Catalogue of Bucchero from Central Etruria

36 Footed Bowl (NMR831) Dimensions: H.: 13.9; D. Rim: 14.8, D. Base: 11.0. Condition: Numerous repaired breaks, surface cracks and part of surface flaked off the underside of the bowl. Clay and surface description: Surface colour very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) core colour grey (2.5Y 5/1); fine, well levigated clay with 1% mica inclusions both on surface and core. Description: Footed bowl with wide straight lip on a conical bowl; tall trumpet foot with collar ring approximately two thirds up from base; interior bowl has straight sided lip sloping to central concave area; relief ridge runs horizontally halfway down outside of lip; slip; burnished horizontally to a high sheen both on exterior and interior surface, including inside foot; apparent bristle marks interior bowl. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 831. Parallels: Orvieto, Necropoli Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 53, similar shape but no carination on lip and foot 2cm shorter, 580 (Bizzari 1966, fig. 44: H & I; Inv. 1088 & 1089). Orvieto, Cannicella Necropolis, tomb 4; third quarter of the sixth century (Prayon et al. 1993, 86, fig. 111: 4 & 6, Inv. G4/19 & G4/ 23) Discussion: Tamburini carinated cup category XVII, Type 1c (first quarter of the sixth century) (Tamburini 2004, 208–9). This type produced at Orvieto and the interior bristle marks of the bowl are typical of production at Orvieto (Prayon et al, 1993, 80). Date: Ca. 600–575.

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37 Footed bowl (NMR908) Dimensions: H.: 10; D. Rim: 14.8, D. Base: 10.1 Condition: Partially restored; foot reconstructed; three separate bowl pieces; bowl painted with black paint with brush marks evident on interior of bowl; soil accretions on interior of the foot. Clay and surface description: Surface colour is black (2.5/N) with core pale brown (10YR 6/3); fine, well levigated clay with 15% white inclusions. Description: Footed bowl with straight lip; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; No decoration; exterior and interior surface of bowl and foot, not inside of foot, horizontal burnished Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 908. Parallels: Chiusi, first half of the sixth century (Camporeale 1992, 137: 147). Royal Ontario Museum, Inv. 918.3.37 (ROM 126–7, C125). Discussion: Tamburini carinated cup category XVII, type 1b dated to first quarter of the sixth century. Hayes states that the wide splayed foot is typical of late seventh century contexts (ROM 126). This piece probably dates end of seventh beginning of the sixth century. Date: Ca. 690–510.

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38 Footed bowl (NMR871) Dimensions: H.: 10.3; D. Rim: 14.6, D. Base: 9.2. Condition: Significantly damaged and reconstructed from a number of pieces with triangular piece missing from foot edge; flaking of surface on exterior bowl. Clay and surface description: Surface colour very dark grey (10YR 3/1) with a grey core (10YR 5/1); well levigated fine clay 10% fine to medium white inclusions and 20% mica on the surface. Description: Footed bowl with straight lip, conical bowl on hollow trumpet foot; Undecorated apart from single row of carination on base of bowl beside join with stem of foot; series of wheel marks (possibly intentionally left) running beside carination on bowl base; slip; burnished (horizontally) to a high sheen on exterior including inside foot; inner surface has vertical burnishing typical of Orvietan production. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 871. Parallels: No precise parallels found. Discussion: The shape would appear to be between Tamburini carinated cup category XVII types 1b and1d. Type 1b is dated to first quarter and 1d to second and third quarters of sixth century (Tamburini 2004, 208).The raised ridge on the bowl at the join of the stem and bowl could be mimicking the look of joins on metal vessels and would suggest an earlier date as does the wide splayed foot and it is unlikely this was made after middle sixth century. Slip was used on grey bucchero and it is possible that this vessel was manufactured in a workshop producing grey bucchero. Date: Ca. 600–550.

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39 Footed bowl (NMR868) Dimensions: H.: 9.7; D. Rim: 14.5, D. Base: 9.2 Condition: Restored from a number of pieces with large triangular piece missing from foot; soil accretions to inside of foot. Clay and surface description: Surface colour is grey (10YR 5.5/1), core colour is grey (10YR 5/1). Description: Footed bowl with short straight lip; conical bowl very similar to 38 but the bowl is more acutely angled; wide trumpet foot; double row of carination on underside of bowl around join of bowl and stem foot; slip; unevenly burnished on exterior (horizontally); inner surface has vertical burnishing; single incised line runs parallel to lip on the interior bowl. Very similar to 38 except the foot is one centimetre taller. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 868. Parallels and Date: See 38.

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40 Footed bowl (NMR932) Dimensions: H.: 10–10.8; D. Rim: 13.9, D. Base: 9.2 Condition: Reconstructed with a large bowl section missing; numerous chips around lip and foot; white accretions on bowl and around stem join; uneven in height and skewed. Clay and surface description: Surface colour black (7.5YR 2.5/1) with grey core( 7.5YR 5/1); dense, well levigated clay with 2% dark inclusions. Description: Footed bowl with straight lip angled slightly inward; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; undecorated; horizontally burnished to a moderate sheen on exterior and interior except inside foot. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 932. Parallels: Bisenzio, Necropoli di Grotte del Mereo (Capodimonte), 550–500 (Naso 1999, 107–8, fig. 14: 21, 34). Sévres, Musée National, Inv. 1236,3, tomb de Sorlaja west of Sarteano (CVA France 13, pl. 26:1). Museo Civico Archeologico Sarteano, from Sarteano, Necropolis Madonna La Tea (unpublished). Museo Civico Archeologico delle Acqua Chianciano di Terme, Inv. 116/3, from Chianciano di Terme, Necropoli di Tolle, tomb 116, sixth century (unpublished). Altenburg, Staatliches Lindenau-Museum, Inv. 63 (CVA Germany 19, pl. 128: 2). Museo Civico di Fiesole, Inv. 843b, from region of Central Etruria, last quarter of sixth century (Pecchiai 1967, pl. LXXXIII: c). Orvieto/Chiusi/Vulci; Museo Civico di Fiesole dated to last quarter of sixth century (Pecchiai 1967, pl. LXXXIIIc; 843b). Discussion: Tamburini carinated cup category XVII, Type 1d (second to third quarter of the sixth century) (Tamburini 2004, 208). This piece was widely manufactured in the region of Central Etruria and all the parallels appear to be in this region. Date: Ca. 575–525.

