Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Project No.: 43049 June 2013

People’s Republic of China: Comprehensive Agricultural Development Project For Helong County, Jilin Province

Prepared by the Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office and the Helong Municipal National Bureau of Religious Affairs for the State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development and the Asian Development Bank.

This ethnic minority development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

ADB Loan Agricultural Infrastructures Comprehensive Development Project

Helong Municipal Ethnic Minorities Development Plan

Project Building Unit: Helong Municipal Agricultural

Comprehensive Development Office

Project Compilation Unit: Helong Municipal National Bureau of

Religious Affairs

Project Compilation Time: June 6, 2013

Contents

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………1

2. Project Background…………………………………………………………………2

2.1 Project Description………………………………………………………………………...2

2.2 Provincial/County (County-level City) Population of Ethnic Minorities………………....3

2.3 Legal and Policy Framework……………………………………………………………...3

3. Ethnic Minorities in Sub-project Area…………………………………………...…5

3.1 Methodology………………………….……………………………………………………5

3.2 Population for Ethnic Minorities of Yanbian Korean Nationality Autonomous Prefecture.5

3.3 Helong Municipal Social and Economic Generalization…………………….………….....6

3.4 Distribution Situation of Helong Municipal Ethnic Minorities……………….………...... 8

3.5 Population of Ethnic Minorities of Project Area………………………….………………..8

3.6 Social and Economic Distinguishing Features of Ethnic Minorities Communities…….…8

4. Project Benefit and Impacts...……………………………………………………..10

4.1 Project Composition Range………………………………………………………………10

4.2 Analysis of Stakeholders………………………………………………………………….10

4.3 Project Benefit……………………………………………………………………..…….12

4.4 Potential Project Influence………………………………………………………………..15

4.5 Expectations and Concerns……………………………………………………………….17

4.6 Plan of Consultation and Participation…………………………………………..………18

5. Plan of Actions…………………………………………………………………….21

5.1 Mitigation Measures……………………………………………………..………………21

5.2 Strengthening Measures…………………………………………………………………22

5.3 Budget and Source of Funding..………………………………………………………….23

5.4 Arrangements for Implementation……………………………………………………….23

5.5 Monitoring and Appraisal………………………………………………………………..24

1. Introduction

Compilation of this ethnic minorities development plan is to ensure that relevant ethnic minorities communities and individuals of Helong municipal agricultural comprehensive development sub-project area can impartially share project benefit and mitigation measures. Helong municipal agricultural comprehensive sub-project is a part of agricultural infrastructure comprehensive development project (six provinces and regions including Jilin, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Anhui and Henan) of China’s using ADB loan. This ethnic minorities development plan is compiled in accordance with project technical assistance group’s social and poverty appraisal report and consulted with ethnic minorities groups, local governments and their affiliated departments. ADB loan agricultural infrastructure comprehensive development project involves in 69 counties (county-level cities) in 6 provinces and regions. Based on investigations for social and poverty conditions of ethnic minorities in Helong City and its project area, appropriate provisions have been integrated into project design to improve economic status of ethnic minorities groups. Specific provisions of mitigation measures have also been integrated into this ethnic minorities development plan which will be conducive to ensure that adversely affected ethnic minorities will also benefit from project. Governmental present ethnic minorities policy and plan further help protecting and improving benefit of ethnic minority groups. Targeted crowds of this ethnic minorities development plan are Korean nationalities in project area accounting for 5.1% of total population of Helong Municipal ethnic minorities.

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2. PROJECT BACKGROUND

2.1 Project Description Security of national grains is considered to be a major policy problem in China. It is generally believed that, grains production shall be increased not only in regions with more grains to meet increasingly increased demand for grains in urban areas, but also in areas where supply and demand of grains are balanced to continuously ensure security of grains. This project is project of implementing agricultural comprehensive development by using ADB loan which focuses on recovery and improvement for water conservancy infrastructures of medium-low yield farmlands in six provinces and regions. Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin and Anhui are whole China’s 4 largest abundant provinces in terms of grains, which grain-producing area and grain yield in 2008 respectively account for whole China’s 29.5% and 29.2%. Jilin and Yunnan are grains balanced regions where grains production shall be maintained and improved, so they will not become “grains deficit” regions. In accordance with selection conditions for project area, such as, it has been listed as agricultural comprehensive development county (county-level city), it is agricultural base where large area of continuous lands exist and is suitable for sustainable development, sufficient irrigation water source exist and strong supports from local government, etc, 69 counties (county-level cities) (county-level city and district’s farms) among 6 provinces and regions are selected as ADB loan project counties (county-level cities). At present, most of local irrigation systems is in a state of disrepair, or has not achieved level of using among farmlands, and compared with surrounding regions, lands in such regions belong to medium-low yield lands where road status is poor. Project area in project county (county-level city) is relatively poorer and it can be compared with project area’s annual per capita income of CNY 6, 510, it is 83% of project county (county-level city)’s annual per capita income of CNY 7, 820.

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This project includes three major constituent parts: A. Improvement of irrigation infrastructures; B. Strengthening irrigation agriculture; C. Strengthening project management. It is expected that project can enable 98, 350 hectares of lands and 1.23 million people in 69 counties (county-level cities) in 6 provinces and regions benefited through these outputs. Helong municipal agricultural comprehensive development sub-project involves in 6 villages in 2 towns with land area of 108, 800mu (1 mu is about 0.07ha), including arable land area of 35, 800mu, among which, medium-low yield farmland is 11, 800mu and high-yield farmland is 24, 000mu. This project can enable 6, 777 people in 6 villages benefited through improving irrigation system, improving rural roads and various measures of implementing improvement of farming and strengthening capacity construction including maintenance of facilities and engaging in green agricultural or pollution-free agricultural production.

2.2 Population of Provincial/County (County-level City) Ethnic Minorities

Yanbian Korean Nationality Autonomous Prefecture is China’s sole Korean nationality prefecture and is Chinese Korean nationality’s largest concentrated area with population of 2.17 million people and population of Korean nationalities of 680, 000 people. Helong City where project is located possesses population of 195, 000 people, among which, population of ethnic minorities is 95, 700 people accounting for 51.85% of whole city’s total population. Composition for population of ethnic minorities is based on Korean nationalities, among which, population of Korean nationalities is 92, 800 people accounting for 50.3% of whole city’s total population.

Table 2-1: Population of Ethnic Minorities in Helong Municipal Project Area

Project Total Rural Population Population Per Capita Arable Land County Population Population of Ethnic of Ethnic Arable Land Area (ha) (County-leve (Ten (Ten Minorities Minorities Area (mu)

3

l City)/City Thousand Thousand (Ten Accounting

People) People) Thousand for % of Total

People) Population

Helong City 19.50 73.7 25, 024 95.75 51.85 2.03

Project

Area’s

Total

Population

Accounting 3.5% 9.2% 9.5% 5.06% 71.56% 5.28

for % of

Helong

Total

Population

2.3 Legal and Policy Framework 2.3.1 State's Laws and Regulations of Ethnic Minorities After 1949, the People’s Republic of China has adopted policy of nationalities equality and constitution and laws have stipulated that all nationalities are equal. Because ethnic minorities are in relatively backward social and economic status, central government has subsequently adopted a series of policies attaching great importance to ethnic minorities groups to help them “catch up” mainstream groups. To implement such policies, central government firstly defined definition of ethnic minority, calculated population of ethnic minorities and surveyed and drew ethnic minorities areas. The People’s Republic of China’s policies after 1949 has made accurate definition for nationality mainly in accordance with languages, living scope, economic basis and traditions/cultures. In accordance with such definition, Han nationality is in main body status among China’s nationalities. Some ethnic minorities have been assimilated by Han nationality’s language and cultural traditions, but are still identified as ethnic minorities. This trend has existed since 1949, namely,

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extremely small population of ethnic minorities groups have been gradually integrated into those officially identified ethnic minorities groups.

1954 constitution has stipulated autonomous mechanisms for ethnic minorities regions in details. 1974 constitution has reduced such regions’ financial independence and some other powers. Some of such powers were restored in 1978 constitution and state council’s (1980) and 1984 national laws expanded them. Since early 1980s, autonomous region government can voluntarily make economic decision-making, including what can be produced, distribution range of government subsidies and formulating guidelines, education planning and budget. One-child policy formulated by state council in 1982 advocates adopting more flexible policy of family planning for ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities areas specially obtain treatment of relief fund, loan, subsidy and tax reduction including levied lower grain tax to promote economic development. Ethnic minorities obtain treatment of bonus points in terms of university acceptance which enables them to be competitive in competition with Han nationalities. As for these 8 ethnic minorities populated provinces (Guizhou, Yunnan, Qinghai and 5 ethnic minorities autonomous regions, namely, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Jilin and Tibet), amount of government’s subsidies in the past is very big. Since the 11th Five-Year, the state gave supports for development of ethnic minorities through providing funds to Ethnic Affairs Commission of various provinces.

