available Mineral Composition and Application: 1. Quartz / Quartzite / Silica Sand: Compostion : Silicon Oxide, (SiO2 ). Quartz crystallizes directly from igneous magma, Quartzite originates from metamorphism of arenaceous sedimentary rock and quartz rich igneous rocks. Formation : Mainly present as vein and pocket deposits in Pre-Cambrian formations. Grade : Refractory and Ceramic grade. Uses : Refractory, Ceramic, Foundry, Iron and Steel, Abrasive, Paints and Cement Industries 2. Fire clay: Composition : Aluminium Silicate, (Al2O3Fe2O3,SiO2 etc.). It is Sedimentary Rock. A range of refractory clays having fusion points higher than 1,600°C comprising mostly Kaolinite Group of minerals, qtz and mica. Formation : As beds associated with coal-seams in the lower Gondwana rocks. 13 | P a g e

Grade : Plastic and Non-plastic. Uses : As Refractory Bricks, Ceramics and Potteries.

3. Mica: Composition : Phyllosilicate Group of Minerals - Hydrous Potassium Aluminium Iron

Magnesium Silicate K, Na, Mg, Fe, {AlMn2, (AlSi) 3O10} (OH)2 Formation : Differentiation of primary magma, metamorphism of host rocks, in all the three types of rocks as accessory as well as main constituents (Pre-Cambrian). Grade : All grades. Uses : As Heat and Electrical Insulators

4. K- Feldspar, Na-Feldspar:

Composition : K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2, Orthoclase feldspar; NaAlSi3O8 Formation : Associated with pegmatite and intrusive Grade : All grades. Uses : Ceramics, filler, glass making, paint

5. Fireclay (Plastic / non-plastic):

Composition : 3BeOAl2O2 Formation : Associated with coal bearing area Grade : Plastic / non-plastic. Uses : Refractory, rubber, paint industries

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Coal Block Area – Giridih Coal Field

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

River System

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Climate

In Giridih, The district receives average annual rainfall of 1100-1350 mm. and most of the Rain fall occurs during the rainy season. The highest temperature goes upto 40⁰C but the average temperature during winter season remains at 10⁰C.

Soil The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Giridih district. Alfisols were the dominant soils covering 63.6 percent of TGA followed by Inceptisols (18.4 %) and Entisols (16.9 %).

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

Demography

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION AND POPULATION (CENSUS 2011) OF GIRIDIH DISTRICT, JHARKHAND

Sr Block Area Rural Population Urban Population No (Sq.Km) Male Female Total Male Female Total 1 Gawan 336.75 59039 56923 115962 ------2 Tisri 429.53 47423 47658 95081 ------3 Deori 423.51 94686 87841 182527 ------4 Dhanwar 352.41 133849 124726 258575 4531 4246 8777 5 Jamua 478.50 139892 131671 271563 ------6 Bengabad 402.50 79018 74180 153198 ------7 Gandey 366.09 90407 84680 175087 ------8 Giridih 380.86 107643 100617 208260 85668 78642 164310 9 Birni 319.93 85970 83481 169451 ------10 Bagodar 544.10 80722 77372 158094 ------11 Sariya NA 66982 63153 130135 9954 8979 18933 12 Dumri 427.33 108060 109609 217669 8337 7667 16004

Forest

The district contains large portion of forested area which is distributed almost uniformally all over. Sal is the most famous and predominant species of trees in the jungles of the district. Among other common species are Bamboos, Khair, Salai, Mahua, Simul, Kusum, Asan, Kend, Piar, and Bhelwa.

Leopards are sometimes seen in the jungles of the district Bears, jackals, foxes, pigs, hyenas and hares are also common. Sambhar spotted deer, hog deer, four horned deer, and ravine deer are also found Snakes and lizard are quite common. Different varieties of birds visit the district in the cold weather only.

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

District-wise Forest Cover Area in Jharkhand (Area in Km2) 2011 Assessment District Geograph Very Moder-ate. Open Total Percent Change Scrub ical Area Dense Dense Forest Forest of GA 2 Km Forest Bokaro 1,929 64 244 252 560 29.03 0 48 Chatra 3,732 251 863 663 1,777 47.62 -5 15 Deoghar 2,479 0 84 85 169 6.82 0 5 Dhanbad 2,996 0 50 155 205 6.84 0 17 6,212 0 314 323 637 10.25 0 58 Garhwa 4,092 124 406 835 1,365 33.36 0 55 Giridih 4,963 98 422 344 864 17.41 10 8 Godda 2,110 15 268 116 399 18.91 0 25 Gumla 9,077 324 919 1,414 2,657 29.27 0 33 Hazaribagh 5,998 272 626 1,164 2,062 34.38 9 44

