Research Paper Inventory and Management of Dinosaurs Traces

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Research Paper

Inventory and Management of Dinosaurs Traces: A case Study of Azilal Region, Morocco

Fayçal AMINE, M’Hamed BERRAHMA and Abdellatif AARAB Mohamed V University, ENS, Department of Earth Sciences, Geosciences, Natural Resources and Development Laboratory, Avenue Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, P.O. Box 5118 Takaddoum, Rabat, Morocco. *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 30/09/2018 Revised: 13/10/2018 Accepted: 18/10/2018

Abstract: The preservation of geosites in under considerations has been the scope of the heritage framework is necessary at a numerous geological studies since the 20th time when urbanization, the exploitation of Century and particularly in the past 30 years. fossils and minerals are real threats to this Recent advances have revealed that irreversible heritage. This work is a geotourism is an emerging and still contribution to the preservation and underdeveloped face of tourism, mainly in development of dinosaur trace deposits by Morocco, and mapping the geoheritage of geological and geomorphological Azilal region remains lacunars. The description of the study area, then by importance of study of geoheritage of the mapping using Geographic Information Azilal Region is related the dinosaurs traces, Systems (GIS) and finally by the proposal of worked by many paleontologists and the models of development and preservation geologists (Dresnay, 1971, 1975; Couvreur, of these geosites. 1977; Dutuit & Ouazzou, 1980; Jenny et al., Keywords: Azilal region, Morocco, 1981a,b; Laville, 1981; Monbaron, 1978, Geoheritage, Geo-Routes, GIS, Geotouristic 1980, 1981, 1982a, b, 1983; Biron, 1982; Interess Local, Dinosaurs. Jenny & Jossen, 1982; Septfontaine, 1984; Laville, 1985; Monbaron & Dejax J. INTRODUCTION Demathieu, 1985; El Youssi, 1986; Fadile, Located along the northwestern edge of the 1987; Souhel, 1987; Jacobshagen, 1988; West African Craton (WAC), Morocco is a Ishigaki, 1988, 1989; Souhel, 1996; Nouri tourist destination for 3S (sand, sea and sun) et al., 1997; Souhel et al., 1998; Monbaron market. Present-day Morocco forms a et al., 1999; Nouri et al., 2001; Haddoumi mosaic of different tectonic plates and et al., 2002; Andreu et al., 2003; Charrière et structural domains (called “paradise of al., 2005; Boutakiout et al., 2006; Belvedere geologists”; Michard et al., 2008). The area et al., 2007; Belvedere, 2008; Boutakiout et

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol. 5, Issue. 2, October 2018, pp. 793-814 DOI: 10.26540/ijgsr.v5.i2.2018.106 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved al., 2008; Nouri, 2008; Mojon et al., 2009; (discovery of bones and footprints of Haddoumi et al., 2009; Boutakiout et al., dinosaurs, Iouaridène, Ait Mimoun, Ait 2009 a, b; Belvedere & Mietto, 2009, 2010; Mimoun Ouffelah, Ait Blal), archeology Boutakiout et al., 2010; Nouri et al., 2011; (presence of engravings rock; Tizi Guezal et al., 2011; Marty et al., 2012; n'Tirghist), geomorphological (geological Boutakiout et al., 2014; Boutakiout et al., curiosities such as Tamda Cathedral, Tamda 2017; Boudchiche et al., 2017). Recently, Gorge ...), lakes (Ben Ouidane), mountains more studies have been primarily targeted (Jiber, Sidal, Tamadout), waterfalls of for the emergence of geotourism and Ouzoud, Iminifri and Tamda, chasms geoeducation activities at Azilal (Central (Tawaya), natural bridge of Iminifri, and Haut-Atlas, Morocco) [e.g., Monbaron & ecological (natural reserve of Tamda). It is Monbaron, 2015: The guide booklet in this regards that this study seeks to contains geotourism circuits largely investigate give more information and commented on through the different sectors management of the dinosaurs traces in this of the M'Goun Geopark; Bouzekraoui et al., area. However, beside a general appreciation 2018 and Boutakiout, 2018: Geotourism and of their richness fossils and dinosaurs traces, geoeducation]. In Azilal Region, the bid to a valorization is missing so far. Furthermore, improve the economy has necessitated the integration and acquisition of additional data rapid development and rehabilitation of from the excellent Azilal Region outcrops available tourism potentials. has great potential for valorization and The M'Goun Geopark is a mountainous management of dinosaur’s geosites. The region of often high altitude of which Jbel geosite defintion by Brilha is “geosites set of Ighil M'Goun culminates at 4068 m and Jbel a local, geographically delimited, where Azourki at 3690 m and the age of the there are geodiversity elements with unique geological grounds goes back to the values from a scientific point of view, secondary era. This study area is part of the educational, cultural or tourist. It consists of Geopark M’Goun, is the first UNESCO all non-renewable natural resources, whether Global Geopark in Africa and the Arab geological or geomorphological formations, world, that is given the label by Global landscapes, mineralogical and Network of National Geoparks (GGN) paleontological outcrops” (Brilha in Pereira developed under the auspices of UNESCO, et al. 2018). More contributions about the during the 6th World Conference on geoheritage, history of geoconservation and Geoparks at « Stone-hammer Geopark » in geotourism in the worldwide consulted in Canada in September 22, 2014 (Bouzekraoui this papers (i.e., Reynard, 2005; Piacente, et al., 2018; Boutakiout, 2018). Because of 2005; Bureck & Prosser, 2008; Duhem, the beauty of its landscapes and the diversity 2008). The history of this region goes back of its geological structures, the High Central to millions of years during which was of Azilal, was chosen by A. Faure-Muret, constituted of a privileged geological belt, M. Boutakiout and A. Souhel during the which is distinguished by the presence of preparation of the exhibition "Morocco: famous and spectacular footsteps of Memory of the Earth" in Paris in 1999-2000, sauropod dinosaurs [see Ibrahim et al. as a territory to evolve towards a park or (2017) and references therein; for more geological reserve (Boutakiout, 2018). The historical review and recent work of the M'Goun Geopark has a peculiar interest dinosaurs of Morocco]. This richness must from a paleontological point of view be preserved; including models of