2.3.2 ADB Policies for Aborigines

ADB points out that, ethnic minorities’ social indexes, economic status and living quality are usually lower than level of mainstream population. At the same time of fully understanding sovereignty of borrowing country, ADB thinks that it has responsibilities to ensure: A. Domestic ethnic minorities possess equal opportunities; B. Various activities and aid work implemented for developing member states cannot

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cause negative impact on local cultures, welfares and interests of ethnic minorities groups. In case ADB assistance project will cause potential adverse impact for ethnic minorities, ADB requires borrowing institution (or sponsor of privately-operated field project) to provide development plan of ethnic minorities in accordance with ADB requirements. Content for development plan of ethnic minorities shall contain social and economic distinguishing features of ethnic minorities groups affected by project, specifically cleared project’s positive and negative impacts for them, shall also include revising or redesigning project proposal minimizing its negative impacts and/or providing acceptable compensation scheme. Development plan of ethnic minorities shall also provide basis for implementation of project and for monitoring and appraising this project’s how to handle deal with domestic issues of ethnic minorities. ADB Security Safeguard Policy Statement (Manila, June 2009) has stipulated whether standard for development plan of ethnic minorities shall be prepared. In accordance with provisions by security policy statement, in case a project directly or indirectly affects dignities, human rights and living ways of ethnic minorities, or cultures and territories of ethnic minorities, or their possessed, used and occupied lands, or their considered their possessed territories or properties generation by generation, policies for ethnic minorities will be safeguarded. The word aborigines (ethnic minorities) generally refer to disadvantaged social and cultural groups with obvious distinguishing features and these groups possess the following distinguishing features in varying degrees: A. Definition for particular native cultural groups and other social groups also admit distinguishing features of such groups; B. As a collective, living in territory where project is located with clear geographical boundary or living generation by generation, and relying on natural resources on these domiciles and territories; C. Presenting significant differences with mainstream society and mainstream cultures in terms of traditional cultures, economy, society or political systems; D. Using unique language which is frequently different from

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national or regional official language. National legislation, traditions and this country’s participated international agreements need to be comprehensively considered when confirming such distinguishing features. Main principles stated by Security Safeguard Policy Statement include: A. Screen and determine whether ethnic minorities or aborigines with collective sense of belonging live in project area and whether project possibly affects ethnic minorities; B. Carry out social impact assessment conformed to their cultural distinguishing features and gender sensitivity, or use similar method to assess project’s possibly occurred positive and negative impacts on ethnic minorities; C. Carry out effective negotiations with aborigines and relevant organization of aborigines, and D. Prepare plan of ethnic minorities. Such plan’s content includes: Clear relevant measures to ensure that affected aborigines can obtain benefits conformed to their cultural traditions; Determine policies and measures preventing, reducing and relieving project’s adverse impacts or giving compensations, including complaint procedures, monitoring and assessment arrangements, budget and clear implementing action schedule conformed to aborigines’ cultural traditions.

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3. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SUB-PROJECT AREA

3.1 Methodology To understand affected residents’ social and economic basis status and determine impacts which will bring to them by this project, assisted by Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office, this technical assistance and consulting experts group advances work of social appraisal, including collecting secondary data and interviewing different stakeholders. A large number of quantitative and qualitative materials have been collected to provide raw materials for writing of report through group interview, investigation and research for typical family and interviewing local governmental departments. Meanwhile, such information provide assistance for determining project’s potential earning and impacts, appraising their importance, formulating additional measures of increasing positive roles and relieving negative impacts. Total of 2, 511 households of typical families and 6,777 persons in 6 villages where loan project area of Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office is located have accepted specimen investigation. Among these typical families, 71% of them are ethnic minorities. In addition, other than through interview with stakeholders and informal discussion with departments of county (county-level city) level, different genders of group discussions have also been advanced. 3.2 Population of Ethnic Minorities of Jilin Province Jilin Province is located in middle part of Northeast China and it is in Northeast Asian geometric heartland composed by Japan, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and northeast of China. It is north connected with Heilongjiang Province, south connected with Liaoning Province, west close to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, east bounded by Tumen River and Yalu River and gazed at each other from beyond the river with Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Its area is 187, 400 square kilometers accounting for 2% of whole China’s area. Its total of population is 27.4941 million people accounting for 2.04% of whole China’s population.

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Population of Jilin Provincial ethnic minorities is 2.4636 million people accounting for 9.03% of total of population.

ADB loan project area of Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development

Office involves 2 towns and 5 villages, among which, population of ethnic minorities

accounts for 77.4% and 93.8% of ethnic minorities are Korean nationalities.

Table 3-1: Population of Ethnic Minorities in Helong and Project Area

Korean

Nationalities’

Proportion Population of Proportion Korean Nationalities’ Proportion City/County Total Population of Ethnic Korean Accounting Accounting for Population of (County-level City) Population of Ethnic Minorities Nationalities for Population City/County (County-level City) Minorities of Ethnic

Minorities

Helong City 197, 885 95, 749 51.85 92, 791 96.91 50.3

Total of Project Area 6, 777 4, 850 71.6 4818 99.3 2.5

Mingyan Village 1, 243 1, 192 95.89 1192 100 0.64

Longpu Village 859 854 99.42 854 100 0.46

Chengnan Village 1, 623 1, 312 80.84 1308 99.7 0.7

Zhongnan Village 704 563 80 563 100 0.3

Henan Village 951 301 32 298 99 0.16

Longshan Village 1, 397 628 45 603 96 0.32

Korean Nationality is one of China’s typical ethnic minorities. Vast majority of Chinese Korean nationalities were mainly distributed in three provinces including Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning before 1990s. With reform and opening to the outside world, over 80 percent of Korean nationalities started to coastal cities and countries including Japan and South Korea, etc for working. Nowadays’ thirty percent 9

of Korean people are spread out in inland’s large and medium-sized cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Jinan, Xi’an and Wuhan, etc though their registered residences are still remained in three northeastern provinces of China. Total population of Chinese Korean nationalities is 1, 923, 842 people in accordance with 2000 5th nationwide census of population (in accordance with registered permanent residence). Jilin Province has the largest population of Korean nationalities and its population is more than 1 million. Korean residents in Jilin Provincial Yanbian Korean Nationality Autonomous Prefecture use Korean and its characters (almost all Korean people can use two languages including Korean and Chinese) and Korean nationalities in intermingled areas generally use two languages including Korean and Chinese. Korean nationality mainly engages in agriculture, it is famous for being good at growing rice in frigid north, its produced rice is spotlessly white, oiliness is big and is rich in nutrition and Yanbian Korean Nationality Autonomous Prefecture is honored as “The Land of Rice in North”. Yanbian Region is also one of China’s main flue-cured tobacco producing areas.

3.3 Helong Municipal Socio-economic Generalization In 2011, Helong City possessed 73, 879 families and population of 194, 995 people. Females account for 49.8% and males account for 50.2% among total population. By the end of 2011, this city’s nonagricultural population is 121, 277 people accounting for 62.93% of total population. Table 3-2 is a detailed population situation summary table for Helong City and project area. This project area possesses 2, 511 families, among which, Mingyan Village possesses 474 households, Longpu Village possesses 320 households, Chengnan Village possesses 570 households, Zhongnan Village possesses 307 households, Henan Village possesses 329 households and Longshan Village possesses 511 households. Total population in project villages is 36, 107 people, among which, Mingyan Village possesses 1, 243 people, Longpu Village possesses 859 people, Chengnan Village possesses 1, 623 people, Zhongnan Village possesses 704 people, Henan Village possesses 951 people, Longshan Village

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possesses 1, 397 people and the average household possesses 2.70 people.