Koderma 1,435 68 321 207 596 41.53 -4 0 Lohardaga 1,491 174 219 110 503 33.74 0 10 Pakur 1,571 3 172 108 283 18.01 0 19 Palamu 8,657 529 1,809 1,189 3,527 40.74 0 88 West Singhbhum 9,907 453 1,559 1,829 3,841 38.77 6 81 East Singhbhum 3,533 53 621 404 1,078 30.51 67 38 Ranchi 7,698 141 684 1,079 1,904 24.73 0 67 1,834 21 336 193 550 29.99 0 72 Grand Total 79,714 2,590 9,917 10,470 22,977 28.82 83 683

(Source: India state of forest report 2011-Jharkhand)

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

Ground Water Scenario

Hydrogeology

The district is underlain by compact and hard rocks belonging to crystalline metamorphics of Archaean age and lower Gondwana sedimentaries, which are devoid of any primary porosity . The ground water in such formation occurs within the secondary porosity such as joints, fractures and bedding plains. The ground water occurrence and movement is basically controlled by the prevailing morphology and intensity of structural discontinuities. The intensity of joints, fractures, foliation planes are more along structurally disturbed zones. Therefore structure is another controlling factor for occurrence and movement of ground water over the area. Hydrogeologically the area can be grouped under two major formations. I) Fissured formation:- Represented by consolidated metamorphics and semi-consolidated Gondwanas ii) Porous formation: - Represented by the alluvium. The consolidated formations are represented by the Archaean metasedimentaries consisting of phyllites, schist’s and gneisses with associated bands of quartzites and amphibolites. Ground water occur under unconfined condition in the weathered mantle and semi-confined to confined condition in the deeper fractures. Through Pumping tests in dug wells in the weathered mantle of quartzofelspathic rocks , the specific capacity values of the phreatic aquifers have been found in the range of 15-35 lpm/m.

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Depth to Water Level: -

There are 16 National Hydrograph Stations (NHS) have been established by Central Ground Water Board for the study of behavior of the water level and their fluctuation. Pre monsoon depth to water level: - On the basis of the depth to water level of the year 2012 - 13, the pre monsoon depth to water level was monitored between 4.74 to 15.40 mbgl. Majority of the wells (45.45%) fall in the water level range of 9 - 12 mbgl. Post monsoon depth to water level: - On the basis of the depth to water level of the year 2012 – 13, the post monsoon depth to water level ranges between 2.15 to 7.60 mbgl. About 75% of the wells fall in the water level ranges between 3 – 6 mbgl.

Categorization of depth to water level of pre-monsoon period (May 2012)

No. of Depth to 0-2 (m) 2-5 (m) 5-10 (m) 10-20(m) water level wells (m bgl) measured

Min Max No. % No. % No. % No. %

8 4.55 9.90 0 0 2 20 8 80 0 0

Ground Water Quality: -

To evaluate the quality of ground water, samples have been collected from representative NHS (dug wells) during the month of May 2011. These samples have been considered to assess the chemical quality of ground water and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The samples represent the quality of phreatic zone or the shallow zone. The ground water samples were analysed for major chemical constituents by using standard procedure at chemical laboratory in CGWB, MER, Patna. Analysed results are given in table 5. The results of ground water samples were evaluated in accordance with the standard (ISI – 1993) for drinking purpose. In general the quality of ground water in the phreatic aquifer is acceptable except one sample chloride and four samples nitrate concentration more than permissible limit. The EC value ranges from 238 – 1798 micro Siemens/cm at 250c.

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District Survey Report of Giridih, Jharkhand

Number of samples exceeding permissible limit in the district.

Quality IS:10500, 1991 No. of samples in the district exceeding Desirable limit Permissible limit permissible limit

pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 0

T.H 300 600 0

Ca 75 200 0

Cl 250 1000 0

F 1.0 1.5 0

NO3 45 100 0

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GIRIDIH DISTRICT, JHARKHAND

IMPACT OF MINING ON ENVIRONMENT & REMEDIAL MEASURES

Impact on Environment and Poluplation due to mining activities depends on type of mineral mines, location; scale of mechanization, transportation, size of mines etc. Therefore, identification of potential hazards and design & implementation of effective impact/pollution control measures are of paramount importance. It is expected that the lessee, statutory bodies and interested community take active measures for this to preserve mineral, optimize operation and try to safeguard environment with measurable actions to the extent possible.

