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An Investigation of Whether Hong Kong Residents' Social Identity An investigation of whether Hong Kong residents’ social identity affects their attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists JAMIE PRIESTLEY A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master by Research September 2017 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/ or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such Copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank both my supervisors, Dr Brendan Canavan and Dr Qing Shan Ding for their continuous support and knowledge in the completion of this research. To Brendan for his expertise in sustainable tourism development and resident’s attitude towards tourists. And to Qing for this expertise in both consumer behaviour and social identity. I am also truly appreciative of my previous Undergraduate tutors, who had inspired me to enrol onto the MSc by Research at the University. Special thanks also go to my fellow research students in the Business School, for their help and support throughout my research journey. I would also like to thank my fellow colleagues at ADC Property Solutions, who have inspired me during the difficult times of this research. I would like to express my thanks to my whole family, for their encouragement and support throughout my University life. Last but not least, I would like to thank Vivienne Lau who has been a great source of inspiration. 3 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine if Hong Kong residents’ social identity affects their attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists. Thus, understanding how the role of social identity amongst residents is vital for sustainable tourism development. Mainland Chinese tourists are vital to Hong Kong’s tourism industry as they are the largest source of visitors. However, due to the growing political influence of Mainland China and the influx of Mainland Chinese tourists, the city of Hong Kong is losing its identity and uniqueness. From this, many Hong Kong residents have little sense of social/national identity as they are sceptical of belonging to a nation. The literature review presents three key areas of study: sustainable tourism development, resident’s attitude towards tourism development, and social identity. The literature finds that the dimensions of environmental integrity, economic prosperity, and sociocultural impacts are all vital to the success of Hong Kong’s sustainable tourism development. Also, the intrinsic, extrinsic and sociodemographic factors could influence Hong Kong resident’s attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists. Furthermore, the role of social identity delves into in-group and out-group identities between Hong Kong residents and Mainland Chinese tourists. As well as how perceived cultural distance affects Hong Kong resident’s attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists. The study adopts a qualitative research approach alongside a phenomenological methodology to understand and interpret individual experiences as a source of qualitative evidence. To gather the qualitative data, the study used semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. Furthermore, a qualitative coding strategy was implemented within the study’s interviews to highlight key themes of study including: sustainable tourism development, resident’s attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists, social identity and perceived cultural distance. Overall, a total of 12 in-depth interviews were gathered for qualitative analysis using the snowball sampling technique. Overall, the study sheds light on whether Hong Kong resident’s social identity affects their attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists. Many Hong Kong resident’s recognised the economic prosperity of Mainland Chinese tourists. However, there exist growing concerns of sustainable tourism development in Hong Kong, with aspects of sociocultural interaction as well as the urban and rural environments. Also, it was found that Hong Kong residents who identified themselves as ‘Hong Kongese’ were more likely to have a negative attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists compared to those who identified themselves as Chinese. With perceived cultural distance being an actual source of social identity depending on Hong Kong residents’ acceptance of Chinese culture. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9 1.1 The context: Hong Kong in the age of Mainland China .................................................... 10 1.2 Hong Kong social identity ................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Hong Kong’s tourism industry ........................................................................................... 13 1.4 Study rational ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Aims & objectives ................................................................................................................ 17 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 19 2.1 Sustainable tourism development ....................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Environmental integrity .................................................................................................. 21 2.1.2 Economic prosperity ...................................................................................................... 24 2.1.3 Sociocultural impacts of tourism .................................................................................... 27 2.2 Residents’ attitude towards tourism development ............................................................. 29 2.2.1 Intrinsic factors .............................................................................................................. 30 2.2.2 Extrinsic factors ............................................................................................................. 32 2.2.3 Sociodemograghic factors .............................................................................................. 33 2.2.4 Hong Kong residents’ attitude toward Mainland Chinese tourists ................................... 34 2.3 The role of social identity .................................................................................................... 36 2.3.1 In-group and out-group identities.................................................................................... 37 2.3.2 The self-concept ............................................................................................................. 39 2.3.3 Perceived culture distance and social identity ................................................................. 41 3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 45 3.1 Qualitative research design ................................................................................................. 47 3.2 Epistemology ....................................................................................................................... 49 3.3 Theoretical Perspective ....................................................................................................... 51 3.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 54 5 3.5 Research Methods ............................................................................................................... 56 3.5.1 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 57 3.5.2 Reliability and Validity .................................................................................................. 66 3.5.3 Research ethics ............................................................................................................... 68 3.6 Summary of Methodology ................................................................................................... 69 4. FINDINGS .....................................................................................................................71 4.1 Demographic profile of respondents ................................................................................... 72 4.2 Hong Kong residents’ attitude towards tourism development ..........................................
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