Table 3-2: Summary of Population Situations in Helong City and Project Area Project Area of Item Helong City ADB Loan Number of Households 73, 879 2, 511 Total of Population 194, 995 6, 777 Population of Average Household 2.67 2.70 Males 97, 889 3, 659 Females 97, 106 3, 118 Population of Korean Nationalities 101, 964 4, 818 Percentage 51.5 71.1 Urban Population 121, 277 0 Rural Population 73, 718 6, 777

In 2011, whole city’s realized total output value was CNY 4.32 billion, calculated by comparable price, it was increased by 16.6% over the previous year and growth rate was improved by 2.8 percentage points over the previous year, among which, the first industry’s added value was CNY 510 million which was increased by 4.8%, the second industry’s added value was CNY 2.49 billion which was increased by 27.4% and the third industry’s added value was 1.32 billion which was increased by 6.1%. The whole city’s per capita total output value broke through CNY 20, 000, which reached CNY 21, 982 and was increased by 18.6% over the previous year. 2006-2011 Whole-city’s Total Output Value and Its Growth

Rate

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图中文字翻译 :亿元 CNY Hundred Million 增速 Growth Rate In 2011, the whole city’s general budget full-aperture financial revenue was completed for CNY 590 million, which was increased by 50.7% over the previous year, among which, local fiscal revenue was completed for CNY 320 million, which was increased by 35.7%. The whole year’s fiscal expenditure was completed for CNY 1.59 billion which was increased by 23.9%, among which, educational expenditure was CNY 220 million which was increased by 30.9%, medical and hygienic expenditure was CNY 90 million which was increased by 28.2% and agricultural, forestry and Water conservancy affairs expenditure was CNY 270 million which was increased by 9.5%. By the end of 2011, the whole city’s practitioners were 89, 300 people which were increased by 5.2% over the end of previous year, among which, urban practitioners were 46, 600 people and rural practitioners were 42, 700 people. The whole year’s urban actually newly increased employments were 4, 895 people which were increased by 293 people over the previous year, among which, laid-off and unemployed personnel were 1, 759 people and personnel with job hunting difficulties realized reemployment were 938 people. By the end of this year, registered urban unemployment rate was 4.0% which was at the same level over the previous year. Rural labor forces transfer employment was achieved for 218, 38 people which was increased by 0.5% over the previous year, among which, another place’s transfer employment was achieved for 20, 458 people which was increased by 8.1%. In 2011, the whole city’s agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industrial total output value was completed for CNY 1.08783 billion which was increased by 5.6% over the previous year. Sown area of grain crops was 26, 443ha which was increased by 0.6%. Total grain output was close to the best level in history which reached 101, 375 tons and increased by 18.5%. By the end of 2011, amount of livestock on hand of large livestock was 24, 543 heads which was increased by 3.4% over the previous year, among which, amount of livestock on hand of cows was 24, 448 heads, amount of livestock on hand of pigs

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was 19, 276 heads which was increased by 5.5% and amount of livestock on hand of sheep was 7, 544 heads which was increased by 5.5%. The whole year’s total output of meat was 4, 896 tons and output of aquatic products reached 149 tons. 3.4 Distribution Situation of Helong Municipal Ethnic Minorities By the end of 2011, the whole city’s total registered population was 194, 995 people which was decreased by 2, 890 people over the beginning of the year. Born population within the year was 1, 143 people, dead population was 1, 757 people, natural population growth rate was -3.13‰ and population was naturally reduced for 614 people. Among total population, agricultural population was 73, 718 people accounting for 37.8% of total population and non-agricultural population was 121, 277 people accounting for 62.2% of total population, population of Han nationalities was 91, 886 people accounting for 47.1% of total population and population of Korean nationalities was 99, 944 people accounting for 51.3% of total population and population of males was 97, 889 people accounting for 50.2% of total population an population of females was 97, 106 people accounting for 49.8% of total population. 项目区少数民族占和龙市少数民族人口的 6.2%。

In project area, population of ethnic minorities accounts for 6.2% of population of ethnic minorities in Helong City.

Table 3-4: Population Distribution of Helong Municipal Ethnic Minorities

Population Population Total Populatio Agricultura Agricultural of Han of Ethnic Area Populatio n l Population Nationalitie Minorities n of Ethnic Population % s % Minorities Helong 194, 995 91, 886 103, 152 73, 718 37.8 52.9 City Project 6, 777 1, 927 4, 850 6, 777 100 71.6 Area

3.5 Project Area’s Population of Ethnic Minorities Project area will involve Xicheng Town and Bajiazi Town totaled 6 villages, total area is 108, 800mu including 35800mu arable lands. Project area’s total population is 13

6, 777 people. Corn, rice and vegetables, etc are planted in most of these areas. Among total population of 6 villages, population of ethnic minorities is 4, 850 people accounting for 71.56% of total population, among which, Koran nationalities are 4, 818 people accounting for 99.3% of project area’s ethnic minorities. Table 3-6 shows that, distribution of ethnic minorities tend to be scattered, but Korean nationalities are relatively concentrated in local area.

Table 3-6: Basic Population Status of Project Area Proportion Proportion of Population Serial Ethnic of Female Village Household Population Ethnic of Labor No. Minorities Labor Minorities Forces Forces Mingyan 1 Village 474 1, 243 1, 192 95.89% 932 48% Longpu 2 Village 320 859 859 99.42% 630 46% Chengnan 3 1, 623 Village 570 1, 623 80.84% 1121 45% Zhongnan 4 Village 307 704 563 80% 493 48% 5 Henan Village 329 951 301 32% 706 41% Longshan 6 Village 5, 11 1, 397 628 45% 1, 032 45% 7 Total 2, 511 6, 777 4, 850 71.6% 4, 914 46%

Project area’s arable land area is totaled 108, 800mu, among which, paddy fields are 18, 200mu accounting for 16.7% of these 6 villages’ total arable land area. 6 villages’ per capita arable land area is 5.28mu and per capita income in 2011 is CNY 6, 510. Compared with Helong City, no matter per capita arable land area or per capita income is close to the whole city’s average level. In terms of local employment structure, in accordance with official statistics, up to 89% of rural labor forces engage in agriculture, among which, including planting and animal husbandry activities. Population engaging in non-agricultural activities accounts for 11% of labor forces. During off-season, a considerable part of labor forces engaging in agriculture go out to work and increasingly become important sources for family’ cash earnings (see details in Table 3-7).

Table 3-7: Basic Economic Situations of Project Area

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Serial Total Arable Per Capita Arable Per Capita Village Household Population No. Land Area Land Area Income 1 Mingyan Village 474 1, 243 7, 485 6.0 5, 222 2 Longpu Village 320 859 4, 425 5.2 5, 233 Chengnan 3 5, 551 Village 570 1, 623 7, 845 4.8 Zhongnan 4 Village 307 704 3, 120 4.4 7, 812 5 Henan Village 329 951 5, 025 5.3 7, 654 Longshan 6 Village 511 1, 397 7, 875 5.6 6, 902 Total 2511 6777 35775 6.0 6510

3.6 Social and Economic Distinguishing Features of Ethnic Minorities Communities Per capita annual total income of project area is CNY 6, 510 which is as much as average level of Helong City, among which, agricultural income accounts for 71% and income of going out to work accounts for 29%. Per capita net income of interviewees is almost the same as CNY 6, 510 of project area’s per capita income. Now that farmers’ income of project area greater relies on traditional agriculture, perfecting agricultural infrastructures and increasing grains output through this project will greatly promote economic development and increase local farmers’ income. Project area’s ethnic minorities and Han nationalities groups do not appear too much difference in terms of economic development level. Meanwhile, project area’s Han nationalities and ethnic minorities do not appear too much difference in terms of agricultural production ways and basic conditions. Specimen data show that, average household arable land area is 14.2mu and per capita arable land is 5.28mu. Average household of Han nationality family is 14.2m. Arable land area for average household of ethnic minority is 14.2mu. Compared with Han nationality family, amount of rice fields for ethnic minority is slightly more and amount of dry fields is slightly fewer (see details in Table 3-8).