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol. 5, Issue. 2, October 2018, pp. 793-814 DOI: 10.26540/ijgsr.v5.i2.2018.106 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved development must be developed to set up the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, during which fences, signage, mounting a life-size the post-Hercynian cover was folded and dinosaur resin, etc. Really, in some of them peeled on the Triassic detrital. Because of the dinosaurs traces have started to these deformations, the High Atlas is deteriorate, as well as suffering alteration in furrowed by large flat-bottomed synclines, their primitive morphology. filled by thick Jurassic and Cretaceous series, which are often strongly eroded. The 1. Geological and Geomorphological study area stretching from Demnate through Context of the Study Area Imi'n'ifri to Souk Sebt in the east to Lhwant The central High Atlas is bounded by the is a sedimentary series consisting of two Marrakech-Ouarzazate crossroads to the major lithological units. The 1st unit is the west and the Oued Ziz valley to the east lower to middle Lias is formed by carbonate (Mattauer et al., 1977). Permo-Triassic red with large lamellibranchs. The 2rd unit is of terrigenous deposits are surmounted by Lias Superior age consists of detrital rocks white carbonates of Lower Jurassic age. In alternating with red marl (Mattauer et al., the Middle and Upper Jurassic, there are still 1977). The region is characterized by the red terrigenous deposits, this time strongly predominance of sedimentary Jurassic series thickened. The rare outcrops of the with local Triassic outcrops and quaternary Cretaceous and Tertiary, often eroded, are deposits. The Triassic is represented by preserved on the only edge of the chain or in basalts that are outcropping in several parts: the center of the synclines. In addition, the Aroui Valley, Tizi n'Tirghist. These basaltic presence of Triassic and Liassic basalts, as flows are often accompanied by comings of well as alkaline gabbros of Jurassic and red clays. In addition, the contact between Cretaceous age. The uplift of the High Atlas basalts and surrounding limestones is often is the result of a structural inversion from emphasized by a level of pink salt clay.

Figure 1. Geological map of the Azilal Region including sections location (1/100 000 scale map), with ArcGis software (Geological map of Morocco, Department of Energy and Mines, Morocco, 1985).