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41 Footed bowl (NMR841) Dimensions: H.: 11; D. Rim: 14–14.2, D. Base: 10 Condition: Bowl reconstructed from 4 pieces with a number of cracks across the surface; foot has triangular piece missing; foot rim chipped; one side faded and surface is abraded; interior bowl surface is eroded and worn away; soil accretions to inside of foot. Clay and surface description: Surface colour is light brownish grey (10YR 6/2) and the core is grey (10YR 5/1); fine, well levigated clay with 2% silica and mica inclusions. Description: Footed bowl with a straight lip angled slightly inward; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; undecorated; horizontal burnishing to a moderate sheen on exterior. Interior surface is quite rough. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 841. Parallels and Discussion: See 40. Date: See 40.

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42 Footed bowl (NMR940) Dimensions: H.: 10; D. Rim: 12.6, D. Base: 9.3 Condition: Large eroded section on inner and outer lip surface and third of foot missing; soil accretions inside foot. Clay and surface description: Surface colour black (5YR 4/3) and core is light reddish brown (5YR 6/4); fine well levigated clay with 2% inclusions. Description: Footed bowl with a straight lip; conical bowl; large trumpet foot; two apparent wheel marks (possibly intentionally left) run around outer surface of the bowl above join with stem. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 940 Parallels and Discussion: See 40. Date: See 40.

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43 Footed bowl (NMR920) Dimensions: H.: 9.8–10.2; D. Rim: 13.7–14.3, D. Base: 9.8 Condition: Significantly damaged and repaired; missing a large triangular piece from foot; surface is rough with darker pit-marks over 20% of outer surface, probably erosion damaged; distinct lean to one side. Clay and surface description: Surface colour grey (2.5Y 5/1) with core colour grey (10YR 5/1); fine, well levigated clay with 10% dark inclusions; Description: Footed bowl with a straight lip; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; undecorated; traces of horizontal burnishing. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 920. Parallels and Discussion: See 40. Date: See 40.

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44 Footed bowl (NMR907) Dimensions: H.: 9.0; D. Rim: 12.7, D. Base: 8.5 Condition: Partially restored with large separate bowl piece; crack across surface leading from missing piece; rest of bowl intact; foot chipped; erosion damage to about quarter of the exterior bowl. Clay and surface description: Surface colour is black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and the core is dark grey (2.5Y 4.5/1); fine, well levigated clay with 15% silica and mica inclusions. Description: Footed bowl with straight lip; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; three horizontal incised lines on stem below bowl join; burnished horizontally all over including inside the foot. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 907. Parallels and Discussion: See 40. Date: See 40.

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45 Footed bowl (NMR943) Dimensions: H.: 8.5; D. Rim: 13.9, D. Base: 8.0 Condition: Almost half bowl and piece of foot is missing; rim chipped all around; inner surface of foot is rough and unburnished with accretions of modern light grey plaster. Clay and surface description: Surface colour is black (10YR 5/1) while the core grey (10YR 4/1); fine, well levigated clay with 2% fine white and black inclusions. Description: Footed bowl with straight lip that angles slightly inward; slightly flared stem; base of foot is thick and flat and has shallow groove running around outer edge; one incised line edge of upper surface; surface has been horizontally burnished all over. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 943. Parallels: Orvieto Necropoli di Crocifisso del Tufo Tomb 53. Tomb dates middle of sixth century (Bizzari 1966, fig. 43, D; 1083) Discussion: Similar bowl to 40 except edge of straight lip has been smoothed on exterior and the foot is straight and has a flat base. Probably similar in date to 40. Date: Ca. 575–525.

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46 Footed bowl (NM64.426) Dimensions: H.: 10; D. Rim: 13–13.3, D. Base: 9.4 Condition: Rim repaired; replastered on the exterior and repainted with black paint that extends halfway down the bowl; small chips on base. Clay and surface description: Surface colour dark grey (10YR 4/1) core is brown (7.5YR 5/4). Clay is fine and well levigated with 10% mica and 15% other white inclusions. Description: Footed bowl with a rounded lip; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; undecorated; burnished on the exterior (horizontal) surface to moderate sheen but inner surface unevenly burnished; single letter, alpha, graffito mark on inner surface of foot of single letter alpha. Publication: Unpublished. Parallels: Chiusi region, Collezione Mieli, Museo Archeologico di Siena, Inv. 39080, end of sixth beginning of fifth century (Cimino 1986, 49, pl. 18: 76). Museo Archeologico Nazionale Chiusi, Collezione Miele Servadio, Inv. 1295, from Chiusi, Necropoli Castellucio La Foce (unpublished). Sévres, Musée National, Inv. 1236,6, tomb de Sorlaja west of Sarteano (CVA France 13, pl. 26: 4). Heidelberg Universität, Inv. E102 (CVA Germany 23. pl. 47: 3). Discussion: Tamburini rounded cup category XVIII, Type 1d (1), first half of the sixth century (Tamburini 2004, 208). All parallels are from the region around Chiusi and it is likely that this piece was from Central Etruria. Date: Ca. 600–550.

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47 Footed bowl (NMR830) Dimensions: H.: 10; D. Rim: 14.2, D. Base: 10 Condition: Significantly repaired with large triangular bowl side piece unattached; cracks across surface; foot rim chipped; discolouration of one side of vessel. Clay and surface description: Surface colour black (10YR 5/1) to pale reddish brown (7.5YR 5.5/6). Core colour is pale reddish brown (7.5YR 5.5/6). Well levigated; 10% mica inclusions all over surface. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 830. Description: Footed bowl with a short lip that is in-turned and rounded on exterior; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; undecorated; horizontally burnished all over. This bowl has a single graffiti letter on the base that is beside an alpha possibly overwritten by other letters. Parallels and Discussion: See 46. The graffiti is unusual but there is a parallel with a bowl found at a habitation site at Marzabotto. The letters are dated from the seventh to the middle of the sixth century (Sassatelli 1993, 200–1). Date: See 46.

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48 Footed bowl (NMR843) Dimensions: H.: 8.3–8.7; D. Rim: 14.2, D. Base: 6.6–7 Condition: Large piece missing from upper lip and exterior surface has broken away; pitting of foot surface with chipped rim; soil accretions inside foot. Clay and surface description: Surface colour grey (10YR 4/1) and core colour strong brown (7.5YR 4/6). Description: Footed bowl with in-turned rim; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; undecorated; burnished horizontally all over to a moderate sheen. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 843. Parallels and Discussion: See 46. Date: See 46.