Table 3-8: Population and Land Area Occupying Situations of Project Area (mu) Total Item Arable Rice Fields Dry Fields Land Area Average 5.28 3.0 2.28 Han Nationality 5.16 2.8 2.36 Families Korean Families 5.4 3.2 2.2

In terms of tillage method, 76% of resident householders mainly rely on machineries for field labor, 24% of resident householders mainly rely on manual labor 15

for field labor, 67% of households simultaneously use manual labor and machineries for tilling, 70% of households simultaneously use manual labor and machineries for sowing and 72% of households simultaneously use manual labor and machineries for harvesting. Degree of agricultural mechanization is directly related to farmers’ agricultural production and it is factor which needs to be taken into account for implementation of project. Perfecting agricultural infrastructures is also conducive to further promote project area’s agricultural mechanization level and liberate more labor productive forces. In addition, it shows through project area’s sampling investigations that, about the item of “whether family members go out to work”, greater difference exists between project area’s population of ethnic minorities and population of Han nationalities. 76% of people have experience of going out to work, among which, 58% of population of Han nationalities have experience of going out to work and 72% of interviewed population of ethnic minorities have experience of going out to work which is also related to advantages including Korean nationalities and language, etc. About division of labor for labor force’s gender and distinguishing features, project area’s ethnic minorities’ manifested distinguishing features are similar with those of Han nationalities. Usually, young ethnic minorities go out to work and become rural migrant workers after they graduate from junior high school or senior high school. However, about this point, ethnic minorities are somewhat different, they event tend to be married early and they are married rapidly after they graduate from middle school. Most of married females still want to go out to work and most of married females of ethnic minorities will stay at home to become main forces for agricultural production. Implementation of project not only reduces manual labor of these young women, but also provides more and better opportunities of participating in projects for them and meanwhile is also helpful for information exchanges and communications among them. Fully consider and respect local people’s personality, dignity, human rights, livelihood system and their own unique culture.

4. Project Benefit and Impacts

4.1 Project Composition Range

This project’s targets are to develop rural economy, improve agricultural ecological environment, achieve better utilizing land and water resources, promote agricultural stability and sustainable development and enable farmers to be able to continuously increase both production and income which will become basis for new countryside’s further development. Specifically speaking, through implementation of this project, agricultural and ecological environment in this project area can be greatly improved, agricultural department’s productivity can be greatly enhanced and the whole area can

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be changed as standardized high-yield farmland which effectively uses water resources. With improvement of irrigation system and rural roads, project area will become high-standard basic farmland and compared with non-project area, it will be obviously improved, including standardized farmlands, connection of tree network and roads and functions of irrigation water system. In addition, with development of water-saving agriculture, pollution-free agriculture, organic crops and rural clean energy business, ecological agricultural environment will be also strengthened. With strengthening of institution supports and better development of agricultural association and farmer water users association, agricultural technical supporting system will be also developed, all agricultural facilities will be properly maintained and provide long-term benefits for local communities. In Helong City, proposed projects will include: A. Water conservancy measures: 7 culverts which lining of water course is 10.304km and 1 water outlet, which total investment is CNY 10.358 million. B. Agricultural measures: Concrete pavement is 3.335km, deep and loose soil is 154.67ha, seedling facilities are 1ha, improved varieties base is 5, 800m2, equipments are purchased for 10 sets and subject research, etc, which total investment is CNY 5.4002 million. C. Ecological measures: 200 cubic meters of straws processing and storage facilities which total investment is CNY 27, 000. D. Modern agricultural demonstration: Build 20, 000m2 of sunlight greenhouses for facility agriculture and 1 set of safety detection vehicle which total investment is CNY 900, 000. E. The last constituent part of this project: 14 sets of instruments and equipments, development measures for relevant training and investigation institutions and consulting support for executing institution, which total cost is CNY 1.41 million, plus unforeseen fee of CNY 904, 800, total cost of construction for Helong City’s engineering is CNY 19 million, among which, direct investment is CNY 16.3 million.

Sources of funding include: CNY 13.86 million of loan from ADB; CNY 3.54 million from local finance matching funds, among which, Jilin Provincial matching fund is CNY 3.54 million; Local farmers’ self-raised fund is CNY 1.6 million, including their labor contributions. 4.2 Analysis of Stakeholders Table 4-1 has listed key stakeholders, their interests, their impacts on sub-projects, sub-projects’ impact on them, and order of precedence for implementation of agricultural infrastructures sub-projects in project area, this project’s impacts on them and their matters of priorities and implementation for sub-projects of rural infrastructures in project area. Confirmed main stakeholders include Jilin Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office’s represented Jilin Provincial Government, project sponsor — Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office, city-level governmental agencies such as Urban Water Conservancy Bureau and Agricultural Bureau, project area’s relevant town governments and those

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benefited or affected officials and individuals.

Jilin Provincial Government Jilin Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office’s represented Jilin Provincial Government is one of most influential stakeholders and key decision-makers. Jilin Provincial Government and its agricultural and water sources departments will continue to financially help agricultural comprehensive development county (county-level city) to develop agricultural comprehensive development project, achieve targets of its developed irrigation area’s sustainable agricultural base and ensure self-sufficiency of grains in the near future which is primary importance among priorities for promoting economic growth and social development in Yanbian Region.

Local Municipal Government Helong Municipal Government is main beneficiary, implementation of its development strategies will depend on agricultural sustainable development, including continuously improvement of agricultural infrastructures, promotion of agricultural practices of sustainable development, increasing income of agricultural population and improvement of their livelihood. Therefore, municipal different institutions are resolute supporters and they are willing to provide assistances needed in process of project’s preparations and implementations. Through improving agricultural infrastructures, project area’s total output can be improved and local farmers’ income can also be increased which can not only promote this area’s economic growth, government can also obtain tax revenue.

Project Executing Agency 该项目的执行机构是和龙市农业开发办公室，负责项目的实施工作。它与和 龙市政府一同分享利益。该项目将对它们产生重大影响，它们对该项目或项目组 成部分的影响也相当显著。 This project’s executing agency is Helong Municipal Agricultural Development Office which is responsible for implementations of project. It shares interests together with Helong Municipal Government. This project will produce significant impacts on them and their impacts on this project or project’s constituent parts are also quite remarkable.

Project’s Affected Communities and Residents Transformation for project area’s irrigation system and rural roads will bring extremely great benefits to those individuals who contract land in project area. After project is implemented, irrigation system is improved and roads among fields are upgraded. Most of people will support this project. During implementation of project, problem of project’s occupying land may possibly affect some people in 6 villages. However, in fact, they are also beneficiaries of project. Although lands may possibly need to be adjusted in small scale, long-term impacts seldom exist. Participation

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willingness of local villagers is important condition for project because implementation of this project needs some contributions from local farmers in terms of labor and cash.

Town Governments and Village Committees For two town governments and 6 village committees inside project area, implementation of agricultural comprehensive development project at this stage will improve this area’s agricultural infrastructures which will be helpful for improving farmers’ output of grains and economic crops and increasing income within their extent of jurisdiction, which are a part of common development targets for local cities and towns and villages. Their supports and commitments are important factors for successful implementation of quite a number of projects because implementation of such project needs to try efforts to coordinate with relevant town governments and village committees.

External Investors Rented Lands in Project Area

For those enterprises or institutions presently leasing farmlands in project area, implementation of this project can improve irrigation, drainage and roads among fields, and as the same as 7 project villages, they can similarly obtain interests including output increase and reduction of water costs.

Table 4-1: Analysis of Stakeholders Impacts on Project’s Impacts on Stakeholders Benefits/Priority Development Priority Project Them

Develop Sustainable Agriculture, Provincial Project Office and Promote Jilin Provincial Provincial Agricultural and Economic Growth and Achieve High High Yes Water Resource Bureau Targets of Agricultural Comprehensive Development

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Develop Sustainable Agriculture Helong Municipal Government and Promote This City’s High High Yes Economic Growth

Develop Sustainable Agriculture and Achieve City-level Targets for Agricultural Comprehensive Helong Municipal Agricultural Development High High Yes Development Office

Improve Conditions for Irrigation Town Governments and Village and Agricultural Production and High High No Committees Promote Output Increase and Income Increase

Benefited from Improvement of Irrigation System, Roads Positive and Negative Changed All Project Villages and Villagers Medium Upgrading and Transformation Impacts Are High the Time during Which, Situation of Land Loss May Be Encountered

Benefited from Improvement of Changed All Enterprises and Institutions Irrigation System and Upgrading Low Low the Time Rented Lands in Project Area and Transformation of Roads 4.3 Project Benefit Through discussion with various stakeholders of project area, strong consensus was reached for potential social and economic benefits brought by project from local city/town officials to project villages’ various ethnic groups. The most obviously visible benefits are embodied in improvement of irrigation system and upgrading and transformation of roads.

