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Physiocracy, Antiphysiocracy and Pfeiffer (The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences)

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Physiocracy, Antiphysiocracy and Pfeiffer (The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences) The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences Series Editor: Jürgen Georg Backhaus For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5902 Jürgen Georg Backhaus Editor Physiocracy, Antiphysiocracy and Pfeiffer Editor Prof. Dr. Jürgen Georg Backhaus Krupp Chair in Public Finance and Fiscal Sociology, University of Erfurt Nordhäuser Str. 63 99089 Erfurt Thüringen Germany [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-7496-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7497-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7497-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011929225 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 The Physiocrats, The Antiphysiocrats, and Pfeiffer in Particular ....... 1 Jürgen G. Backhaus 2 Manufactures in European Economic Literature of the Enlightenment: The Description des Arts et Métiers and the Schauplatz der Künste und Handwerke ...................................... 5 Kenneth Carpenter 3 The Technological Dynamics of Capitalism: A Note on Antiphysiocracy, Colbertism, and 1848 Moments ............................ 23 Erik S. Reinert 4 Another Grand Tour: Cameralism and Antiphysiocracy in Baden, Tuscany, and Denmark–Norway ............................................ 39 Sophus A. Reinert 5 Johann August Schlettwein (1731–1802): The German Physiocrat .................................................................................................. 71 Helge Peukert 6 Cameralism and Physiocracy as the Two Sides of a Coin: Example of the Economic Policy of Johann Friedrich von Pfeiffer ................................................................................................ 97 Hans Frambach 7 Physiocrats and Laws of Population ....................................................... 115 Gerhard Scheuerer 8 On the Reception of Quesnay’s Economic Thought in German History of Economics ............................................................ 123 Günther Chaloupek vii viii Contents 9 Mature Cameralism According to Pfeiffer ........................................... 135 Marcel van Meerhaeghe 10 Pfeiffer and the Foundation of the Science of Forestry ....................... 149 Jürgen G. Backhaus 11 Establishing Sustainability Theory Within Classical Forest Science: The Role of Cameralism and Classical Political Economy ....................................................................... 155 Peter Deegen and Cornelia Seegers Index ................................................................................................................. 169 Chapter 1 The Physiocrats, The Antiphysiocrats, and Pfeiffer in Particular Jürgen G. Backhaus Physiocracy was probably the shortest lived school in the history of economic thought. While of obvious advantage in France to point out the pitfalls and costs of Colbertism, across the Rhine Physiocracy was not a step ahead, as it replaced Cameralism with its wise and comprehensive policy doctrines. For this reason, Physiocracy in the German literature has its greatest impact in provoking Antiphysiocracy. In this volume, Physiocracy is immediately paired with Antiphysiocracy, and with the unique figure of Johann Friederich (von) Pfeiffer (1718–1787). Pfeiffer was a self-taught economist. He was born in 1718 in Berlin and died in 1787 in Mainz. For the last 5 years of his life, it was in Mainz where he was a professor of cameral sciences. The reputation of the school of Mainz as a fortress of Cameralism owes much to his contributions. Until 1780, his eight previous works are largely reproductions of his vast reading. Pfeiffer first entered the military service in Prussia, was later state agricultural councilor there, carried through a land reform in the Mark Brandenburg between 1747 and 1750, honored by the title of a privy councilor, was used in the Prussian diplomatic service at various courts in Germany, and was named a professor at the Mainz academy in 1782. In 1780, after his more mainstream outline (Lehrbegriff) of all economic and cameral sciences in four volumes (1764–1778) he came out with his revolutionary “Anti-Physiocrat.” This was topped a year later by his blueprint of the science of forestry, which is also the blueprint of the science of mining in its eighth chapter.1 1 The nineteen most important publications by Pfeiffer are listed in the dissertation by Damianoff MD (1908) Die volkswirtschaftlichen Anschauungen Johannes Friedrich von Pfeiffers. Noske, Borna-Leipzig, a 1908 Erlangen dissertation: 1. Der Teutsche Seidenbau, Berlin 1748. 