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49 Footed bowl (NMR820) Dimensions: H.: 9.3; D. Rim: 14, D. Base: 7 Condition: Foot edge chipped half way around; series of eroded sections on upper interior bowl; large circle of erosion on exterior bowl. Clay and surface description: Exterior surface colour black (GLEY 2.5/N) with a brown core (7.5YR 5/4). Clay is medium to fine, well levigated with 20% silica and mica inclusions. Description: Footed bowl on a trumpet foot with incurving lip; conical bowl; undecorated; burnished horizontally all over exterior and interior surface except inside foot. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 820. Parallels and Discussion: See 46. Date: See 46.

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50 Footed bowl (NMR862) Dimensions: H. 8.8–10.7; D. Rim: 14.8–15, D. Base: 9.6 Condition: Significantly damaged and repaired; bowl and stem have been rejoined ant the bowl is loose; Large piece missing from foot; inside foot plaster accretions; about a third of exterior surface eroded. Clay and surface description: Exterior surface colour black (7.5YR 2.5/1) and core clay colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4). Well levigated fine clay with 10% silica and mica inclusions with 40% mica on the exterior surface. Description: Footed bowl on a trumpet foot; conical bowl with in-turned lip; undecorated; the stem and foot are a lighter colour than the bowl; slip; undecorated; horizontal burnishing to moderate sheen on exterior and foot, but interior burnishing is haphazard except for inside lip. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 862. Parallels and Discussion: See 46. Date: See 46.

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51 Footed bowl (NMR877) Dimensions: H.: 7.3–8.1; D. Rim: 13.1–13.8, D.Base:7.6 Condition: Numerous chips around rim and foot; interior surface has been eroded to rough clay; surface has dark pitting; colour varies possibly as a result of misfiring. Clay and surface description Surface colour is uneven varying from reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) to dark grey (10YR 3.5/1) and core is dark grey (10YR 4/1); medium coarse, well levigated clay; 20% light coloured inclusions. Description: Footed bowl with round inward curving lip; conical bowl; low trumpet foot; bowl is uneven varying from oval to round; central raised section where the stem attaches to bowl; undecorated; burnished horizontally all over the vessel. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 877. Parallels: Poggio Buco, tomb VIII, middle sixth century (Bartoloni, 1972, 131, fig. 62: 110 &111, pl.LXXXI: g & h, Inv. 95673 & 95674). Chiusi, (Moretus 1978, fig. 5, Inv. 72788). Vienna Universität, Inv. 513, from Vulci (CVA, Germany 5, pl. 32:6). Between Saturnia and Pitigliano, mid sixth century (Donati and Michelucci 1981, 49–50, fig. 79 & 80, Inv. 99280 & 99281) Discussion: Tamburini rounded cup category XVIII, type 1d (second to third quarter of the sixth century) (Tamburini 2004, 208). This vessel has a narrower foot. Parallels suggest distribution around Vulci, Chiusi and Orvieto. Date: Ca. 575–525.

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52 Footed bowl (NM64.425) Dimensions: H.: 9.2–10.3; D. Rim: 14, D. Base: 10 Condition: Bowl and foot intact except for small chips around the edges of lip and base; small areas of flaking on bowl; repair at join of bowl and base with repair disguised by black paint. Clay and surface description: Surface colour of bowl is black (10YR 2/1) and foot is also black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and bowl core colour bowl is brown (7.5YR 5/4) and foot core colour is grey (10YR 5/1). Clay is fine and well levigated with 15% mica inclusions in both the core and the surface. Description: Footed bowl with a straight lip; conical bowl; hollow trumpet foot; undecorated; burnished horizontally all over to moderate sheen on exterior, less well on inner surface; bowl and base may have been from two different objects as the colour of bowl and foot are slightly different. Publication: Unpublished. Discussion: This piece would appear to be a construction of pieces from two different vessels. This could also account for the accentuated lean. Both pieces are typical of production of Central Etruria in the region around Chiusi and probably date to the sixth century. Date: Sixth century.

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53 Chalice (NM64.430) Dimensions: H.: 11.5; D. Rim: 12–12.5 Condition: Bowl has been reconstructed from about 6 pieces; rim chipped; original base is missing; vessel has modern reconstructed base. Clay and surface description: Surface colour is very dark grey (GLEY 3/1) and core is grey (7.5YR 5/1); fine well levigated clay with 20% mica inclusions over exterior surface. Description: Carinated chalice; straight wall slightly outward sloping with plain lip; shallow rounded bowl; carinated ridge where bowl and lip meet with corresponding groove on inside; row of cylinder stamped decoration of rounded upward facing tongue motifs in shallow relief above carinated ridge; two horizontal grooves above stamped motif running parallel to rim; burnished to a fine sheen horizontally all over vessel. Publication: Unpublished. Parallels: Saturnia, Necropoli 1° Sterpeti, tomb VII, last quarter of seventh to first half sixth century (Donati 1989, fig. 33: 1, pl. XXIV: 1, Inv. 80653); Saturnia, Pian di Palma, tomb IX, second quarter to end of the sixth century (ibid., fig. 55: 13, pl. LVI:13, Inv. 80524b). Region of Chiusi; similar shape with cylinder stamped human figures and collar ring on stem, last quarter of sixth century (Pecchaia 1967, 809, pl. LXXIX: f, Inv. 809). Territory of Fiesole (ibid., 809, pl. LXXIX: c, Inv. 855). Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 42, around 530 (Bizzari 1966; fig. 35: L, Inv. 914). Orvieto, Necropoli Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 51, 580– 565 (Bizzari 1966, fig 39: H, Inv. 1010) Asciano, Tumulus Molinelli, tomb G (Museo Archeologico Asciano. Inv. G/4). Discussion: Pecchaia chalice A3, (third quarter of the seventh century) and widely found in the region of Chiusi and Orvieto (Pecchaia 1967, 492). Tamburini has classified this shape as chalice XV, type 5b (1) which is dated to the first three quarters of the sixth century. The cylinder stamped frieze of tongues fits into Camporeale’s Frieze 39 which is dated to the first half of the sixth century (Camporeale 1972b, 99, pl. XXXVI). From the contexts of parallels Tamburini’s date seems more plausible. Date: Ca. 600–550.

