Thematisch Ambtsbericht Syrië De Veiligheidssituatie

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Thematisch Ambtsbericht Syrië De Veiligheidssituatie Thematisch ambtsbericht Syrië De veiligheidssituatie Datum Juli 2019 Pagina 1 van 103 Thematisch ambtsbericht Syrië | De veiligheidssituatie juni 2019 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Cluster Ambtsberichten (CAB) Pagina 2 van 103 Thematisch ambtsbericht Syrië | De veiligheidssituatie juni 2019 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ....................................................................................................... 2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................. 3 Inleiding ...................................................................................................... 5 1 Veiligheidssituatie ....................................................................................... 7 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ................................................................................. 7 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie ........................................................................................ 17 1.2.1 Provincies Damascus en Rif Dimashq (Ruraal Damascus) ................................... 17 1.2.2 Provincies Dara’a en Quneitra ........................................................................ 19 1.2.3 Provincie Al-Suweida .................................................................................... 23 1.2.4 Provincie Tartous ......................................................................................... 24 1.2.5 Provincie Lattakia ........................................................................................ 24 1.2.6 Provincie Idlib ............................................................................................. 25 1.2.7 Provincie Homs ............................................................................................ 31 1.2.8 Provincie Hama ........................................................................................... 32 1.2.9 Provincie Aleppo .......................................................................................... 34 1.2.10 Provincie Hasaka ......................................................................................... 39 1.2.11 Provincie Deir al-Zor..................................................................................... 39 1.2.12 Provincie Raqqa ........................................................................................... 41 1.3 Burgerslachtoffers ........................................................................................ 42 1.4 Geweld tegen specifieke groepen ................................................................... 44 1.5 Mensenrechtenschendingen ........................................................................... 45 1.6 Humanitaire situatie ..................................................................................... 49 1.7 Reismogelijkheden ....................................................................................... 55 1.8 Grensovergangen......................................................................................... 57 1.9 Etnische of religieuze herindeling gebieden ...................................................... 57 2 Koerdisch gebied ....................................................................................... 60 2.1.1 Bestuur ...................................................................................................... 60 2.1.2 Veiligheidssituatie ........................................................................................ 61 2.1.3 Positie niet-Koerden ..................................................................................... 62 2.1.4 Rechtsbescherming ...................................................................................... 63 2.1.5 Reismogelijkheden ....................................................................................... 64 2.1.6 Bevolkingssamenstelling ............................................................................... 65 2.1.7 Migratie ...................................................................................................... 65 2.1.8 Dienstplicht ................................................................................................. 66 3 Militaire aspecten ...................................................................................... 68 3.1.1 Militaire dienstplicht ..................................................................................... 68 3.1.2 Gedwongen rekrutering en rekrutering van kinderen ......................................... 70 3.1.3 Amnestieregelingen ...................................................................................... 72 3.2 Commandostructuur van leger en milities ........................................................ 72 3.2.1 Functionering en aansturing YPG en SDF ......................................................... 73 3.2.2 Functionering en aansturing Vrije Syrische Leger .............................................. 74 3.3 Buitenlandse troepen .................................................................................... 74 4 Ontheemden .............................................................................................. 77 4.1 Ontheemdenkampen .................................................................................... 78 4.2 Kampen voor ISIS-strijders ........................................................................... 80 Pagina 3 van 103 4.3 Internationale organisaties ............................................................................ 82 4.3.1 Documenten ............................................................................................... 83 4.3.2 UNRWA ...................................................................................................... 84 4.3.3 UNHCR ....................................................................................................... 84 4.4 Terugkeer ................................................................................................... 85 4.4.1 Terugkeer van ontheemden ........................................................................... 85 4.4.2 Syrische vluchtelingen in de buurlanden .......................................................... 86 4.4.3 Terugkeer van vluchtelingen .......................................................................... 92 5 Bijlagen ..................................................................................................... 96 5.1 Gebruikte afkortingen ................................................................................... 96 5.2 Geraadpleegde bronnen ................................................................................ 97 5.3 Kaart van Syrië ......................................................................................... 103 Pagina 4 van 103 Thematisch ambtsbericht Syrië | De veiligheidssituatie juni 2019 Inleiding Dit thematische ambtsbericht beschrijft de veiligheidssituatie in Syrië. De verslagperiode loopt van mei 2018 tot en met mei 2019. Voor zover mogelijk zijn de meest relevante ontwikkelingen tot aan de publicatie van het ambtsbericht in juli 2019 opgenomen. Het betreft qua verslagperiode dan ook een actualisering van de beschrijving van de veiligheidssituatie in het thematische ambtsbericht Syrië van juni 2018. Voor een overzicht van de militaire dienstplicht en aanverwante onderwerpen wordt verwezen naar het thematische ambtsbericht dat hierover is uitgebracht in december 2016. Voor informatie over Syrische documenten wordt verwezen naar het thematische ambtsbericht hierover van oktober 2017. Dit thematische ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van zowel openbare als vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van niet-gouvernementele organisaties, Kamerbrieven, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. De geraadpleegde openbare bronnen zijn opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Daarnaast liggen bevindingen van een fact finding-missie naar Turkije, Jordanië, Libanon en Irak en berichtgeving afkomstig van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordigingen in voornoemde landen mede ten grondslag aan dit ambtsbericht. Deze bevindingen worden als vertrouwelijke bronnen behandeld. Berichtgeving (in openbare bronnen) over geweldsincidenten kan zeer uiteenlopen, zo kan het aantal slachtoffers variëren per gebeurtenis. Informatie over de aanhoudende strijd, daders, slachtofferaantallen en andere aanverwante onderwerpen is (bijna) niet onafhankelijk te verifiëren en is niet uitputtend. Waar mogelijk is informatie middels vertrouwelijke bronnen geverifieerd. Dit ambtsbericht moet dan ook gelezen worden in de context van een zeer fluïde situatie, waarin bovendien alle verschillende partijen baat hebben bij bepaalde – voor hen gunstige – berichtgeving. Daarnaast worden in de mediaberichtgeving over Syrië geregeld termen gebruikt als ‘extremisten’, ‘gematigden’ en ‘jihadisten’. In dit ambtsbericht wordt in beginsel het woord ‘gewapende groep’ gebruikt, tenzij een dergelijke groep op een VN- of EU-lijst staat genoemd als een terroristische groepering, zoals Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) en ISIS. In hoofdstuk 1 wordt een overzicht gegeven van de veiligheidssituatie in het hele land. Hierbij wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen de gebieden die onder controle staan van de Syrische autoriteiten, de Koerden en andere groeperingen. In dit hoofdstuk worden ook mensenrechtenschendingen en de gevolgen van het conflict voor de humanitaire situatie beschreven. Hoofdstuk 2 gaat in op de situatie in de Koerdische regio in het noordoosten van Syrië. Dienstplicht en andere militaire aspecten die
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