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Ecriture Et Standardisation Des Langues Gabonaises

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Ecriture Et Standardisation Des Langues Gabonaises The language situation of Gabon is given fair treatment and specific issues of alphabet and writing, orthography and standardisation, phonology and graphic representation are discussed and resolved. Standardisation of orthography is also argued for as a way to facilitate the development of dictionaries and the sharing of research data and analyses within the Gabonese languages clusters’ domain. Importantly, this work contributes to the debate on the state of African . languages in general, and on Gabonese languages specifically that hitherto have had little fortune in being reduced to a written code. The need for research to empower Gabonese languages through their development is argued. For policy makers and researchers, this book provides important information . for practical consideration regarding the implementation of teaching and . Fang writing Gabonese languages. Dr Andy Chebanne Gabonaises Langues des Standardisation et Ecriture The Centre for the Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS), Cape Town . The validity of this book lies in its comprehensive description of various Duma challenges with the standardisation of Gabonese languages in terms of adopting . Mahongwe. a common alphabet and phonetics suitable for the transcription of national Ngom languages. Most importantly, this book offers new perspectives in addressing the development of Gabonese languages through the appropriation of a . Bwisi unified system of transcription of these languages. The authors of the book . suggest a few solutions in the field of linguistics, as well as political decisions . Simba which should be made in order to achieve a standardised system of writing . Ndumu Gabonese languages. A particular case study enriches the scientific debate on . Bubi Lumbu the development of minority languages and cultures which run the risk of extinction when an established system of writing these languages in terms of et Standardisation alphabet and phonetics is lacking. Kota . Sighu Dr Stéphane Serge Ibinga . Ndasa . Tsaangi Stellenbosch University Benga . Kélé Sous la direction de . Seki Ecriture. Yasa . Jacques Hubert & des Langues . Bekwil MyenePaul Achille Mavoungou . Kaningi . Sangu . Teke-TsaayiGabonaises. Yangho � . Mbere . Barama . Kande Sake Baka Paul Achille Mavoungou Achille Paul Jacques Hubert & & Hubert Jacques . Wumbvu . Mbangwe. Punu French . Teke, Northern www.sun-e-shop.co.za . Pinji . Wandji Mbama . Njebi . Tchitchege. Vumbu . Sira . Vili Tsogo Ecriture et Standardisation des Langues Gabonaises Sous la direction de Jacques Hubert & Paul Achille Mavoungou Préface de J.T. KWENZI-MIKALA Ecriture et Standardisation des Langues Gabonaises Published by SUN MeDIA Stellenbosch www.africansunmedia.co.za www.sun-e-shop.co.za All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Jacques HUBERT & Paul Achille MAVOUNGOU No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, photographic or mechanical means, including photocopying and recording on record, tape or laser disk, on microfilm, via the Internet, by e-mail, or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission by the publisher. First edition 2010 ISBN: 978-1-920109-90-5 e-ISBN: 978-1-920109-32-5 DOI: 10.18820/9781920109325 Set in 10/12 Palatino Linotype Typesetting by SUN MeDIA Stellenbosch Cover design by SUN MeDIA Stellenbosch Cover image by Petr Kratochvil – HTML: <a href="http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view- image.php?image=1786&picture=colored-pencils">Colored Pencils</a> SUN PReSS is an imprint of AFRICAN SUN MeDIA (Pty) Ltd. Academic, professional and reference works are published under this imprint in print and electronic format. This publication may be ordered directly from www.sun-e-shop.co.za Printed and bound by SUN MeDIA Stellenbosch, Ryneveld Street, Stellenbosch, 7600. La publication du présent ouvrage n’aurait pas été possible sans la contribution et le soutien des personnes ci-après: ∙ Pr. Rufus Gouws ∙ M. Augustin Tiwinot ∙ Mme Marina C. Nzalha, épouse Mavoungou. ∙ M. Hermano Ndenguino-Mpira ∙ Le Bureau du WAT Puisse les uns et les autres trouver ici le témoignage de notre reconnaissance. Nous sommes également très reconnaissants au Prof Jérôme T. Kwenzi-Mikala pour avoir accepté de préfacer le présent ouvrage. Nous présentons enfin notre gratitude à Hugues Steve Ndinga-Koumba-Binza pour tout le travail de prospection et de coordination en vue de la publication de cet ouvrage. SOMMAIRE Préface ...................................................................................................................... i Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Etat des lieux sur l’Enseignement des Langues Gabonaises ................................ 