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54 Chalice (NM98.138, NMR919) Dimensions: H.: 11.1; D. Rim: 10.3, D. Base: 7.9 Condition: Third of bowl reconstructed from broken pieces with exterior section of break rough and abraded. Foot has one chip and one side has been worn down and is thinner than rest of foot. Clay and surface description: Surface colour very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) and core colour grey (2.5Y 5/1). Clay is fine and well levigated with 20% inclusions including mica and silica. Description: Carinated chalice with straight wall angled slightly outward and an incurving rim; shallow bowl; carinated ridge where wall and bowl meet with corresponding groove on interior; hollow trumpet foot with thick foot base and horizontal groove on edge; two wide horizontal relief lines run below rim with a third above carinated ridge; burnished horizontally all over exterior and interior. Interior bowl is very smooth with exterior is quite rough. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 919 Parallels: See 53. Discussion: Similar form to preceding 53; there is no cylinder stamp decoration and there are two relief horizontal rows between grooves. The grooved foot is a feature of production at Orvieto (Hayes 1985, 102). Date: See 53.

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55 Chalice (NM98.149, NMR832) Dimensions: H.: 10.9; D. Rim: 11.4, D. Base: 8 Condition: Large rectangular shaped piece missing from bowl; with large cracks; base has been reconstructed from 3 pieces; entire surface is mottled with spots of black and surface has been eroded except for foot where some original surface remains. Clay and surface description: Surface colour (on un-eroded foot) is black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and the core is dark grey (2.5Y 4/1). Clay is fine and well levigated with 10% mica inclusions; surface finish uneven. Description: Carinated chalice; straight wall that angles outward slightly; rim slightly curved inward; shallow conical bowl; carinated ridge at join of wall and bowl with corresponding groove on interior; hollow trumpet foot; carinated row at stem and bowl joint; three grooves on outer edge of bowl below lip; burnishing indistinct. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 832. Parallels: Orvieto, Necropoli Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 51, 580–565 (Bizzari 1966, Fig 39: H, Inv. 1010). Museo Archeologico Vescovile di Pienza, unknown provenance, middle sixth century (Monaci 1965, fig 3: b, Inv. 309). Württembergisches Landesmuseum, Inv. KAS 411, sixth century (CVA Germany 26, pl. 44: 12). Discussion: Tamburini chalice category XV, Type 3 (third quarter of the sixth century) (Tamburini 2004, 208). Very similar to preceding chalices but the bowl is rounder. Date: Ca. 550–525.

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56 Cup (NMR825) Dimensions: H: 8; D. Rim: 11.3 -11.8, D. Base: 6.8. Condition: Numerous small firing cracks down the lip and numerous fine hairline cracks around outer surface; crack around foot joint, base chipped; surface eroded. Clay and surface: Surface colour is very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) core colour varies from very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); medium to fine, well levigated clay with 5% mica inclusions. Description: Cup with high straight lip that flares out slightly at top; conical bowl; short hollow trumpet foot; probably hand made; undecorated; not well burnished. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 825. Parallels: Poggio Buco, tomb X, different foot, beginning to second quarter of sixth century (Bartoloni 1972, fig. 68: 13, pl. XCII: d, Inv. 95793). Sarteano, Necropoli Sferracavalli; same shape shorter lip, (Museo Civico Archeologico Sarteano). Chiusi, Necropoli di Poggio Renzo, similar shape except ridge of carination at beginning of lip section, second quarter of sixth century (Benedettini and Badoni 2000, 97, pl. XL: 5) Discussion: Similar to Rasmussen’s beaker category except the base of the bowl is deeper and foot is wider (later sixth to fifth century). Closest parallels are all from Central Etruria and date to second quarter sixth century. Date: Probably ca. 575–500.

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57 Small bowl (NMR900) Dimensions: H.: 7.3–7.7; D. Rim: 13. Condition: Significantly damaged with large cracks throughout the bowl. Surface is pitted 50% all over suggesting erosion. Clay and surface description: Surface colour varies from black (7.5YR 2.5/1) to light brown (7.5YR 6/4) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) and core colour is black (7.5YR 2.5/1). Description: Small bucchero bowl with short flaring foot smooth horizontal burnishing on part of exterior surface. Inside foot is rough; no other decoration. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 900. Parallels: Poggio Buco, tomb VIII, middle of sixth century (Bartoloni 1972, 130, fig. 62: 109, pl. LXXXI : f; Inv. 95675) Poggio Buco, tomb X, similar shape and fabric but foot not as wide, second quarter of the sixth century, (ibid., 142, fig. 68: 13, pl. XCII: d, Inv. 95793). Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 53, middle sixth century (Bizzari 1966, fig. 44: G, Inv. 1083) Discussion: Tamburini carinated cup XVII, type 1a with lip of type 3a. Type 1a is found across Southern Etruria but especially at Vulci and Chiusi and is dated to second half of seventh to first quarter of the sixth century, while type 3a is dated to sixth century. (Tamburini 2004, 207-8). The parallels suggest a date in the second quarter of the sixth century. Date: Sixth century possibly ca. 575–550.

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58 Kyathos (Attingitoio) (NMR848) Dimensions: H.: 8.1, H. Handle: 10.7; D. Rim: 8.3, D. Base: 4.3 Condition: Reconstructed from a number of pieces with large piece missing from lower surface. Clay and surface: The clay is fine and well levigated with 3% medium white inclusions and 5% mica. Both the exterior and core clay colour are black (2.5Y 2.5/1). Description: Small kyathos very similar to preceding except smaller; horizontal groove where neck and bowl meet; interior of bowl base has a central circular indented section with a corresponding mark on the outer base. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 848. Parallels: Royal Ontario Museum, similar fabric and shape except neck is angled inward to from a narrow mouth with a similar lip, from Tarquinia (ROM, 51, B38); Chiusi, foculus with small kyathos inside (Donati 1968, 75, pl. LXXV: f). Discussion: This small kyathos shape is not commonly found. Both parallels appear to have been associated with a foculus and the small kyathos may have been a part of the service associated with foculi. The foculus was widely produced at Chiusi and Orvieto. The fabric is highly suggestive of Central Etruscan production. Miniature vessels have been dated to the sixth century by Tamburini (Tamburini 2004, 214). Date: Sixth century

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59 Kyathos (Attingitoio) (NMR819) Dimensions: H.: 10, H. Handle: 11.7; D. Rim: 7.1, D. Base: 4.4. Condition: Handle broken and repaired; large section surface bowl face opposite handle abraded and core clay exposed; surface is rough Clay and surface: Surface colour is black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and core is grey (2.5Y 5/1); fine well levigated clay with 5% medium white inclusions with 10% mica inclusions on the surface Description: Small kyathos; high arched, thick ribbon handle; horizontal lip that extends over the edge of the neck; lip is not level and higher on side opposite handle; long neck; slight shoulder; small flat ring foot; roughly burnished vertically on the neck and horizontally around the body. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 819. Parallels and Date: As for 58.