Benefit is first embodied in improvement of local towns and villages’ irrigation conditions. In project area, most of irrigation canals and ditches need to be dredged per year before irrigation season comes because existing irrigation system was built by soil between 1950s and 1970s. Such phenomenon at the end of irrigation ditch is especially prominent and situation is even more serious because irrigation ditch is built by soil and is uneven, and water flow of irrigation water is “slow” and “insufficient”. On the other hand, soil-built irrigation canals and ditches’ wasting for water resources is also common. In accordance with investigation results of sampling families, about 86% of peasant households express discontent for irrigation conditions which is embodied that irrigation system’s “water flow is slow and water seep” (see details in Table 4-2). More than one-third of peasant households think that, backward irrigation system is one of main factors restraining development of local agriculture 20

and is also the main factor restraining increase of production achieved in project area (see details in Table 4-3 and Table 4-4).

Table 4-2: Main Problems in Terms of Agricultural Irrigation

Number of Effective Quantity Percentage Item Effective Percentage Specimens Irrigation Ditch’s Water Seepage Situation Is Serious and Water Flow Is Slow 140 120 78.2 85.7

Drainage Is Unsmooth 140 71 49.8 50.7 Irrigation Cost Is too High 140 70 44.7 50.0

Using and Management for Water Resources Are Improper 140 45 28.6 31.1 Regional Irrigation Is Unbalanced and Allocation of Water Resources Are Unreasonable 140 24 13.5 17.1 Because Irrigation Water Causes Dispute 140 40 16.9 28.5

140 0 0 0 Others

Table 4-3: Main Factors Restraining Agricultural Development

Effective Item Percentage Number of Effective Quantity Percentage Specimens Inferior Seed 140 38 26.5 27.1 Lack Fertilizer 140 21 14.5 15.0 Lack Technology 140 66 46.3 47.1 Irrigation System Is Backward 140 57 38.9 40.7 Soil Conditions Are Poor 140 59 41.1 42.1

140 20 13.2 14.3 Lack Labor Force Concerns for Occurred Problems Are Insufficient 140 0 0 0

140 0 0 0 Others

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Missing

To maintain a good irrigation system for agricultural crops, during irrigation period, the average household must contribute 15-20 days of workload (under situation that no labor force can be contributed, or equivalent amount of fund contributions) used for aspects including dredging of irrigation ditch and observing water flow. This aspect of work is generally unitarily arranged by villagers or village groups which becomes a major burden for local villagers and is more serious especially for those poor families whose labor forces are insufficient. Irrigation fee is collected for CNY 20-30 average per mu in project area which becomes considerable cost for grain yield in project area. 35% of peasant households think that too high irrigation cost is one of main difficulties for local farmers to improve agricultural production (see details in Table 4-4). Helped by this project, irrigation conditions can be greatly improved, amount of input for labor forces is reduced, water cost is reduced and most of farmlands in project area are ensured to achieve stable yield and high yield. Average corn yield per mu is achieved for 150kg and average rice yield per mu is achieved for 70kg.

Table 4-4: Difficulties Faced in Agricultural Production Number of Effective Effective Quantity Percentage Item Percentage Specimens Lack Fund 133 39 28.3 29.3 Irrigation Is Difficult 133 44 31.9 33.1 Irrigation Cost Is High 133 50 36.2 37.6 Lack Skills 133 43 31.2 32.3 Input Cost Is Hight 133 21 15.2 15.8 Lack Loan 133 5 3.6 3.8 Without Market 133 5 3.6 3.8 Lack Information 133 11 8.0 8.3 Cultural Level Is Low 133 13 9.4 9.8 Burden of Labor Forces Is Heavy or Disease Is 133 5 3.6 3.8 Caused due to Tired Agricultural Production

133 1 0.7 0.8 Others Another important distinguishing feature of existing irrigation system is that drainage among fields is unsmooth. Many farmlands will be flooded whenever it rains heavily. Another benefit of project is embodied in transformation of local rural roads among fields when improving irrigation and drainage system. In project villages, not much standard rural roads are provided though some paved roads connect most of villages. Most of road pavements are narrow and have not been paved. Therefore, vehicles are very difficult to pass through, especially during rainy day. Most of agricultural crops can be harvest by using machineries and thus a large number of manual labors can be saved if such roads are paved and consolidated. 22

This project will enable most of such problems to be solved and enable local villagers of different nationalities to be directly benefited from it. Local farmers can increase income, their farmlands can also become farmlands with high and stable yields and thus provincial and national grains safety strategic targets can be achieved through improving agricultural infrastructures, improving utilization efficiency of water resources and improving grains output and quality. Irrigation cost can also be reduced besides improving irrigation conditions. Most of present irrigation facilities were completed before production responsibility system, which are age-old, standard of facilities is low and aging is serious, such as problem of irrigation ditches, not only flow velocity of water is slow and water seepage is also very serious. Such problems will be solved after irrigation infrastructures are improved, and then irrigation water consumption and expenditures of agricultural production will be reduced, which can save costs of agricultural production for peasant households.

Construction of project can increase economic income of peasant households, improve their livelihood and project area’s ethnic minorities can be benefited in terms of improving economy. With construction and perfection of drainage ditch system, output of ethnic minorities area and income of peasant households will be increased. In the past, roads among fields are imperfect, grains can only be artificially harvested little by little and burden of labor forces will be presently reduced and become more efficient and rural labor forces will possess more opportunities to go out of village to obtain work. Women become the main force for agricultural production and project will enable women of ethnic minorities to be benefited to the greatest extent. Implementation of project has not only reduced manual labor of such young women, but also provided more and better opportunities of participating in project. In accordance with field investigations, about 60-70% of agricultural labor forces inside project area are females. Most of married women frequently intend to stay at home for handling housework, raising children and taking care of the aged, which makes women's labor intensity very big and affects women’s physical and mental health. In some rural areas, due to low level of mechanization and imperfect rural infrastructures, when man goes out to work due to forced livelihood, woman has to independently engage in manual labor which easily enable him overworked and fallen sick from overwork. Project can improve such situation to a large extent.

Some emerging industries can be driven and residents’ employment opportunities can be increased after project is implemented. Emerging industry is effective way of getting rid of poverty and becoming better off for some poor areas. Complete county (county-level city), township and village integrated agricultural science and technology system and demonstration and popularization system can be formed in project area, which service functions are more perfect and effective and provide certain basic conditions for subsequent emerging industrial development of project

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area’s development. With perfection of infrastructures and improvement of agricultural sciences and technologies, land where only rice and soybean can be planted in the past can be changed for planting greenhouse vegetables. Industry such as greenhouse facilities, etc is upgrading for traditional agricultural industries. For the same land area, output of greenhouse crops is several times that of traditional agriculture.

Finally, project is also helpful to improve ability of organization for crowds in project area and improve overall development ability for communities. Design and implementation of this project will enable more ethnic minorities to participate in design and negotiations of project and enable enthusiasm and ability for ethnic minorities of participating in community affairs to be improved. After construction of project is completed, grass-roots level of organizations including water association, etc need to be correspondingly set up and perfected to enable coordination among ethnic minorities and between ethnic minorities and Han nationalities to be more convenient and effective, which has not only ensured water rate to be timely and effectively collected and paid and use of water system can be sustainably utilized, integration ability of communities can also be improved (Table 4-5 is local residents local residents’ evaluation sheet for project benefits).

Table 4-5: Residents’ Evaluation for Project Benefits

Number of Effective Item Effective Percentage Quantity Percentage Specimens Safeguard Agricultural Production 135 85 60.2 63.0 Increase Yield of Agricultural Crops 135 77 53.8 54.6 Improve Planting Structure 135 46 33.3 34.6 Increase Farmers’ Income 135 80 58.7 60.9 Reduce Irrigation Cost 135 88 63.8 66.2 Optimize Allocation of Water Resources and Expand 135 27 19.4 20.3 Planting Area Maintain Water and Soil and Improve Ecological 135 44 31.9 33.2 Environment Helpful for Harmonious Living together among 135 25 18.1 18.9 Community Residents Increase Quality of Project Management Personnel 135 10 7.3 7.6 Reduce Labor Intensity, especially for Women and the 135 55 39.1 41.6 Aged Increase Agricultural Technical Level 135 31 21.0 21.80 Increase Employment Opportunities 135 24 18.6 19.7 Others 135 0 0 0 4.4 Potential Project Influence About project’s potential and adverse impacts and risks, most of peasant households think that project does not appear negative impacts and a few peasant 24

households think that project may appear adverse impacts (see details in Table 4-6). Among these adverse impacts, 74.1% of people think that arable land will be reduced due to land expropriation, 18.5% of people think that irrigation expense will be increased and 7.4% of people think that fewer employment opportunities will be brought (see details in Table 4-7). However, most of residents think that, at stage for implementation of design and implementation, in case such potential adverse impacts and risks are focused, measures can be taken to avoid adverse impacts and risks and project’s beneficial impacts are far more than negative impacts.

