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Neue Apfelsorten Mit Mehrwert

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Neue Apfelsorten Mit Mehrwert Neue Apfelsorten mit Mehrwert Eine erfolgreiche neue Apfelsorte muss viele verschiedene Kriterien und Ansprüche erfüllen. In der Sortenprüfung von Agroscope werden laufend neue Apfelsorten aus aller Welt bezüglich ihrer Anbaueigenschaften, Qualität, Lagerfähigkeit und Beliebtheit bei den Konsumenten geprüft, um Neuheiten mit einem nennenswerten Mehrwert für Produzenten, Vermarkter und Konsumenten zu fi nden. Sarah Perren, Anita Schöneberg, Jonas Inderbitzin, Agroscope werden neue Sorten ermittelt, die gegen- Markus Kellerhals und Matthias Schmid, Agroscope, über den bekannten Hauptsorten einen wesentlichen Wädenswil Mehrwert mitbringen. [email protected] Derzeit dominieren in der Schweiz die drei Haupt- sorten Gala, Golden Delicious und Braeburn den An- Die Kernobstsortenprüfung bau und Markt. In den vergangenen Jahren drängten In der Sortenprüfung Kernobst wird in der Teststufe A viele neue Apfelsorten und sogenannte Club- oder Pre- eine Baumgruppe von fünf Bäumen gepfl anzt. Diese miumsorten in den Handel, jede mit Vor- und Nachtei- Teststufe dauert sechs bis acht Jahre. Erweist sich eine len. Oft zeigen sie keinen deutlichen Mehrwert gegen- Sorte als aussichtsreich, steigt sie frühzeitig in die über den marktgängigen Sorten für Konsumenten, ebenfalls sechs- bis achtjährige Teststufe B mit 15 bis Vermarkter und Produzenten. Ein solcher wäre jedoch 20 Bäumen in einem Blockdesign auf. Die interessan- notwendig, damit sich eine neue Sorte am Markt etab- testen Sorten und Zuchtnummern (ZN) werden mit lieren und halten kann. In der Sortenprüfung von je 50 Bäumen in die Stufe C und in Praxisanlagen 8 SCHWEIZER ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR OBST- UND WEINBAU 3/17 APFELSORTEN Tab. 1: Angaben zu den Sorten der Versuchsparzellen in Wädenswil, 520 m ü. M. Sorte/Zuchtnummer Unterlage Pfl anzjahr Abstammung Herkunft 1400 KE (Goldrosio®) M9 T337 2007 Mutante von Klon B IT, FENO A022R24T147 Fleuren 56 2007 Royal Gala × Braeburn NZ, HortResearch ACW 4860 M9 T337 2010 Alkmene × Idared CH, Agroscope ACW 6707 M9 T337 2010 Maigold × Rubinette CH, Agroscope AW 106 (Sapora®) M9 T337 2010 Rubinette × Fuji DE, DLR Braeburn Hillwell M9 T337 2007 Braeburnmutante Braeburn Mariri Red M9 T337 2007 Braeburnmutante Braeburn Rosewell M9 T337 2007 Braeburnmutante Burkitt Gala Fleuren 56 2007 Galamutante Caudle (Cameo®) Fleuren 56 2007 Zufallssämling Golden Delicious × Red Delicious US Dalitron (Altess®) M9 T337 2010 Golden Delicious × Pilot FR, Davodeau-Ligonniere Delblush (Tentation®) Fleuren 56 2007 Golden Delicious × Blushing Golden FR, Delbard Forlady M9 T337 2010 Forum × Lady Williams IT, CRA-FRF Fresco (Wellant®) M9 T337 2010 CPRO-Selektion × Elise NL, WUR Gala Galaxy M9 T337 2007 Galamutante Gala Galaxy M9 T337 2010 Galamutante Gala Schniga® Schnitzer Fleuren 56 2007 Galamutante Golden Delicious Typ B Fleuren 56 2007 Golden Del. Mutante Golden Delicious Typ B M9 T337 2010 Golden Del. Mutante Maribelle (Lola®) M9 T337 2010 Y24 × Elstar NL, Piet de Sonnaville Minneiska (SweeTango®) M9 T337 2010 Honeycrisp × Zestar! US, University of Minnesota Nicoter (Kanzi®) Fleuren 56 2007 Gala Must × Braeburn Hillwell