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60 Oinochoe (NM62.810) Dimensions: H. (to top of spout): 20.8, H. Handles: 16.0; D. Base: 7.6 Condition: Large cracks on handle and body and surface is abraded on lower face; distinct lean to one side. Clay and surface: Surface colour is black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and the core is dark grey (2.5Y 4/1); fine, well levigated clay with 5% white inclusions and 5% mica on the surface. Description: Oinochoe with pointed trefoil mouth with upward angled spout; round-sectioned thick handle attaches at back of mouth and on body; handle is angled at to continue angle of mouth; back height of straight neck short; groove where shoulder and neck meet; rounded oval body; flat base; undecorated; burnished all over the vessel and beginning of inside of lip apart from base underside (horizontally around bowl vertically down spout and handle). Publication: Unpublished. Parallels: Poggio Buco, tomb 11, more rounded shoulder and body and raised handle, middle sixth century (Bartoloni 1972, 146, fig. 71: 10, pl. XCVI: a, Inv. 76299). Siena. Collezione Miele; three examples, second half of the sixth century (Cimino 1986, 88: 220, 221, 222, pl. 52: 222, Inv. 39108, 39109, 39107). Discussion: Rasmussen oinochoe category 9c and Tamburini oinochoe IV, type 6b (second half of the sixth century) except both these categories have an elevated handle. Found in Southern Etruria but more widely attested in Chiusi, Orvieto and Vulci regions (Tamburini 2004, 194). Date: Ca. 550–500.

142

61 Thymiaterion (NM98.87, NMR824) Dimensions: H.: 15.9; D. Rim: 23.4, D.Base:12.4; D. Centre: 5.3, H. Centre: 2.8 Condition: Intact except for piece missing from foot; small chips around foot and lip; probable soil encrustation around cylinder stamp design and inside foot. Clay and surface: Colour is uniform grey (10YR 5/1) throughout; fine well levigated with few mica inclusions. Description: Shallow sloping bowl; narrow flat horizontal lip sits on top of rim and overhangs edge of bowl; deep central circular cavity surrounded by a narrow flat lip at the centre; lip overhangs edge of cavity: trumpet foot with horizontal ring of carination at base of stem; straight hollow stem joins to bulging section of bowl that corresponds with internal cavity and shallow groove where two sections meet with a narrow ridge of carination on the bowl; groove on external bowl where it meets the lip; vertical bristle marks on exterior of bowl from groove to central section; incised zigzag line around foot near edge of base; groove where lip and interior bowl meet; interior bowl has cylinder stamped row of tongue motifs (repetition of 5 motifs) between two single lines; faint vertical incised lines run around vessel between stamped decoration and central bowl; burnished to a high sheen vertically on surface of bowl and part of interior and horizontally on interior middle of bowl. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 824. Parallels: Cetona, necropolis de Cancelli, tomb 7, cylinder stamped frieze human motif, second half of the seventh to beginning of the sixth century (Moretus 1978, 144, fig. 17, Inv. 783140). Siena, Collezione Miele, incised decoration instead of cylinder stamped decoration, raised ridge where bowl and stem meet; unknown provenance (Cimino 1986, 100, pl. 58: 270/a & 270/b). Royal Ontario Museum, Inv. 918.3.59, wide flattened bell shaped base, cylinder stamped human figures (ROM 126–7; C126). Orvieto, similar tongue decoration stamped onto a flattened section of thymiaterion lip but thymiaterion is taller and has single large central bowl (Camporeale 1972b, 98–9: 1, pl. XXXVI) Discussion: This piece is an example of grey bucchero. Few precise parallels in shape. As for 36, there are bristle marks characteristic of Orvietan production, but on the on the exterior of bowl (Prayon et al. 1993, 80). Overall shape fits with

143 Tamburini thymiaterion XXI, type 1a but the lip of type 1a sits perpendicular to rim and bowl shape is smooth and does not have bulge where the central bowl is located. Type 1a is dated to second half of the sixth century. Found mainly in Chiusi, Orvieto and Vulci (Tamburini 2004, 212). Stamped decoration: Camporeale frieze 38 from Orvieto, dated probably to the end of second quarter of the sixth century (Camporeale 1972, 99). This piece probably dates to the middle decades of sixth century. This piece is very similar in fabric and finishing to footed bowl 36 and both probably were made in Orvieto, possibly in same workshop. Date: Ca. 560–40.

144

62 Thymiaterion (NMR833) Dimensions: H.: 11.5; D. Rim: 13.4, D. Base: 9.3, D. Centre Bowl: 8.6 Condition: Reconstructed from a number of pieces with 2 large breaks in stem that have been reglued; small crack across lip; approximately a third of for reconstructed; bowl intact; traces of encrustation on incision and inside foot. Clay and surface: Surface colour black (2.5Y 2.5/1) core colour grey (2.5Y 5/1). 15% silica and mica inclusions; fine well levigated Description: Deep round bowl; wide flat rim squared at the edge; squared edge angled slightly inward; hollow trumpet foot; single incised line on inner side wall of bowl 2.5cm from lip; carinated ridge on bowl at join with stem; three parallel incised lines at top of foot, beginning of stem; burnished all over but only inside of bowl is smooth with outer lip rougher and not as well burnished. Publication: Reeve 1870. No. 833. Parallels: Orvieto, last quarter of sixth century (Pecchiai 1967, pl. LXXXIII,: b, Inv. 843a). Orvieto, Necropoli Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 42, around 530 (Bizzari 1966, fig. 39: H, Inv. 1042) Orvieto, Necropoli Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 47 to mid sixth century (ibid., fig. 38: H, Inv. 980), Orvieto, Necropoli Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 52, around 540 (ibid., fig. 41: B, Inv. 1045). Orvieto, Cannicella Necropolis, grave 3; smaller example (H.: 8), seventh to second half of the sixth century (Prayon 1993, fig. 59: 16, G 3/10). Discussion: Tamburini thymiaterion XXI, type 3 (second quarter of the sixth century). This shape was also found in the region of Chiusi and Vulci where the form may have had a longer production (Tamburini 2004, 214). It is likely that this piece came from either Orvieto or Chiusi. Date: Ca. sixth century, possibly 575–550.