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The study area has been subdivided into the last foundations of the Formation of the following three Formations: “Grès de Guettioua”, notably in the synclines of Aït Attab, Ouaouizarth and 1. "Grès de Guettioa" Formation Aghbala (Monbaron, 1982 & 1985). This Formation is characterized by its The summit of this series is marked by a reddish tinge and especially by its regional angular discordance, which accentuated granulometry dominating the manifests itself everywhere in the Central milder slopes established at the right of the High Atlas. The “Iouaridène” Formation is underlying formation of Tilougguit. overcome either by the sandstones of the Towards the south-east of the High Atlas, it “Jbel Sidal” Formation (Souhel, 1987), rests unconformably either on the "Cornian notably in the synclines of Ait Attab, limestones" of the Bathonian or on the Ouaouizarth and Aghbala, or by the Formation of Tilougguit. This fact has been limestones of the Formation of Ait Tafelt observed in the synclines of Ouaouizarth (synclinal of Aghzif-Naour) (Souhel, 1987). (Souhel, 1997), Iouaridène (Choubert, 1956), Igoudlane (Roch, 1939) and Aglagal 3. "Jbel Sidal" Formation (Moret, 1931). It is represented by an alternation of red- orange sandstone benches and red clays. The 2. "Iouaridène" Formation base of the “Jbel Sidal” Formation is based This Formation occupies the axes of the on the red pelitic clays and the gypsums of High Atlas synclines. Like the other red the “Iouaridène” Formation. The greenstone layers, it is characterized by a series of red silts and greenish clays of the overlying pelitic clays. It is also known for its strong formation show a sudden facies change. The erosion and poor preservation. The basis of base of the “Jbel Sidal” Formation locally this Formation is marked by a clear change contains a stratiform basaltic flow. Most of facies between the massive sandstones of often it is a single gabbroic casting, which is the “Guettioua” Formation. Directly below preserved only on the edges of the this base are often the basalts crowning the buttonholes (Souhel, 1987).

Figure 2. Location map of the footprints of dinosaur footprints in the study area.

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Figure 3. Map of the buffer zones of the footprints of dinosaurs, with ArcGis software.

2. Data and methods Tenure); by collecting data (field The database used in this study was by surveys and bibliographical references), constructed by compilation from many data then developing the databases under avaible in the literature. However, despite GIS, then the spatial analysis and finally extensive research (paleontology, the realization of the thematic maps, sedimentology, and tectonic) in this area, it b. On the other hand to contribute to a is certainly possible that some data have not policy of preservation and enhancement been considered. Good exposure conditions of geological sites with all the partners of the beds from Azilal have enabled us to concerned and to inform the various distinguish the traces dinosaurs. The actors in charge (state services, proposed work involves three sequential communities, associations), as well as phases, currently in development. They are: the general public by proposing models a. Conducting an objective and as for the development of a few sites that complete as possible census of dinosaur require urgent intervention given the footprint sites using Geographic various threats that surround it and, Information Systems (GIS) in the study c. High-resolution outcrop photographs area using geological maps (Jenny , J., were taken to aid in the description of 1985 & 1988) and topographic maps are the dinosaurs traces. from the National Agency for Land

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RESULTS The M'Goun Geopark covers an area of a. Climate 5730 km², of which 15 are part of it (Azilal, The study area in general is characterized by Demnate, Tilouguite, Zaouit Ahensal, a strong spatial variability of precipitations Tabant, Ait M'Hamed, Ait Taguella, Agoudi and temperatures with a climatic staging N'Lkheir, Ait Abbas, Ait Boulli, Ait Blal, from the plain to the mountain. The rains of Sidi Boulkhelf, Tifni, Anergui and the northern slopes of the Middle and High Boutferda). It is limited to the North-West Atlas are of the Mediterranean type with by the Provincial Road N° 24 linking Béni oceanic influences. The mountain is sub- Mellal and El Kelâa des Sraghna, to the west humid to wet (between 550 mm and 700 mm by the road Bzou-Demnate and Tessaout, in Azilal and up to 1000 mm in the High and to the South, by the reliefs of Ighil Atlas) and cold, and the semi-arid plain (326 M’Goun. It is characterized by peaks that mm average rainfall in Fkih Ben Salah) and vary between 500 m and 4068 m, with major warm. The climatic seasonality is very mountains that are Ighil M'Goun (4.068 m) marked with a rainy period from October to and Azourki (3.690 m). May, with intense autumn showers, and a The Geopark is an operational platform for dry period from June to September. The the flourishing of scientific and thermal seasonality opposes a cold winter, environmental research. He came to particularly harsh in the mountains, and a preserve this rich heritage and contribute to hot summer to very hot plain (up to 49° in the protection of the geological, natural and Kasbah Tadla and average maxima of July cultural specificities of the region and the higher than 30°) which accentuates the development of sustainable tourism and the aridity at this period. Snow is a significant economic fabric. part of mountain precipitation in winter.