BE, J. Nicolaï PremA17 (Smitten®) M9 T337 2010 Falstaff × Fiesta NZ, HortResearch Royal Gala M9 T337 2007 Mutante von Gala NZ Scifresh (Jazz®) Fleuren 56 2007 Royal Gala × Braeburn NZ, HortResearch Scilate (Envy®) M9 T337 2010 Royal Gala × Braeburn NZ, HortResearch SPA 440 (Nicola™) M9 T337 2010 Gala x Splendor CA, PARC Sweetie Fleuren 56 2007 Royal Gala × Braeburn NZ, HortResearch YX2 M9 T337 2010 Scarlett O’Hara × Cripps Pink IT, CIV gepfl anzt. In den verschiedenen Teststufen werden einem festen Bestandteil der Sortenprüfung gewor- Erhebungen zu Ertragsleistung (Höhe und Regelmäs- den. Sie erfolgt in einer ersten Stufe mittels Triebin- sigkeit), Krankheitsanfälligkeit, Wuchsverhalten, äus- okulation im Quarantänegewächshaus. Da die meis- sere und innere Fruchtqualität (Farbe, Grösse, Festig- ten Feuerbrandinfektionen in der Praxis über die Blüte keit, Zucker- und Säuregehalt) sowie Lagerfähigkeit erfolgen, werden in einer zweiten Stufe ausgewählte, und sensorische Eigenschaften gemacht. in der Triebtestung für robust befundene Sorten in In diesem Artikel berichten wir über Erfahrungen einer total eingenetzten Prüfparzelle am Agroscope und Ergebnisse mit ausgewählten Apfelsorten aus der Steinobstzentrum Breitenhof hinsichtlich Blütenan- kürzlich abgeschlossenen Teststufe B in Wädenswil fälligkeit überprüft. (Tab. 1). Besonders positiv aufgefallen sind die Sorten Scilate, SPA 440 und YX2. Sie wurden in den Trieb- testungen als niedrig bis mittel anfällig eingestuft Reifezeit und Ertragsverhalten (Abb. 2). Dieses Resultat wurde für Scilate in der Blü- Die früheste Sorte aus den beiden Parzellen ist Min- tentestung bestätigt. Die beiden anderen Sorten wur- neiska (reift zwei bis drei Wochen vor Gala), gefolgt den nicht auf ihre Blütenanfälligkeit geprüft. von der Gala-Gruppe. Recht spät, Anfang bis Mitte Um eine abschliessende Einstufung der Anfällig- Oktober, reifen AW 106, SPA 440 und Maribelle. Scilate keit der verschiedenen Sorten machen zu können, be- reift noch später: Mitte bis Ende Oktober. Die anderen darf es zusätzlicher Beobachtungen der Sorte unter Sorten werden zwischen Anfang September und An- Feldbedingungen. Die bisherigen Beobachtungen fang Oktober reif. von Scilate im Feld konnten die niedrige Anfälligkeit Sehr produktiv sind SPA 440, Braeburn Rosewell, bestätigen. Maribelle und Scilate. Weniger produktiv sind hin- gegen Scifresh, Minneiska und Fresco (Abb. 1). Eine leichte bis mittlere Alternanz wurde bei Scifresh und Innere und äussere Fruchtqualität sind SPA 440 festgestellt. entscheidend Die mehrjährigen Fruchtanalysen zu Festigkeit, Zu- cker- und Säuregehalt wurden direkt nach der Ernte Feuerbrandrobustheit ist von Vorteil durchgeführt. Die Werte können von Jahr zu Jahr Die Prüfung der Feuerbrandanfälligkeit ist unter schwanken. Deshalb wurde der Durchschnitt der dem Dachprojekt «Gemeinsam gegen Feuerbrand» zu letzten drei Versuchsjahre für die Beurteilung verwen- SCHWEIZER ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR OBST- UND WEINBAU 3/17 9 APFELSORTEN SPA 440 (Nicola™) det. Relativ viel Zucker, über 13.5 °Brix, wiesen ACW PremA17 (Smitten®) 6707, AW 106, Delblush, Fresco, Golden Delicious ® Minneiska (SweeTango ) und Maribelle auf. Eher wenig Zucker haben hingegen Maribelle (Lola®) ® 0 Golden Delicious Typ B die drei Braeburn-Mutanten