145

63 Lid (NMR933) Dimensions: H. (top of handle): 7.2; D: 8.3. Condition: Intact except exterior surface of about half lid has flaked off and numerous black pit marks all over surface. Clay and surface: Exterior surface colour black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and interior very dark grey (GLEY 3/1) core colour strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); fine fairly well levigated clay with 5% medium white inclusions and 10% mica on surface. Description: Lid with straight side that angles slightly inward; shallow gently sloping top; sharp edge where side and top meet; sharply pointed knob handle attached at centre top; undecorated; burnished to a moderate shine. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 933. Parallels: Chiusi, Montebello, lid of a pyxis except the top of handle was rounded (Levi 1935, 236; Fig 7). Copenhagen, Musée National , Inv. 2044, bucchero lid with relief decoration, twice the size but has similar pointed handle; unknown provenance (CVA Denmark 5, pl. 213, 11). Chiusi or Orvieto, Museo Civico di Fiesole, Inv. 818, lid of bucchero pesante pyxis, similar shaped lid, but top of point is rounded with groove running just below point (Pecchaia 1967, pl. LXXV: a). Discussion: Lids were commonly found on small jars and urns. This smaller type of lid was probably used on small urns or on a pyxis. The handle shape is unusual and has few parallels. Interestingly, the pointed handle is reminiscent of the hat of the haruspice. The bronze helmets that have been found as lids of burial urns have a central section that is very similar in shape to 63. It may be that the pointed lid had a similar ritual significance to the bronze helmets. The fabric and the closest parallels suggest that the origin of this piece was from Chiusi. This piece has been included here instead of in the impasto catalogue because of the parallels at Chiusi and the well burnished black surface. Date: Uncertain possibly late seventh to sixth century.

146

64 Lid (NMR829) Dimensions: H (top of handle): 7.4; D. Rim: 9.2. Condition: Two large deep cracks on the sides of the vessel and a number of surface cracks. Clay and surface: Surface colour is black (7.5YR 2.5/1) and core colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); fine to medium, well levigated clay with 15% medium white and mica inclusions on the surface. Description: Lid with tall straight side that angles slightly inward; sharp edge where side and top meet; shallow conical top; single thick and partially flattened, round sectioned handle attached at centre of top; burnished on the exterior and 1cm into inside. Similar fabric and construction to preceding. Publication: Unpublished. Parallels: Chiusi, Montebello, lid of a pyxis except the wall is slightly taller (Levi 1935, 236, Fig 7). Cerveteri, Necropoli della Banditaccia, tomb 26; larger, more than twice the size, seventh century (Benedettini and Badoni 2000, 119, pl. LXXV: 4). Chiusi, Museo Civico di Fiesole, Inv. 870 (Pecchiai 1967, Pl LXXXVIII: d). Cortona, Museo dell’Accademia Etrusca, lid of small jar, sixth century. Discussion: Similar to preceding (63) except different handle. This smaller type of lid was probably used on small jars or on a pyxis. Parallels widely distributed. Fabric is suggestive of Chiusine manufacture. This piece has been included here instead of in the impasto catalogue because of the parallels at Chiusi. Date: Uncertain possibly late seventh to sixth century.

147

65 Stemmed plate (NMR934) Dimensions: H.: 6.1–6.6; D. Rim: 15.1, D. Base: 7.7 Condition: Chipped on rim and foot but otherwise intact; height uneven. Clay and surface: Surface colour is mottled from yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) to black (2.5Y 2.5/1) while the core is grey (10YR 5/1); fine well levigated clay with 20% mica inclusions; soft fabric; residual soil accretions under foot. Description: Plate with slightly concave bowl, rising to meet broad flat horizontal rim; join squared; flat edged lip projecting vertically above and below rim; flat trumpet foot with hollow stem angled slightly inward; single incised line on interior at rim and bowl join; exterior underside of bowl a single incised line runs around parallel to edge where bowl begins to slope downward; wheel marks on underside; apparently unburnished; grafitto mark on the underside of the bowl. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 934. Parallels: Saturnia, Necropoli 1° Sterpeti, tomb VII, last quarter of sixth century (Donati 1989, fig. 33: 4; pl. XXV: 4; Inv. 80654). Museo Archeologico Asciano, Asciano, Tumulus Molinello, tomb P. Todi, similar form but taller stem; has graffiti of I, on inner wall, fifth century (Tamburini 1985, 85, fig. 1: 1, Inv. 2637). Orvieto, 2 grooves run on outside of lip, last quarter of sixth century (Cimino 1986, 99: 266, pl. 57, Inv. 39149). Braunschweig Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, Inv. AT 296, found at Toscanello (Prov. Viterbo) (CVA Germany 4, pl. 31: 9).

148 Discussion: Tamburini’s plate XIX, type 1a (second quarter of sixth through to the early fourth century). This category is highly varied particularly with relation to foot type and height. In grey bucchero this product was mainly produced in the last quarter of the sixth century (Tamburini 2004, 210–2). Distribution appears to be mainly Central Etruria. No precise parallels for the graffito mark have been found. Date: Ca. 525–425

149

66 Stemmed plate (NMR880) Dimensions: H.: 6.4–7.1; D. Rim: 15.5, D. Base: 8.5 Condition: Number of chips on rim and foot edge otherwise intact; sections of rim edge abraded; soil accretions to various areas of outer surface; uneven foot and vessel wobbles. Clay and surface: Surface colour is uneven varying from very dark grey (10YR 3/1) to brown (10YR 5/3) and the core is brown (10YR 5/3). Clay is fine and well levigated with 15% mica inclusions; fabric is soft. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 880. Description: Plate with slightly concave bowl, rising to meet broad flat horizontal rim; join squared; flat edged lip projecting vertically above and below rim; flat trumpet foot with hollow stem angled slightly inward; single incised line on interior at rim and bowl join; exterior underside of bowl a single incised line runs around parallel to edge where bowl begins to slope downward; wheel marks on underside; apparently unburnished Parallels and Date: See 65.

