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The Deaf of Bangladesh

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The Deaf of Bangladesh Profile Year: 2012 People and Language Detail Profile Language Name: Bangla dialect of Bengali Sign Language ISO Language Code: wbs The Deaf of Bangladesh The Bangla Sign Language Community In Bangladesh, the people who use sign language as their primary means of communication are an unreached people group using the Bangla dialect of the Bengali Sign Language. During India's partition in 1947, Hindus moved west to what is now the Indian state of West Bengal and Muslims living in the west moved east to the region that became Bangladesh. Over time the two groups have developed separate dialects, the West Bengal Sign Language (WBSL) in West Bengal and the Bangla Sign Language (BaSL) in Bangladesh. Previously it has been thought that the Deaf in this region use Indian Sign Language (ISL). However, current research the great majority of the Deaf do not know ISL but use Bengali Sign Language and that it is a different language from ISL. Greater concentrations of Deaf occur in the larger cities that have more resources for them. Deaf people who know sign language generally interact with other Deaf in many different groups, clubs, schools etc. Most members of the Deaf community, however, are not aware of how many deaf are isolated to their own neighborhood or home and have yet to learn BaSL. Primary Religion: The needs among the 1.5 million Bangladeshi deaf include the 99.9% Islam ____________________________________________________________ who don't know the Lord, the 100% without a Bible in their mother-tongue, Disciples (Matt 28:19): the 97% who could not understand a Bible even if they had one because 0.1 % they don't know BaSL, the 99.5% without any education, and the 40% ____________________________________________________________ unemployed. These factors make the Bangladeshi Deaf an oppressed and to Churches: varying levels, depressed people group. <10 _____________________________________________________________ Many Deaf are receptive to the gospel’s hope and love message. However Scripture Status (Matt 28:20): the risk of converting is subject to intense pressure from their hearing families No Scripture to keep the “traditional” religious values. ____________________________________________________________ Population (date): Potentially 1.5 million ____________________________________________________________ The Bangladeshi Deaf of Bangladesh_________________________ Have They Heard The Gospel? Number Of Churches 1 known maybe 5-10 unknown Comment No data is available on churches for the Deaf in Bangladesh except for one. Most likely there is other Christian work going on in Bangladesh but we are not aware of it. Is The Word Of God Translated? No Comment Currently, no scripture is available in BaSL. Ninety-nine % of the Deaf are illiterate in their mother-tongue using gesture and mime to communicate and would need to learn BaSL. Most of these Deaf are a hidden group mixed in with society and often don't venture out beyond their neighborhood. Creative ways to locate these Deaf will be needed. In addition, BaSL may have high variability and may need to be standardized. Only 0.5 % of the Deaf have had some education; however, very few of these would be fluent enough in the local oral language to understand scripture in that language. Forms Of Gospel Presentation Available Comment Door International dedicated 32 Bible Story sets in Kerala in the Kerala dialect of ISL in 2010. Approximately 0.001% of the total Deaf population and 5% of the educated Deaf population of Bangladesh are bilingual enough in the Delhi dialect of ISL to understand the Kerala dialect. What Kind Of Missionaries Are Needed? Cross-cultural missionaries, both indigenous and foreign, are needed in the following areas; 1) medical and dental, 2) interpreters, 3) mediators, 4) advocates, 5) job creation for the deaf including micro-credit enterprises, 6) literacy development, 7) Deaf education and school administration, 8) literature production including the Bible and educational materials, 9) pastoral training and church planting (house churches). The Bangladeshi Deaf of Bangladesh_______________________________________ Group Description Geography & Environment Ecosystem type Tropical forest Primary Geological type Largely marshy jungle coastline on the southern border, rivers occur throughout a majority of the country and hills in the southeast and northern borders. Climate Tropical monsoon characterized by heavy seasonal rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity- June -September; 10 o C (winter lows) - 32 to 38 o C (summer highs) Comments Because of low elevation and several major rivers running through Bangladesh, flooding is very common, particularly in the monsoon season. Language & Linguistics Attitude Towards Mother Tongue Somewhat receptive Monolingual Approximately 2 % of the Bangladeshi Deaf (as defined below) are mono-lingual in Bangla Sign Language (BaSL); 1% are bilingual in BaSL and ISL and 97% have not been