• Site preparation and development

This is the first & vital step to commence any mining project. After allotment of lease, the proponent starts various tasks like land acquisition, R&R, forest approval (if needed), approach/transport road preparation, site clearance etc. Therefore, prior to these, it is mandatory to carry out EIA studies and prepare EMPs by competent accredited bodies. This will help proponent to obtain necessary statutory clearances and keep budgetary provisions and other resources ready before commencing mining. The authority, local and state, both are required to be careful while grant of site specific approvals.

Considering that allotment of various small and scattered mineral concessions will have larger impact on environment and public health, it may considered to allot large mineral concessions through appropriate process. This will help for:

a) The various causes of pollutions could be restrained to limited sites, b) Commensurate measures could be applied by lessees, c) Effective monitoring and control could be applied by authorities

• Quarrying/ Open cast mining

It is considered that the minor minerals in Giridih district are mostly mineable through open cast/quarrying method. To ascertain extraction of any mineral by underground method, if available, some deep hole exploration may be carried out by Mines/Geology dept in future. Our present studies are based on reconnaissance by surface exposures, available trenches, river cuts etc.

Quarrying/Open-cast mining involves the removal of plants, trees, bushes; resettlement of habitations, agriculture area and is therefore inevitably harmful to present flora and fauna. It is proposed to use best possible measures like controlled blasting, acoustically enclosed machines, dust suppression agents, large scale plantation, PPEs for employees, phase wise working and reclamation, CSR activities etc.

• Disposal of overburden and waste rock

This is one of the most hazardous source. It could generate lot of air pollution through air borne dust from waste dumps, it could cause siltation in natural water courses through spillages or rain water flow, it could cause health hazards to surrounding habitation, forest and wild life etc.

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The dump should be such located based on wind rose diagramme study that the prevalent wind flow would carry minimum dist. The R&R colony, habitation shall not be near dumps or in the direction of most prominent wind flow. Regular water sprinkling on dumps, vegetative cover on dump surface, toe wall around dumps are mandatory requirement to mitigate dust pollution from dumps.

• Site restoration/reclamation and closure

It is noticed in many cases that the lessees have left the mining sites abandoned after extraction of economic value minerals leaving the perils of mining for the surrounding to face. Abandoned pits, scattered extraction are like scars in our environment. It is therefore very much important that the authority to grant permission for mining shall surely impose strict conditions for concurrent reclamation and effective mine closure plans/activities to avoid post mining impacts to environment.

Regular budgetary provisions along with a secured lumpsum fund, commensurate with scale of mining operation, shall be deposited with Govt as a guarantee. Further, for compliance, satellite imageries taken at regular intervals by lessees, shall be used to monitor reclamation/mine closure activities undertaken by lessees.

Impacts of mining projects on air quality:-

The largest sources of air pollution in mining operations are:

Particulate matter transported by the wind as a result of excavations, blasting, wind erosion (more frequent in open-cast mining), fugitive dust from transport facilities, stockpiles, waste dumps, and haul roads. Exhaust emissions from mobile sources (cars, trucks, heavy equipment) raise these particulate levels; and gas emissions from the combustion of fuels in stationary and mobile sources, explosions, and mineral processing. Once pollutants enter the atmosphere, they undergo physical and chemical changes before reaching a receptor. These pollutants can cause serious effects to people’s health and to the environment.

Transportation sources

- Dumpers/trucks used for ore/OB haulage - Trucks for outside ore despatch

Stationary sources - Crushers/screens - Dumps - Open quarries/pits Control measures: - Water sprinkling on haul road and approach road/ at crushers/screens to reduce dust emission. - Green belt development around mines/roads to reduce air pollution & provide windbreaks. 38 | P a g e

- Controlled blasting and rocks will be broken and resized using rock breaker. - Phase-wise plantation shall be carried out during reclamation of the dumps and mined out areas & along the haulage roads, along the safety barrier, public place nearby village. - Local species of trees as found in the area will be planted like Gamhar, Plash, Neem, Sisham, Karanj, Jamun, Khajur, Amla, Babool, Jackfruit, Kadamb, Baigna, Kachnar, Sar, Aam & Kans etc Shrubs like Croton , Kurchi and herbs like Lemon grass, Bamboo, Chiriata beside grasses like Dub, chornath etc which is found in the area shall be planted. - Density shall be maintained at minimum 1600/Ha tree plant/shrubs.