150

67 Stemmed Plate (NMR957) Dimensions: H.: 4.8; D. Rim: 12.9, D. Base: 6.6. Condition: Significantly damaged and reconstructed from 5 pieces with 2 large unattached pieces; surface pitted; colour faded with darker blotches all over surface; soil accretions all over the vessel. Clay and surface: Surface colour varies from black (10YR 2.5/1) to grey (2.5Y 5/1) while the core is greyish brown (10YR 5/2). Clay is fine and well levigated with 40% light and dark inclusions. Description: Plate with short foot; central concave bowl meeting flat rim; join squared; wide thick lip rises above and below rim: horizontal single groove on outer lip; short foot with concave underside; wheel marks are evident on the underside of the bowl; Underside, foot and inside foot have been horizontally burnished but it is not possible to seen any burnishing marks on the upper surface. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 957. Parallels: Siena, shorter foot (Cimino 1986, 95, pl. 57: 245, Inv. 38950). Cortona, Museo dell’Accademia Etrusca Cortona, Inv. T3504. Sèvres, Musée National, Inv. 4916 (CVA France 13, pl. 29: 15). Royal Ontario Museum, shorter foot, late sixth century (ROM 114, C104). Discussion: Tamburini’s plate XIX, type 1a (2) which is same as type 1a but has shorter and thicker foot (second half of sixth century) (Tamburini 2004, 212). This type also found predominantly Central Etruria around Orvieto and Chiusi. The groove on the lip suggests Orvietan manufacture (Hayes 1985, 114). Date: Ca. 550–400.

151

68 Plate (NMR854b) Dimensions: H.: 3; D. Rim: 12.9, D. Base: 5.1. Condition: Intact; upper surface is eroded and pitted with chips around rim and foot; soil accretions underside and rim. Clay and surface: Surface colour (underside) is black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and the core is very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1). Clay is fine and well levigated with 10% mica and white inclusions. Description: Plate with central concave bowl meeting flat rim; join squared; wide flat lip extends above and below rim; bowl has central raised section; row of two lines underside of foot. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 854.1 Parallels: Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 53, middle sixth century (Bizzari 1966, fig. 44: 0). Cortona, three similar plates but diameter one third smaller, Museo dell’Accademia Etrusca Cortona, Inv. 1935, 2402 and 2216. Sèvres, Musée National, Inv. 4916 1, two plates part of collection of dishes found with a bucchero foculus in a tomb at Chiusi; first half sixth century (CVA France 13, 60, pl. 29: 11, 12). Glasgow, The Hunterian Museum, The Glasgow Museum and Art Gallery, Kelvingrove, the Burrell Collection, Inv. D162, probably from Orvieto, sixth century (CVA Great Britain 18, pl. 60: 1, 2). Chiusi, two plate included with a foculus (Iozzo and Galli 2002, 47, fig. 60).

1 There are two plates with the number R854 (a and b) but in Reeve 1870 only one plate was mentioned. See 71 below.

152 Discussion: Tamburini’s plate XIX, type 1c (second quarter of the sixth century). Distribution mainly Central Etruria around Chiusi and Orvieto (Tamburini 2004, 212). Date: Ca. 575–550.

153

69 Plate (NMR889) Dimensions: H.:1.9; D. Rim: 9.4, D. Base: 3.9. Condition: Edge of bowl is worn and chipped; underside appears faded and upper edge is worn; surface has numerous pit marks. Clay and surface: Surface colour is black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and core is very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1); Clay is medium to fine and well levigated with 10% mica inclusions. Description: Plate with concave bowl meets a flat rim; join squared; small flat foot; burnished horizontally all over to low sheen with a higher sheen on upper surface than underside; single incised circle stamped in middle of base similar to a σ possibly a maker’s mark but no exact parallels for this mark have been found. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 889. Discussion: Tamburini plate category XIX, type 1d (fourth century). Date: Ca. fourth century.

154

70 Plate (NMR916) Dimensions: D.: 14.3. Condition: Missing foot; bowl intact except for small repaired section on rim; a knob of clay at join of missing foot with bowl. Clay and surface: Surface colour is black (10YR 2/1) and the core is light grey (10YR 7/2). Clay is fine and well levigated with 10% mica inclusions and 5% white inclusions with 15% mica on outer surface. Description: Bowl of plate; concave central bowl that curves up to meet flat rim; join squared; stem and foot would not have been very wide; horizontal burnishing to a high sheen on top and underside. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 916. Parallels: Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 42, around 530 (Bizzari 1966, fig. 35: A, Inv. 916). Orvieto, Cannicella Necropolis, tomb 3, two plates, third quarter of the sixth century (Prayon et al. 1993, 43, 47, fig. 62: 4, Inv. G3/24, fig. 59: 9, Inv. G3/38). Discussion: Rasmussen plate type 1 dated to end of sixth to beginning fifth century. Widely distributed in Etruria (Rasmussen 1979, 124). Date: Ca. 530-470.

155

71 Plate (NMR854a) Dimensions: H.: 2.5; D. Rim: 12.8, D. Base: 4.1 Condition: A large piece and a smaller piece missing from rim which is also chipped; chipped base. Clay and surface: Surface colour is black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and the core is grey (10YR 6/1). Clay is fine and well levigated with 10% mica and white inclusions and the surface has 20% mica. Description: Plate on small flat ring foot; shallow concave bowl that slopes up to meet wide flat rim; join squared; lip is slightly curved downward; only upper surface burnished horizontally to fine sheen, not underside. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 854 2. Parallels: Bisenzio, Necropoli di Grotte del Mereo (Naso 1999, fig. 14: 26, Inv. 13). Museo Civico Archeologico Sarteano, from Sarteano, Necropoli di Solaia. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Chiusi, from Montepulciano,tomb, nine impasto plates, 500-450 (unpublished). Chianciano Terme, Museo Civico Archeologico delle Acqua, Chianciano Terme Necropoli di Tolle, number of plates from single grave, sixth century (unpublished). Royal Ontario Museum, Inv. 920x92.46, from Chiusi (ROM, 114: C100). Royal Ontario Museum, Inv. 918.3.26–28 (ROM 114: C101–3). Museo Archeologico di Siena, Inv. 39072 (Emiliozzi 1986, 96, pl. 57: 252). Discussion: Tamburini miniature vessel type 9 (second half of the sixth century). This type is intermediate between his plate category type 1c and 1d. Tamburini has noted that this type of plate at Chiusi is larger (Tamburini 2004, 216). Some of the parallels are earlier and the date may be wider outside of Orvieto. Date: Ca. 600–450.