exposed to BaSL. Comments In order to make estimates concerning this people group we must first give a sociolinguistic definition of the group. Deafness ranges from very mild to total which effects a person's ability to succeed in hearing schools without interpreters. Generally, deaf with severe or higher deafness (>60 dB; Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped 2010) attend schools for the Deaf because they are not able to succeed in a hearing school. In most cases, schools for the Deaf are the dominate domain of sign language acquisition (Johnson and Johnson 2008). Based on Japan International Cooperation Agency Planning and Evaluation Department (2002), 15 % of the deaf in Bangladesh have severe or higher deafness and would be the most likely to learn sign languages and become a part of the Deaf community. This is the group of people we refer to as the Bangladeshi Deaf. Lewis (2009) estimated 7.6 million deaf (5 % of the population) and Seidman (2011) estimated 11 million deaf (6.8 % of the population) in Bangladesh. Based on the 20% disability estimate by World Bank (The Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory for the World Bank, People's Republic of Bangladesh 2004) and the 26 % hearing impaired (mild (40dB) to total deafness) among the disabled (Japan International Cooperation Agency Planning and Evaluation The Bangladishi Deaf of Bangladesh_______________________________________ Department 2002), 5% of the population has some level of hearing impairment. The two deaf population estimates above are near 5% and thus include all deaf from mild to total and people who became deaf at an older age who are not a part of the Deaf community. This conclusion is also supported by a study at Gallaudet that states 37 to 140 per people 1000 (3.7 to 14 %) in the USA have some level of hearing impairment (Mitchell 2005). Hicare (2007) estimated the Deaf population in Bangladesh at 1.2 million which should be near 1.5 million in 2012. This figure is consistent with the percentage of the population that has severe or higher hearing impairment, stated by Japan International Cooperation Agency Planning and Evaluation Department (2002). Thus the most accurate Bangladeshi Deaf population is 1.5 million for 2012. From here on, all statistics will be based on the 1.5 million Deaf that are most likely to learn the BaSL and become a part of the Deaf community if they are exposed to other Deaf or receive education in a school for the Deaf. Other Mother Tongues of this Group Only 2.3 % of the Deaf have both parents Deaf (Johnson and Johnson 2008) in India and is most likely the same in Bangladesh. The probability of both parents having different mother-tongues is rare but can happen. Corrections to Ethnologue Entry Not yet entered in the Ethnologue. Recommendations currently being submitted to the International Standards Organization. The Bangladishi Deaf of Bangladesh_______________________________________ Bilingualism Deaf children born to one or both Deaf parents (1 in 10 Deaf) are the first to acquire BaSL. Other children acquire BaSL when they start attending a school for the Deaf, generally around 8 years of age. A few Deaf learn BaSL for the first time in Deaf sports clubs, Deaf associations and gatherings. Even though all Deaf live in the midst of spoken languages, very few are bilingual in sign language and a spoken are generally fewer in numbers than males in all domains of language acquisition, except those having Deaf parents or siblings, so fewer are bilingual. The above comments are applicable to the urban cities with schools for the Deaf, but not applicable for other cities and rural areas where 76% of the deaf live. In communities with a large enough Deaf population and an opportunity for the Deaf to meet, a signed language may have emerged that is different from BaSL. This has been documented in communities in India but has yet to be documented in Bangladesh. Education of the Deaf is mostly "oral" in that lip-reading and verbalizing without signed language is the norm. Bengali is generally the medium of education. Some teachers may have learned some BaSL Literacy Adult Literacy Due to the ineffectiveness of the "oral approach" to education, literate Deaf should be considered equivalent to 8 years of education. 99.5% of the Deaf lack education and 81% of those don't complete grade 8. There- fore, 99.9% are illiterate in any spoken language. Percent Literate for Men 0.2% Percent Literate for Women Less than 0.2% Percent of Girls Primary Education Defined as 6-8 years: less than 0.2% Percent of Boys Primary Education Defined as 6-8 years: less than 0.2% Ackerman, et. al. (2005) states, "Approximately 40 percent of regular students enrolled at the primary level drop out before completing grade 2, and 40 percent of those who do continue, repeat the grade. It’s been shown that only two percent of second graders demonstrate competencies expected at that grade level." Literacy Attitude Uneducated Deaf are indifferent and educated Deaf are very receptive and often desire to learn to read.
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