und Gala Schniga . Wenig Gala Galaxy Säure haben Sweetie, SPA440 und die Gala Mutanten. r 201 ® h Fresco (Wellant ) a ACW 6707 und Forlady haben einen hohen Säuregehalt. j Forlady ® Forlady fällt zudem als sehr fester Apfel auf, gefolgt anz Dalitron (Altess ) fl P AW 106 (Sapora®) von Scilate, Scifresh und ACW 6707. Eher weich sind ACW 6707 ACW 4860 und AW 106 (Tab. 2). ACW 4860 Die Überprüfung der äusseren Fruchtqualität zeigt, ® Scilate (Envy ) dass Maribelle und Fresco einen relativ hohen Anteil Sweetie (> 25%) an Früchten grösser als 85 mm hervorbringen. Scifresh (Jazz®) Mehr als 30% der Früchte von Scifresh, PremA17, Royal Gala Delblush und ACW 6707 sind hingegen kleiner als ® Nicoter (Kanzi ) 65 mm. Die restlichen Sorten liegen mit der Frucht- 7 Golden Delicious Typ B Gala Galaxy grösse grösstenteils im idealen Bereich von 65–85 mm r 200 Gala Schniga® Schnitzer (Abb. 4). h a ® j Delblush (Tentation ) Die Gala Mutante Schniga® und die Zuchtnummer Caudle (Cameo®) anz fl A022R24T147 aus Neuseeland färben sehr gut aus P Burkitt Gala Braeburn Rosewell und weisen fast 100% rote Deckfarbe auf. AW 106, Braeburn Mariri Red Minneiska und Fresco weisen bei der Ausfärbung nur Braeburn Hillwell knapp über 50% Deckfarbe auf. Die meisten anderen A022R24T147 roten Sorten liegen dazwischen (Abb. 5). 1400 KE (Goldrosio®) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 kg/Baum Sensorik gibt Hinweis auf Konsumenten- 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 akzeptanz Abb. 1: Akkumulierter Ertrag (kg/Baum) pro Sorte von 2009 (bzw. oben Während der Apfelsaison 2015/16 wurden 27 Sorten 2011) bis 2015. sensorisch beschrieben, darunter verschiedene aus den dargestellten Versuchen. Hierfür steht in Wädens- wil ein geschultes Sensorikpanel zur Verfügung. Ab- 100 bildung 6 zeigt einen Ausschnitt aus dem sensorischen Raum der getesteten Sorten. Insgesamt ähnliche 90 Sorten liegen dabei nahe zusammen, nicht ähnliche 80 weit voneinander entfernt. Je näher eine Sorte bei y 70 einem sensorischen Attribut (fest, süss, zäh etc.) liegt, ax l desto ausgeprägter ist dieses. Die Auswahl der senso- 60 a Ga l rischen Attribute wurde hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz 50 für die Konsumentenakzeptanz festgelegt. 40 Die Sorten PremA17 (Smitten®), Scilate (Envy®) und ® 30 Scifresh (Jazz ) liegen allesamt im unteren rechten % LL3 vs. Ga Quadranten, der durch eine hohe Festigkeit, Knackig- 20 keit, Saftigkeit und eine ausgeprägte Süssempfi ndung 10 charakterisiert ist. Scilate (Envy®) und PremA17 (Smit- ® ® 0 ten ) liegen sehr nahe bei Nicoter (Kanzi ), SQ159 l l l ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® dy i s (Natyra ) und Mariella – alles Sorten mit bekannt guter a a y n n 147 l a urn YX2 a™ go l T l b ant tes l or Konsumentenakzeptanz (Egger et al. 2010, Brugger et ll 24 W 6707 W 4860 (Jazz apor F Kanz A R ( e (Lo ( h es Mitte es es Mitte es es Mitte es S Brae Nico Smitte g g g ll al. 2013). AC AC ( ( e ate (Envate ri ri res 022 l b f h h (Tentatio A ci itron ä ä ähri h l icoter icoter S Sci a (SweeTan gj gj gj W 106 ( resco (We N us k Mari A F Da an an SPA 440SPA lbl l l PremA17 PremA17 Neue Sorten mit Mehrwert y De ax l Viele der dargestellten Sorten weisen gute Eigenschaf- Minneis ewena lan
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