Table 4-6: Interviewed Households’ Attitude for “Whether Project Appears Adverse Impacts” Effective Accumulative Item Quantity Percentage Percentage Percentage Existed 13 10.8 11.2 11.2 Effective Nonexistent 103 85.6 88.8 100 Total 116 96.7 100 Missing System 4 3.3 Total 120 100

Table 4-7: Possible Adverse Impact Considered by Interviewed Households Effective Accumulative Item Quantity Percentage Percentage Percentage Arable Land Reduced due to 20 14.5 74.1 74.1 Land Expropriation Irrigation Expense will Be 5 3.6 18.5 92.6 Effective Increased Fewer Employment 2 1.4 7.4 100 Opportunities Total 27 19.6 100 Missing System 111 80.4 Total 138 100

A. Impacts from Land Requisition Most of building projects are concentrated in aspects including improvement of irrigation and drainage system and upgrading and transformation of roads. Land will not be expropriated for such aspects of work, such as lining of irrigation ditch and paving of existing roads. Existing routes for partial road segments of irrigation and drainage system need to be straightened which may involves and occupy limited farmlands. However, lands do not need to be formally expropriated because irrigation and drainage system and roads are still owned by rural collective 1. It is thought after discussed with village officials and villagers that, such limited quantity of occupied lands is acceptable by affected villagers or it can be solved inside village through land readjustment. Such thing can be supported by most of villagers which mainly because villagers can be benefited from it, such as, irrigation and drainage system can be improved and average yield can be increased. For limited land occupied by engineering, because affected people are also benefited from it, as long as caused

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impacts can be retarded, they will not produce long-term impacts on villagers.

B. Impacts from Engineering Construction Some impacts will also be produced for villagers during specific engineering construction, including engineering occupying land’s impacts on land resources and impacts on environmental quality by construction wastewater, waste gas and noise, etc. However, most of such adverse impacts are partial, short-term and recoverable and can be controlled or eliminated through corresponding environmental protection measures, such as farming off season shall be chosen for construction, in this way, agricultural crops will not be affected. Prohibit nighttime construction to ensure that normal living of local peasant households is free of disturbance. In addition, to promote local economic growth, construction personnel shall be recruited from local and surrounding communities, and they shall be able to use main language of local community for convenience of communicating with local residents.

C. Potential Risks This project appears multiple potential risks. The first one is whether Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office can timely obtain contributions of local farmers during execution of project. A part of project’s matching funds will be contributed by local farmers in the form of labor and fund in accordance with project’s planning. In accordance with previous experiences, being consistently consented by all the project villages is the key for whether this project can be executed in accordance with predetermined planning, which can be frequently achieved only after active coordination and unremitting efforts from large-scale participants including villagers of local ethnic minorities. Whether project villages can reach consensus depends on whether compensation issue for some relatively poor families can be reasonably solved and whether correspondingly not too serious negative impacts can be handled.

The second potential risk is that, whether farmers’ water users association can be established in relevant villages during operation of irrigation system after building project is completed and it can be normally operated after project construction is finished. Strong support by local government is needed if farmers’ water users association is required for effective operation. Local social society and cultural tradition shall be considered for establishment of such association. In recent years, Water User Association financially-aided by World Bank is continuously developed under broad participation by local villagers which will achieve target of irrigation system’s sustainable operation and water saving. Successful operation of such water user association is based on active participations of local villagers and extensive consultations among villagers to some extent.

The third potential risk is that, understanding for farmers association, agricultural technologies or green agricultural products is inadequate due to insufficient time of preparation. Project should fully consider the local community’s native culture and

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ethnic minority area should choose industry consistent with customs of local ethnic minorities.

D. Summary On basis of analyzing project’s earnings and impacts, special adverse impacts will not be caused for local ethnic minorities, which mainly because their social and economic conditions and agricultural mode are similar with those of Han nationalities. Most of ethnic minorities live in project village or village group, as long as their opinions are fully consulted and considered during these villages and village groups plan and implement project, their present living way and cultural tradition can be continued, their income can be increased and their living status can be improved. Project will neither directly or indirectly affect dignity, human rights and culture of ethnic minorities nor affect natural and cultural resources owned generation by generation of local residents. Ethnic minorities will be continuously negotiated for project to ensure them: A. to obtain proper social, cultural and economic benefits; B. to avoid adverse impacts from project; C. can actively participate in project affecting them. 4.5 Expectations and Concerns A place’s economic development level is closely related to regional geographical conditions, traffic layout and socio-culture, etc. Agricultural comprehensive development project can provide certain basic conditions for local economic development and promote further development of local economy through improvement of local agricultural basic conditions. Economic development measures including increasing investment for sciences and technologies of project area, improving level of sciences and technologies, increasing farmers’ scientific and cultural quality, promoting transfer of rural labor forces and increasing farmers’ employment opportunities, etc possess certain practical significance.

Table 4-8: Analysis for Factors Affecting Resident Households’ Economic Income Number of Effective Item Effective Quantity Percentage Percentage Specimens Natural Disasters (Floods and Droughts, etc) 106 4 2.9 3.8 Local Traffic Is Underdeveloped and Inaccessible 106 17 12.3 16.0 Disability and Disease Appear among Family 106 22 15.9 20.8 Members Shortage of Water Resources (Drinking Water and 105 8 5.8 7.6 Irrigation Water) Lack Labor Force 106 18 13.0 17.0 Local Resources Are Scarce 106 10 7.2 9.4 Lack Skills 106 42 30.4 39.6 Cultural Degree Is Low 106 23 16.7 21.7 Lack Employment Opportunities 106 52 37.7 49.1 Others 106 1 0.7 0.9

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Viewed from technical level, improvement of agricultural infrastructures and progress of agricultural production technologies have greatly reduced intensity of labor for modern agriculture which has liberated much more labor forces from lands to engage in various non-agricultural activities and further increased their income. In this time’s investigations, through comparison of project area and non-project area, whether farmers can better independently engage in agricultural production is closely related to agricultural infrastructures, production technologies and degree of mechanization, such as, production efficiency of farmers in some areas with better infrastructure conditions, high agricultural mechanization degree and more advanced technologies has been obviously improved and saved labor forces can enable farmers to other production labors and increase economic sources of families.

Overall cultural education for rural area of project area is relatively backward, which is another factor restraining development for project area. In accordance with results of researches and investigations, education level of female interviewees is lower than that of males and relatively backward education level enables them to be in a disadvantageous position when they improve agricultural production or engage in non-agricultural activities.

Table 4-9: Distribution Table of Cultural Degree of Local Residents

Cultural Degree Item Junior Senior Have Not Primary High High Vocational and College Graduate Been to School School School School Technical School or above Total Han Nationalities 12 946 918 32 16 3 1, 927 Nationality Ethnic 108 2, 735 917 821 185 84 4, 850 Minorities Male 22 1, 486 495 399 112 54 2, 565 Gender Female 86 1, 249 422 422 73 33 2, 285

Therefore, suggest a series of technical trainings for farmers through this project, carrying out various demonstration items in project area will improve local farmers’ overall education level and technical ability, which will be conducive to promote transfer of more rural labor forces and increase employment opportunities of local farmers. People will give positive response for such project design. An important task of this project is to promote local organizations at the grass-roots level, such as farmers’ water users association. Establishment of water users association will greatly strengthen self-governance capability for local ethnic minorities and Han nationalities communities. Relevant water users association will carry out work within existing range of organizational structures and village-level administrations because this project is mainly to improve existing irrigation networks. The most important duty and responsibility are to ensure sustainable operation of

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irrigation system and provide supports for agricultural development of this area.

This project will simultaneously promote development for other farmers associations or cooperatives. Association will share market and relevant technologies together with its members and play important roles in promoting its development. This project will promote establishment of various special agricultural associations and then promote economic development through improving agricultural infrastructures and investing some new agricultural demonstrative projects. 4.6 Plan of Consultation and Participation 4.6.1 Local Government/Project Office’s Consultations for Local Residents Studies have shown that, local government/project office’s negotiations for local residents are key issues of ensuring effective decision-making and implementation of project. At present, amount of information is increased rapidly and information channels are also varied. Obtaining timely, accurate and complete information is very important for project’s stakeholders. Villagers meeting and villagers’ representatives meeting are helpful for villagers to understand project’s background, discuss issues of concern and participate in project’s decision-making when important issues of village collective interests are involved. Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office will notify villagers to participate in sub-projects of various different project stages. Project’s background and sub-project about their village will be informed to villagers at stage of project preparation. Villagers submit recommendations to Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office and discuss their concerned issues together with Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office. To ensure that villagers of ethnic minorities understand design details about sub-project of local community, county (county-level city) level of Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office can edit a information handbook for sub-projects and development plan of ethnic minorities which content includes a brief and short introduction of projects, project’s constituent parts, project responsibilities of organizational structures, policies of ethnic minorities and complaining procedures, etc. Disclosure of information does not need to use other languages because ethnic minorities use mandarin in daily life.