Figure 4. Map of the altitudes of the study area (scale 1/50 000 map), with ArcGis software, Source: National Agency for Land Conservation, Morocco.

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b. Agricultural and Forestry Domain noble tree and majestic foothills of the Atlas, The forest potential of the region contributes it is the value tree victim of degradation. to the socio-economic development of the The forest floor of 2500 m at 3600 m populations by assuring them: the raw altitude is home to an endemic flora, material which is the wood, days of typically Moroccan. Characteristic employment, routes for breeding, etc. The associations are found, growing in cliffs, flora of the Central High Atlas is composed tabular peaks, and humid depressions, by typical Moroccan plant associations. The giving rich pastures. Beyond that, most of forest floor, located between altitudes 1500 the plant landscape consists of very typical m to 2200 m, is the domain of the Green spiny cushions. Above 3600 m, the pads Oak, developed particularly in pure stands gradually disappear, vegetation becomes (HCWCD, 2010). lean and often absent. The forest floor from 2200 m to 2500 m altitude is that of the juniper thuriferous,

Figure 5. Map of the agricultural and forestry domain, with ArcGis software, Source: High Commission for Water and Forests, Morocco.

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Figure 6. Map of small localities, with ArcGis software, Source: Ministry of Urban Planning, Morocco.

c. Roads Using ArcGis spatial analysis extensions, we The total length of the network in the region made buffers around dinosaur footprint sites. is about 2432 km, of which 87% is paved. It Indeed, these sites are invaded by the is divided into National Roads (212.71 km), hydraulic degradation, as long as it is Regional Roads (903.57 km) and Provincial located in the low level of altitude of the Roads (1315.43 km). For our study area, the syncline, by favoring the accumulation of distributions are as follows: National roads: the waters which increase in volume at the 26.983km, Regional roads: 608,557 km and summer period, causing the deterioration Provincial roads: 425,832 km. Paved roads slabs that conceal this heritage. In addition, leading to the center of the studied sites have the collapse of the ground remains among deteriorated, having a negative influence on the constraints that negatively influence on the preservation of the geological heritage, the reservation of the footprints of the because it crosses the slabs of the dinosaur dinosaurs. steps on the sites of Youaridène and Ait Mimoun.

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Figure 7. Map of the road network of the study area, with ArcGis software, Source: Ministry of Transport and Logistics, Morocco.

d. Urban Agglomerations localities exactly "douars" (Lecestre-Rollier, According to the General Population and 1992). They are almost dispersed over the Housing Census of Morocco in 2014, the whole of the study area, with a rather Béni Mellal-Khénifra region has 2,520,776 remarkable filling in four points of the zone inhabitants, compared to 3,873,207 in 2004, (Tirika, Taghbalout, Aït Mimoun, and Bou of which 49.14% are urban, lower than the Ifrane). Most of the buildings in the region national rate (60 , 36%). have an ancestral architecture. Indeed, Also the region known a density of 88.8 newly built buildings are found in the center inhabitants per km2, very high compared to of the douars. The direct implantation of the the national average (47.6 hab/ km2), thus electric poles on the footprints and the occupying the 6th position in terms of passage of the cattle on the deposits of the density at the national scale. imprints cause a rather considerable The study area is characterized by the deterioration. presence of a very large amount of small

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Figure 8. Agglomerations map, with ArcGis software, Source: Ministry of Urban Planning, Morocco.

e. Hydrography networks more or less superimposed (case of The karst of the region is well developed in high mountain karst systems). These karstic the limestones and dolomites of the lower systems and the associated aquifers and middle Lias as well as the limestones of contribute in a remarkable way to the Middle Jurassic and Turonian (Bouchaou, durability and the support of the low water 1988). These karst complexes, from a few levels of the Atlas Rivers subjected to the km² to about 365 km² for the most Mediterranean climatic constraints. The important, are related to the geological presence of a remarkable mass of footprints conditions (low extension of the carbonate near the water networks gives hypotheses on complex, high intensity of the tectonics), but the places of concentration and passage of also the variations of base level, responsible the dinosaurs at the time. for the creation of numerous karst duct

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Figure 9. Hydrology map of the study area, with ArcGis software, Source: Oum Er Rbia Hydraulic Basin Agency, Morocco.

Figure 10. Map of the Digital Terrain Model and Hydric network, with ArcGis software.