5 Jacques Hubert Alphabet et Ecriture: approche historique et cas des langues gabonaises .......... 29 Hugues Steve Ndinga-Koumba-Binza Alphabet et Orthographe: critères, qualités, conditions et vulgarisation ............ 69 Thierry Afane Otsaga Orthographe, Standardisation et Confection des Dictionnaires .......................... 97 Paul Achille Mavoungou La Place des Tons dans l’Orthographe des Langues Gabonaises ........................ 135 Léandre Serge Soami Unités-langues et Standardisation dans les langues Gabonaises ......................... 153 Hugues Steve Ndinga-Koumba-Binza Recommandations .................................................................................................. 178 Annexes ................................................................................................................... 181 Index Thématiques .................................................................................................. 207 Les Contributeurs ................................................................................................... 209 PREFACE L’écriture et la standardisation des langues africaines en général et des langues gabonaises en particulier répondent à un idéal nouveau : annihiler les divers préconstruits sur l’orthographe de nos langues, et de la même manière, élargir et conserver les acquis de l’universalité. Pouvoir écrire et standardiser les langues gabonaises, c’est, à mon sens, unifier les différentes propositions d’alphabet de nos langues. C’est aussi réduire l’effet retors dont elles ont été l’objet. Harmoniser, enrichir, identifier les constantes des recherches réalisées et pouvoir enseigner ces acquis sans les galvauder sont les objectifs sur lesquels se sont fixés les auteurs du présent ouvrage. Ecriture et Standardisation des Langues Gabonaises se présente comme un complément de réponse à un besoin réel : le développement et la transcription orthographique des langues gabonaises. Ce n’est certainement pas une chose négligeable que de parler d’écriture et de standardisation des langues gabonaises au moment où le monde se réduit progressivement en un village planétaire. En effet, le phénomène de mondialisation et les nouvelles technologies de l’information favorisent de plus en plus la maîtrise des langues des pays où sont élaborés ces nouveaux outils de développement, en l’occurrence le français et l’anglais. Il faudrait donc qu’un effort soit fait pour que nos langues puissent être utilisées dans les milieux scolaires, cadre d’apprentissage par excellence, et dans l’administration, moteur des échanges interculturels. Le problème de nos langues, il faut aussi le souligner, commence lorsque les langues héritées de la colonisation (anglais, français et espagnol principalement), autrefois, facteurs de promotion sociale eurent à créer une classe d’évolués sachant faire usage des parlers européens. Cette classe aurait participé à l’élimination des langues locales dans les cellules familiales dont ils étaient les chefs. « L’éducation par le français rien que par le français », peut on résumer la politique linguistique de cette époque. Les effets de cette politique sont manifestes de nos jours sur les jeunes, comme le fait remarquer Jacques Hubert dans son article. Langues des technologies nouvelles, des échanges interculturels et des relations internationales, ces langues venues d’Europe participent de nos jours au processus de développement général de nos pays africains. Mais elles peuvent et doivent contribuer à l’épanouissement de nos langues. Il va falloir ainsi chercher à donner à nos langues le même statut technologique, culturel et sociopolitique sur le plan national que ces langues européennes que nous manions le plus souvent mieux que les nôtres. i ii ECRITURE ET STANDARDISATION DES LANGUES GABONAISES Ecriture et Standardisation des Langues Gabonaises ne saurait se réduire à une critique du colonialisme et de la léthargie, encore moins à une euphorie que dicte la nécessité de publication des chercheurs. C’est plus que des réponses dont peut avoir besoin le processus d’insertion des langues gabonaises dans le système éducatif. Pour ce faire, il faut systématiser, alphabétiser et orthographier les moyens de transmission desdits apprentissages. Je suis certain que cet ouvrage va contribuer efficacement à tous les processus de développement de nos langues : processus entamés depuis les travaux de Raponda-Walker jusqu’à l’adoption en 1999 d’un nouvel alphabet des langues gabonaises en Session de Concertation des experts. On peut retenir des différents chapitres que le développement et la conservation des langues gabonaises dépendent de l’écriture et de la standardisation. Ce qui, à mon avis, est juste puisque aucune langue ne s’est développée
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