4.6.2 Project Technical Assistance Experts Group’s Consultations for Local Residents

Various opinions consulting activities have been carried out in project area in process of project preparations. In accordance with technical proposal, Jilin Provincial Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office specially establishes technical work experts group responsible for reviewing overall scheme for whole area’s agricultural comprehensive development projects, assisting and solving major technical problems of various projects, reviewing technical scheme of engineering’s design and goods’ procurement and participating in overall evaluation work for various projects construction.

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4.6.3 Requirements for Opinions Consultations and Participation of Project in Process of Implementation of Projects Extensive participation and consultation work shall be done in project’s cycle in accordance with experiences of other agricultural comprehensive development projects in project area after discussed with local agricultural comprehensive development office and communities’ relevant personnel. The first stage is in project’s preparation period and project range and various detailed issues shall be introduced to project village. At present, project’s relevant issues have been discussed with relevant town governments. No official information has been provided to project village yet. Early feedback opinions for this project by relevant villages are quite positive. Nevertheless, various villages can participate in project only after they must obtain special examination and approval through convening all villagers’ meeting or villagers’ representatives meeting, so Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office’s providing a written report to all project villages is very important. This public notice will be prepared well and sent to various associated villages after projects are approved in accordance with introduction by Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office.

Once certain village is formally notified, all villagers’ meeting will be held, all members, regardless of men and women, old and young, Han nationality or ethnic minorities, or their representatives will attend, they jointly discuss issues of including project benefits and influences, etc and reach a consensus for whether their village can accept chosen as project village. In such process, everyone will simply but profoundly discuss various issues about project benefits and influences, especially issue about potential land requisition and issue of each family’s providing labor force and financial support. They will also reach a consensus for measures of how to solve such issues during implementation of project. To solve problem possibly occurred in such process, working personnel from Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office and officials from town government will possibly attend these meetings. Each village needs to sign an agreement of confirming participation of project before project is implemented.

At stage of project planning and design, Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office and engineering departments of county (county-level city) (city) and town will closely cooperate with project villages to plan basic irrigation ditches, drainage networks and rural roads. Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office and design institution will fully consider personal requirements and ideas of local crowds including ethnic minorities in process of project’s early period of planning. When executing project, local town government and village committee will play important role in organization and coordination, such as avoiding adverse impacts and minimizing impacts on local cultural traditions in process of providing local labor forces, etc. Implementation of whole project will be done under close supervisions. In accordance with results of researches and investigations, most of them believe that

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work efficiency of supervision group composed of officials from city government and villagers’ representatives is higher. Different supervision schemes shall be taken to ensure quality of implementations because different situations appear in different villages. Because many villagers have put and participated in implementations of project as labor forces, they are certainly interested in this, so quality of projects can be ensured, because they are really beneficiaries when projects are completed.

Irrigation equipments shall be transferred to water users association for continuous maintenance and operation after construction of project is completed. Establishment of such efficient association is crucial which can clear issues including ownership, responsibilities and financing, etc.

4.6.4 Appealing Procedures At stage of project implementation, appealing by Han nationalities or ethnic minorities in project area is very easily transmitted to communication organization or relevant town government or county (county-level city) (city) level of Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office. Villagers can take various methods for appealing. Villagers can firstly appeal to village committee and working personnel of village committee help them solve problems within reasonable time. In case villager is unsatisfied for reply or decision, he/she can further feed problems back to project work group of town government. In case explanation and decision by town government still cannot satisfy him/her, this villager can further reflect problems to county (county-level city) level of Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office. Formal appealing procedures are as follows:

A. In case people from sub-project encounter adverse impacts, they can submit oral appealing to villagers committee or village-level project work group or town-level Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office. Assuming that it is a oral appealing, relevant organization must record it and reply it within 15 days. B. In case someone is unsatisfied for decision by relevant organization, he/she can go to county (county-level city) level of Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office within one month after receiving reply. County (county-level city) level of Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office will reply within 15 days. C. In case such person is unsatisfied for decision by county (county-level city) level of Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office, he/she can go to provincial-level Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office within one month after receiving reply. Provincial-level Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office will reply within 15 days. D. In case such person is still unsatisfied for decision, he/she can go to corresponding local court for suing in accordance with administrative legal procedure within 15 days after receiving decision by provincial-level Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office.

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5. Plan of Actions Korean nationalities are potential beneficiaries of project in Helong municipal sub-project area. In accordance with relevant policies and regulations, measures of project will ensure that such ethnic minorities can obtain the same interests, possess better irrigation and drainage facilities and enjoy good road conditions as the same as Han nationalities in 6 project villages. Their institutional capacity will also be improved through implementations of project, including a series of trainings in terms of new agricultural farming ways and new skills for Han nationalities and ethnic minorities, especially women of ethnic minorities. It can be foreseen that, production capacity of medium-low yield farmlands and income of local farmers including ethnic minorities will be increased through improvement of agricultural infrastructures. Table 5-1 and Table 5-2 have listed measures of intended construction, targets, budget and implementation time table. Measures of intended construction have contained the following three contents: ·Measures of avoiding or reducing adverse impacts; ·Measures of strengthening positive impacts; ·Ensure project benefits to be given to affected ethnic minorities groups in priority or fair way.

Scale and range of proposed measures will be timely adjusted in accordance with project’s final design scheme and various factors.

5.1 Mitigation Measures Interferences caused by engineering construction: Proposed agricultural infrastructural engineering and relevant facilities construction will directly affect 6 villages in Xicheng Town and Bajiazi Town and ethnic minorities occupy certain proportion in these 2 towns. Some interference may occur during project implementation. Total population of ethnic minorities affected by construction noise and other adverse factors in these residential areas or villages is about 570 people. In case these potential health hazards are not identified, environmental impact assessment will consider and solve certain problems, such as, construction is forbidden at night, which can reduce noise interference for people living nearby construction site. Construction of rural roads will solve problem of backward road conditions in project area. Transformation of irrigation and drainage system can ensure better irrigation and drainage system after construction of project is completed. Understanding and prevention and control for AIDS and VD: Although Helong City is not AIDS high-risk area, however, to ensure this area to continue to remain no AIDS case, this city’s Center for Disease Control and Prevention will take measures

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to prevent transmission of AIDS and VD in accordance with Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Treatment of Infections Diseases. Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office and construction project executive units will assist Center for Disease Control and Prevention to take prevention and control measures for workers and local communities during construction and take prevention and control measures for operators and truck drivers during operation of project facilities, such as, establishing clinic, posting publicity poster for prevention and control of AIDS and VD, education and publicity of AIDS and VD and holding international anti-aids activities in construction camp.

Gender equality: To ensure that women can fairly enjoy project benefits, women’s participation of decision-making will be protected during implementation for action plan of ethnic minorities in accordance with government’s relevant laws and regulations. Representative of women will be invited to participate in project’s design review, public participation and project supervision. In addition, women will be priority arranged to participate in skills training during implementation of project. Women’s Federation is authorized institution of safeguarding rights and interests of women and children. It publicizes and improves information of livelihood through news communication and regular group meeting and other forms and expands their scope of activities in affected project area as a part of their daily activities.

Lands occupied by small amount of engineering: Some people’s farmlands in these 8 villages may be occupied during implementation of project, especially in process of improving irrigation and drainage channels and rural roads. Government leaders of Helong Municipal Xicheng Town, Toudao Town and Bajiazi Town said that, formal land requisition is not needed because these lands are still owned by local rural collectives. As for impacts on some individuals, they usually possess a small part of lands and general practice is that, administrative village or village group replaces them out of rural collective reserved lands or lands are readjusted each other among villagers, which is especially like this for those disadvantaged groups, including the aged, the disabled, woman-based families, extremely poor families and ethnic minorities groups. Because those affected people will also be benefited from project, such as improvement of irrigation and drainage facilities and road conditions, in fact, their losses in terms of land requisition can be eased through increasing yield. In addition, besides improvement of agricultural infrastructures, they and other villagers will enjoy agricultural trainings specially designed for them. Affected women (especially women of ethnic minorities) will enjoy preferential right of accepting training, by which, they can improve their skills and obtain better opportunities to participate in various income-generating projects and benefited from them. Working personnel of various-level project management institutions include ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities groups and their representatives will have opportunities to participate in project planning and such participation will be throughout implementation period of the whole project. An independent immigration resettlement

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plan perhaps needs to be compiled in accordance with quantity of occupied lands and in accordance with ADB Security Safeguard Policy. Such immigrants plan can be started only after approval of ADB in accordance with agreed immigration policy framework.