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f. Geoheritage and Geoconservation or the red layers of the Dogger. The The study area offers various forms of dinosaur fingerprints are printed on the tourism: green tourism, hiking tourism, succession of four clay assemblages each tourism related to hunting and fishing, ending in clay-hardened surfaces indicating ecotourism and geotourism. It is full of a temporary lagoon-type continental natural sites worthy of a guided tour, environment. Indeed, the central High Atlas given the importance of the tourist industry's of Azilal is during this time a marine golf spillover effects on the economy of the course open to the NE on the Tethyan region, in terms of jobs and the financial domain and bordered SE by vast coastal revenues generated, this activity requires, in plains momentarily flooded by the sea and return, the availability of adequate and traversed by channeled rivers, which quality tourist structures. The Iouaridène and generates red detritic deposits of the Ait Mimoun deposits are rich for the dactyl synclinal cuvettes, among others that of traces of Upper Jurassic dinosaurs; it is “Iouaridène”. located 10 km from Demnate. The Ait Mimoun deposit is located near the The footprints of dinosaurs are abundant, first "Iouaridène" deposit, except that this they come from herbivorous theropod site is characterized by the presence of two carnivorous individuals, sauropods, they major species (theropods and sauropods), appear either scattered, or in solitary tracks which makes it unique on the scale of the or herds. various other deposits. The traces of The Iouaridène basin corresponds to a sauropods belong to the species synclinal depression framed by Liassic "Breviparopus tagnbaloutensis" and wrinkles and filled with red detrital "Boutakioutichnium atlasicus" for those of sediments called the "Guettioua Sandstone" the theropods".

Figure 11. Location map of hotels and inns in the study area with ArcGis software, Source: Ministry of Tourism, Morocco.

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Figure 12. Map of the dinosaur footprints deposits of Iouaridène and Ait Mimoun Ouffelah, with ArcGis software, Source: Google Earth satellite image, Morocco.

Figure 13. Map of the dinosaur footprints deposits of Iouaridène, with ArcGis software, Source: Google Earth satellite image, Morocco.

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Figure 14. Map of the dinosaur footprints deposits of Ait Mimoun and Ait Mimoun Ouffelah, with ArcGis software, Source: Google Earth satellite image, Morocco.

Figure 15. Examples of images showing deposits of dinosaur tracks (theropods and sauropods). Photograph provided by F. Amine.

From this, we have made management models are just an initiative in the sense of proposals for both deposits, and these contributing to protection and valorization.

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Figure 16. Architectural models of a dinosaur site. Conclusion and Recommandation each territory by valuing its specific assets, The geological heritage is considered as to promote slow journeys (on foot, by bike, heritage of humanity, which requires the etc.) for the daily and leisure activities, to realization of a complete inventory of large implant the equipments and services to the scale dinosaur footprints sites for protection population and to promote the whole and valorization. The two deposits of traces territory re, a soft tourism and leisure are in a bad state (sites without shelter, activities, in connection with nature, culture surrounded by buildings, absence of and health, by the installation of equipment development, track close to the site and they and infrastructures, provide a parking space are threatened with deterioration following for possible shuttle buses without the man and the degradation of the necessarily waterproofing the ground with landscape quality. these sites and to this day certain types of coverings, propose do not have a law in view of protection and constructions (useful for the site or others) valorization of this geological heritage, more or developments compatible with the of the diversity of the actors and the absence architecture (use of local materials) and the of a strategic vision with the decision- local landscape and well integrated in the makers to guarantee the durability of these natural environment. deposits, it is necessary to set the framework conditions favorable to economic development, to favor the development of

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Acknowledgements Dutuit J. M. and Ouazzou, M. (1980) We would like to express our sincere Découverte d’une piste de dinosaure gratitude to the ENS (Mohamed V sauropode sur le site d’empreintes de University, Morocco) for providing facilities Demnate (Haut Atlas marocain). Mémoire and support. Authors are grateful to the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal hors-série, Service de la Géologique de of Global Science Research and the two France, 59, 95-102. anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments that have contributed to the Jenny J., Le Marrec, A. amd Monbaron M., improvement of the manuscript quality. (1981a). Les empreintes de pas de dinosauriens dans le Jurassique Moyen du REFERENCES Haut-Atlas central (Maroc) : nouveau Michard A., Saddiqi O., Chalouan A., De gisements et précisassions stratigraphiques. Lamotte D.F. (Eds), (2008) Continental Geobios, 14(3), 427-431. Evolution: The Geology of Morocco:

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