Noise and vibration sources - Movement of HEMMs - Crushers/screens - Blasting - Rock breakers Control measures - Green belt development around mine periphery in three layers - Avoid secondary blasting and blasting on alternate days at fixed time in daylight - Controlled blasting - Proper layout of haul roads to minimize vehicle movement - Use of conveyors where feasible for material transport - Scheduled maintenance of HEMMs - Use of acoustic enclosures at crushers/ screens - Avoid night time working as much possible - Use of higher capacity HEMMs to reduce sources of pollution and have better capacity utilization WATER POLLUTION CONTROL - Municipal waste water produced from site services will be discharged into septic tank followed by soak pit. - Garland drains around mine and OB dump. The discharge from Garland drain will be collected in the settling pond before discharging to the local drainage. - No wastewater will be discharged.

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Artoka mouza, Bengabad 24⁰19’04.05” N, 86⁰15’11” E

Gurha Tola, near Jamua 24⁰16’42.2”N, 86⁰06’10.1” E

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Artoka mouza, Bengabad 24⁰19’04.05” N, 86⁰15’11” E

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Artoka mouza, Bengabad 24⁰19’04.05” N, 86⁰15’11” E

Artoka mouza, Bengabad 24⁰19’04.05” N, 86⁰15’11” E

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Probable area:

1. Quartz- 189,213 M3

2. Quartz & Feldspar- 723,216 M3

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3. Hornblende Schist- 130,892 M3

4. Quartz & Feldspar-141,392 M3

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5. Quatz & Feldspar-91,276 M3

6. Granite- 247,560 M3

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7. Granite-132,556 M3

8. Dolarite Stone- 138,268 M3

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Some more promising area for Fire Clay

Baksidih 1. Latitude Longitude 24⁰11’02.01” 86⁰16’19.16” 24⁰10’43.16” 86⁰16’21.90” 24⁰10’43.74” 86⁰16’ 33.89” 24⁰10’59.2” 86⁰16’28.86” 2. Latitude Longitude 24⁰10’43.67” 86⁰16’36.04” 24⁰10’43.09” 86⁰16’25.61” 24⁰10’31.37” 86⁰16’ 31.61” 24⁰10’32.65” 86⁰16’42.51” 3. Latitude Longitude 24⁰11’04.29” 86⁰15’38.28” 24⁰10’56.18” 86⁰15’37.60” 24⁰10’58.13” 86⁰15’32.55” 24⁰11’06” 86⁰15’32.81”

Some promising stone (feldspar and quartz) area near Gawan Bendro 24⁰35’00.2” 85⁰55’00.4”

Pegmatitic vein having mica, quartz, soda-felsdpar and tourmaline (Width approx 1500-2000m as observed in exposure) Sl Lat Long No 1 24⁰34’37.6”N 85⁰55’08.7”E 2 24⁰34’37.3”N 85⁰55’07.9”E 3 24⁰34’40.0”N 85⁰55’16.7”E 4 24⁰34’35.70”N 85⁰55’08.89”E 5 24⁰34’31.75N 85⁰55’07.58”E 6 24⁰34’24.76”N 85⁰55’14.34”E 7 24⁰34’37.3”N 85⁰55’07.9”E

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East

West Strike of Pegmatite vein East-West

Pegmatite exposure

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Mica books along a trench

Quartzite near Gawan (East part)

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Soda Feldspar near Bendro

Quartz

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Quartz

For black stone (Gabbro) 24⁰23’30.2”N 85⁰56’35.8”E

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Some more promising coloured stone and quartzite area are reported near Gawan. However, due to anticipated local problems, these area could not be traversed in details.

1. Hardia - 24⁰40’50” 85⁰56’42.44”

2. Kakariar - 24⁰45’86.81” 85⁰55’05.48”

3. Dudhpania – 24⁰42’48” 85⁰53’16.67”

4. Orporo – 24⁰42’31.11” 85⁰54’29.65”

5. – 24⁰42’43.46” 85⁰56’11.44”

6. Lapariar – 24⁰41’58.46” 85⁰58’15”

7. Pariae – 24⁰41’12.76” 85⁰58’08.59”

8. Puranki Ahar – 24⁰37’11.50” 85⁰55’28.60” 24⁰37’12.60” 85⁰55’26.8”

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CONCLUSION:

New potential areas have been identified on the basis of reconnaissance carried out through field observation. The depth of probable deposit, probable spatial extension and grade need to be corroborated by detailed exploration for techno-economic viability assessment. All the statutory clearances required for grant of mineral concessions should be verified with concerned authorities.

REFERENCES

• District Mining Office – Giridih • District Forest Office – Giridih • Regional Directorate of Geology(Hazaribagh)

• Resource Map of Giridih District from Geological Survey of India • Geological Map of Giridih District from Geological Survey of India • JSAC (Jharkhand Space Application Centre, Ranchi) • Project Officer, CCL, Giridih

• http://www.jharkhandminerals.gov.in

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giridih

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