Table 5-1: Mitigation Measures Proposed Targets/Indexes Beneficiaries Budget (CNY) Time Measures Protect Ethnic Implement Ethnic Minorities’ 6, 777 People of 2 Towns and 6 Ethnic Minorities’ 2014–2016 Minorities Plans, including Prohibiting Villages in Project Area, Plans of This Project Communities Free Construction at Night, including Population of 4, 850 Will Contain Total from Construction Reconstructing Destroyed Ethnic Minorities Budget of CNY 10.2 Interference Irrigation and Drainage Million Facilities and Reducing Other Environmental Impacts Prevention and Establish Clinic, Post Publicity Ethnic Minorities Residential Included in This 2014–2016 Control of Poster for Prevention and Area of Project Area Project Infectious Control of AIDS and VD, Diseases Education and Publicity of Potential Migrant Construction Construction AIDS and VD and Hold Workers Executive Units International Anti-aids Must Operate Activities in Construction Supervised by Camp to Ensure Zero AIDS County Record in Project Area during (County-level City) Construction Center for Disease Control and Prevention Encourage Number of Times for About 2, 260 Women Labor Included in 2014–2016 Women to Convening Meetings Forces in 6 Villages, including Government Participate and 1, 808 Women Labor Forces of Planning Make Decision Number of Times for Ethnic Minorities Communication Publicity Concern and Help Target Is Enabling Crowds Affected Families and Included in Rural 2014–2016 Affected Crowds Lost Part of Lands during Individuals in 6 Villages Funds Construction to Obtain Land Possibly Losing Part of Lands Adjusted or Replaced by at Stage of Project’s Village or Land Compensation Implementation Provided by Village Collective

5.2 Strengthening Measures Micro-loan plan: Coordinated by Helong Municipal Government, Helong Municipal Women’s Federation will provide not less than CNY 10 million of micro-loan services for rural women of ethnic minorities in 8 towns of Helong City during implementation of project. Most of them are ethnic minorities. Average amount of loans is CNY 50, 000. Such loans are used for carrying out income-generating activities. Payback periods differ from 1 year to 2 years and annual interest rate is 9.15%. Municipal government or non-government agencies will pay 50% of loan interests.

Improvement of agricultural infrastructures: National Agricultural Comprehensive Development Project Office, Jilin Provincial Agricultural 34

Comprehensive Development Project Office and Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office will provide matching funds and implement this agricultural comprehensive development project in project area from 2014 to 2015.

A. Water conservancy measures: 7 culverts which lining of water course is 10.304km and 1 water outlet, which total investment is CNY 10.358 million. B. Agricultural measures: Concrete pavement is 3.335km, deep and loose soil is 154.67ha, seedling facilities are 1ha, improved varieties base is 5, 800m2, equipments are purchased for 10 sets and subject research and technical demonstration and promotion, which total investment is CNY 5.4002 million. C. Ecological measures: 200 cubic meters of straws processing and storage facilities which total investment is CNY 27, 000. D. Modern agricultural demonstration: Build 20, 000m2 of sunlight greenhouses for facility agriculture and 1 set of safety detection vehicle which total investment is CNY 900, 000. E. The last constituent part of this project: 14 sets of instruments and equipments, development measures for relevant training and investigation institutions and consulting support for executing institution, which total cost is CNY 1.41 million, plus unforeseen fee of CNY 904, 800, total cost of construction for Helong City’s engineering is CNY 19 million, among which, direct investment is CNY 16.3 million. Sources of funding include: CNY or USD 13.86 million of loan from ADB; CNY 3.54 million from local finance matching funds, among which, Jilin Provincial matching fund is CNY 3.54 million and unforeseen expense is CNY ; Local farmers’ self-raised fund is CNY 1.6 million, including their labor contributions.

5.3 Budget and Source of Funding Local government or this project will provide financial support for all measures. Budget for each measure is as shown in Table 5-1 and Table 5-2. Budget for various activities will be adjusted in accordance with needs in the future. Table 5-2: Strengthening Measures Measures Targets/Indexes Beneficiaries Budget (CNY) Source of Fund Time Micro-loans (Mainly Helong Municipal Helong Municipal 2, 200 Women of CNY 10 Million Provided to Rural Women of Ethnic Women’s 2014–2016 Ethnic Minorities Per Year Women) Minorities Federation

Improvement of Helong Municipal Transformation of Agricultural 6, 777 People in 6 CNY 15.7582 Agricultural Agricultural Infrastructures, Villages, including 4, million Included Comprehensive 2014–2016 Infrastructures in including Irrigation and 850 Ethnic in Project Budget Development Project Village Drainage Channel and Minorities Office Rural Roads of 15, 000mu Project Area Guidance of Training of New 4, 914 Labor Forces Helong Municipal CNY 2.31 Agricultural Agricultural in 6 Villages, Agricultural Million Technology and Technology and New including 3, 783 Comprehensive 2014–2016 Contained in Non-agricultural Forestry Technology Labor Forces of Development Project Budget Skills and Other Skills Ethnic Minorities Office 5.4 Arrangements for Implementation 35

Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office will play leading role when implementing previously mentioned most of construction measures through its execution institution and construction unit. Specifically speaking, Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office will directly participate in construction project of irrigation and drainage system, rural roads engineering, land smoothing and other work inside project area, in addition, fully uses project financing for installation of relevant equipments and supervises construction process.

Helong Municipal Government will play leading role for implementation of matching measures, such as technical training, capacity construction and micro-loan. It is undoubtedly that, whether this project exists or not, local government will carry out these activities and daily work. Some governmental departments, such as Bureau of Ethnic and Religious Affairs, Land and Resources Bureau, Poverty Alleviation Office, Forestry Bureau, Agricultural Bureau, Women’s Federation and Township Government, etc, will participate in project. In project town, township government establishes a project work group responsible for coordination of project. 5.5 Monitoring and Appraisal Development plan of ethnic minorities is required for monitoring and appraisal to ensure that this plan can be reasonably implemented and predetermined targets are achieved. Final monitoring and appraisal report will be formulated before project starts for implementation. ADB will aid Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office to formulate monitoring and appraisal report. Targets to be monitored and appraised include:

·Collect data and information to determine impact and describe changes of ethnic minorities and their communities in terms of society and poverty through other qualitative materials; ·Analyze and record results of future planning for transformation of roads and interventions for poverty alleviation; ·Need planning for preliminary participation scheme and performance of additional activities; ·Focus on studies for key activities and procedures in this project and promote them in other areas.

At least data required for main indexes shall be collected. What are shown as the following are some extremely important appraisal indexes. Specific indexes for implementation of development plan of ethnic minorities are listed in previous tables. When necessary, collected data can be classified in accordance with gender and nationality:

·Value of output for target village; ·Per capita income; ·Incidence of poverty;

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·Ownership of assets for project village; ·Reasons of changes for water quality and people’s health status in project village; ·Newly constructed or under-construction housing in project town; ·Frequency of technical and socio-economic guidance and training for construction of roads carried out by project village; ·Project town’s entrance situations and dropout rates divided in accordance with different grades, genders and nationalities.

All above issues do not apply to any situation. Some issues only involve affected villages in project area and some issues only apply to already-built flood control engineering. Issues in “investigations before construction” shall be discussed with scheme and anticipated benefits of other preferentially developed activities. Investigations shall be carried out in project area’s adjacent villages. Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office understands that ADB will play leading role in process of forming monitoring and appraisal report. Therefore, ADB will guide how to prepare an applicable monitoring and appraisal report before implementation of project. Helong Municipal Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office will coordinate its implementing agencies and local governments for work and assist consultation experts group to complete monitoring and appraisal report. Budget for monitoring and appraisal activities will be promulgated after detailed monitoring and appraisal report is completed. Funds will be used to employ experts of monitoring system for domestic project implementations and domestic regulatory institution for development plan of ethnic minorities.

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