2. Lehrbegriff sämtlicher ökonomischer und Cameralwissenschaften, 4 vol, 1764–1778. Mannheim and Stuttgart. J.G. Backhaus (*) Krupp Chair in Public Finance and Fiscal Sociology, University of Erfurt, Nordhäuser Str. 63, 99089 Erfurt, Germany e-mail: [email protected] J.G. Backhaus (ed.), Physiocracy, Antiphysiocracy and Pfeiffer, The European Heritage 1 in Economics and the Social Sciences 10, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7497-6_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 2 J.G. Backhaus The essays presented in this volume span the entire landscape of Physiocracy, Antiphysiocracy, and Pfeiffer in particular. Of him, Schumpeter writes: “[his] voluminous systematic works of the Justi-type, no doubt marked by strong practical sense, have earned for him high praise from several historians.”2 Kenneth Carpenter, formerly of Harvard University’s Kress Library, finds that it was not the Bible that was the most widely spread book, as one might expect, but the Justi- and Pfeiffer- type literature that shaped the knowledge economy of the eighteenth century. In his essay “Manufactures in European Economic Literature of the Enlightenment: The Description des Arts et Métiers and the Schauplatz der Künste und Handwerke,” Carpenter distinguishes two kinds of readers of those publications, persons who would be interested in science and scientific development, and practitioners. He concludes that science was no longer just for the elite, no longer only for the possessor of secrets, but was also to be shared with the uninitiated, the practitioner. In discussing translations, Carpenter emphasizes the issue that translations could not be trusted, but in the process, this furthered the discourse with the community, 3. Geschichte der Steinkohlen und des Torfes, Mannheim 1777. 4. Entdecktes Geheimnis des Verbesserungsmittels der Steinkohlen und des Torfes und der Benutzungsart aller daraus zu ziehenden Produkte, Mannheim 1777. 5. Vermischte Verbesserungsvorschläge und freie Gedanken über verschiedene den Nahrungszustand, die Bevölkerung und Staatswirtschaft der Teutschen betreffende Gegenstände, 2 vol, Frankfurt a. M. 1777/78. 6. Allgemeine Polizeiwissenschaft, 2 vol, Frankfurt a. M. 1779/80. 7. Grundriß der wahren und falschen Staatskunst, 2 vol, Berlin 1778/79. 8. Die Manufakturen und Fabriken Deutschlands, nach ihrer heutigen Lage betrachtet und mit Vorschlägen zu ihrer Verbesserung begleitet, 2 vol, Frankfurt a. M. 1780/81. 9. Der Antiphysiokrat, Frankfurt a. M. 1780. 10. Grundriß der Finanzwissenschaft nebst einem Anhang über die Unausführbarkeit des phys- iokratischen Systems, Frankfurt a. M. 1781. 11. Grundriß der Forstwirtschaft, Mannheim 1781. 12. Universalcameralwissenschaft oder die vier wichtigsten Säulen, nämlich der Staatsregierungskunst, der Policeywissenschaft, der allgemeinen Staatsökonomie und der Finanzwissenschaft, zu akademischen Vorlesungen und zum Unterricht angehender Staatsbedienter, 2 vols, Frankfurt a. M. 1782/83. 13. Berichtigungen berühmter Staats-, Finanz-, Policey-, Cameral- und öknomischer Schriften dieses Jahrhunderts, 6 vols, Frankfurt a. M. 1781–84. 14. Grundriß der Staatswirtschaft zur Belehrung und Wahrung angehender Staatswirte, Frankfurt a. M. 1782. 15. Programm von der Notwendigkeit und dem Nutzen der in den Curmaynzischen Landen aufbe- lebenden Bergwerks- und Schmelzwissenschaften, 1784. 16. Nachricht an das Publikum von der Natur, den Bestandteilen, Eigenschaften, Zubereitung und Anwendung des Ducksteins oder des daraus bereiteten Druses, Mainz 1784. 17. Critische Briefe, 4 brochures, Offenbach 1784/85. 18. Prüfung der beträchtlichen Verbesserungsvorschläge der Glückseligkeit und Macht Deutschlands, Frankfurt a. M. 1786. 19. Grundsätze und Regeln der Staatswirtschaft, edited by Nicolaus Moser, Mainz 1791. 2 Joseph Alois Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954, p. 228. 1 The Physiocrats, The Antiphysiocrats, and Pfeiffer in Particular 3 and the development of new knowledge also created the tools for discourse. New knowledge is also at the core of Erik S. Reinert’s (University of Tallinn) contribu- tion “The Technological Dynamics of Capitalism: A Note on Antiphysiocracy, Colbertism, and 1848 Moments.” He finds that
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