2 There are two plates with the number R854 (a and b) but in Reeve 1870 only one plate was mentioned. See 68 above.

156

72 Plate (NM62.776) Dimensions: H.: 2.1; D. Rim: 10.2, D. Base: 4.4 Condition: Bowl intact; eroded section on outer rim; two circular holes on the underside (possibly nail holes). Clay and surface: Surface colour black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and core dark grey (2.5Y 4/1); fine well levigated clay with 10% mica and silica inclusions. Description: Plate with shallow concave bowl that meets flat lip; join squared; lip is curved downward; small flat foot; upper surface horizontally burnished to fine sheen but underside is rough. Publication: Unpublished. Parallels and Date: See 71.

157

73 Plate (NM64.429, NMR884) Dimensions: H.: 1; D.: 12.4, D. Base: 4.4 Condition: Bowl intact but large eroded section rim edge with large crack running halfway across. Clay and surface: Surface colour black (GLEY 2.5/N) and core very dark grey (GLEY 3/N); fine, well levigated clay with fine inclusions that are 15% mica and white particles. Description: Plate with shallow concave bowl that meets flat rim; join squared; lip is curved downwards; small flat foot; series of six unburnished wheel marks run around underside of vessel, possibly intentionally left; upper surface is highly burnished horizontally but underside less burnished. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 884. Parallels and Date: See 71.

158

74 Plate (NM64.428, NMR883) Dimensions: H.: 1.9; D. Rim: 13, D. Base: 3.5. Condition: About half the rim width has worn away around the edge upper and lower surface of bowl; crack across eroded section. Clay and surface: Surface colour black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and core dark grey (2.5Y 4.5/1); fine, well levigated clay with 5% silica and 5% mica inclusions. Description: Plate with shallow concave bowl that meets flat rim; join squared; lip curves downward; small flat foot; unburnished striation marks on underside; burnished horizontally all over with high sheen on upper surface. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 883. Parallels and Date: See71.

159

75 Plate (NMR855) Dimensions: H.: 1.8–2.1; D. Rim: 14.1, D. Base: 4.2 Condition: Plate has been restored from 3 pieces and surface is uneven height. Clay and surface: Surface colour black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and core very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1); fine, well levigated clay with about 10% mica and silica inclusions. Description: Plate with shallow concave bowl that meets flat rim; join squared; lip curves downward; small flat base; upper surface is highly burnished horizontally but underside has unburnished lines running around vessel. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 855. Parallels and Date: See 71.

160

76 Plate (NMR856) Dimensions: H.:2.4; D. Rim: 13.8, D. Base: 5 Condition: Reconstructed from 3 pieces with damage to edge of outer rim and abraded surface. Clay and surface: Surface colour black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and the core dark grey (2.5Y 4/1). Clay is fine and well levigated with 40% white and mica inclusions. Description: Plate with shallow concave bowl that meets straight flat rim; join squared; lip curves downward; small flat foot; burnished horizontally all over with a fine sheen on upper surface; series of seven unburnished lines run around base. Publication: Reeve 1870, No. 856. Parallels and Date: See 71.

161 Chapter 5

Conclusion

Overall the collection of impasto and bucchero ceramics in the Nicholson Museum demonstrates a wide diversity. The time frame for the collection dates from the ninth to the fifth century and it provides a good representation of various artefact types.

The impasto category is highly variable. There are only two pieces that can be definitely identified as Villanovan. That includes the biconical urn 1, and the shallow single handled bowl 2. The biconical urn, in particular, is a well made piece with a detailed, well executed decorative scheme. The majority of the impasto belongs in the Orientalising Period and demonstrate improved manufacturing techniques of this time.

The majority of the impasto appears to be wheel made or wheel finished with a few particularly well made pieces. These include the very fine kotyle 12, which has parallels with bucchero kotylai and spiral amphora 17. One particularly outstanding piece is the impasto ribbed bowl 4. This large, well made bowl has the residue of metal laminate decoration that covers a large part of the vessel. Both 1 and 4 are decorated with swastikas. The significance of the swastika is uncertain but it was a widely used decorative motif in the Villanovan period. Oinochoe 18 is interesting as it would appear to be a unique piece. It is made of a fine impasto and has a detailed stamped decorative scheme that would suggest a seventh century date but the shape of the body and neck are unusual. The oinochoe shape is highly variable which could explain the singular nature of this piece.

Bucchero forms the majority of the pieces in the collection. The collection does not contain any of the very fine early so-called bucchero sottile. The unusual chalice 25 is a fine piece that has been considered a possible forgery. The 1983 excavations at Veii found two very similar pieces, one in impasto and the other in bucchero, and the excavator Boitani has suggested that they were a locally produced item.

The chalice is the essential basic shape in bucchero and forms the basis of a number of shapes including the kantharos and early kyathos. Both chalice 22 and kantharos 24 have the same bowl shape. The oinochoe 30 while undecorated is a well made and attractive piece. The distinctive straight neck of 32 is typical of the oinochoe produced in the region of Campania. Oinochoe 33 is also an example of a singular object with no close parallels found.

The majority of the bucchero would appear to form part of the production of Chiusi and Orvieto and their surrounding regions. Within this group the main shape is the footed bowl, which is a widespread shape during the sixth century.

162 The collection has 17 examples of which 12 can be divided into two main types. Footed bowls 38 and 39, while they can be classified by overall shape, are unusual and no close parallels were found. A particularly fine footed bowl is 36. This attractive, well finished piece was produced at Orvieto. Another piece made of grey bucchero, and possibly made in the same workshop, is the thymiaterion 62. This fine example has cylinder stamped tongue decoration running round the lip. Chalice 53 has a similar cylinder stamped motif running around the outside wall. The two kyathoi 58 and 59 again are unusual shapes and possibly came from a service that belonged to a foculus.

Plates form the other main group of artefacts in the bucchero from Central Etruria. In total there are 12 plates. These all have a central shallow bowl leading to a flat lip. Some of the plates such as 65 were on a raised foot while others such as 76 had a low flat foot.

A few pieces have been restored. Today, when a piece is restored, the damage is left so that the integrity of the piece remains intact. A hundred years ago, restoration involved putting the vessel back together and disguising as much as possible any damage. In some cases broken pieces from different vessels were put together to make a new vessel. This is the case with 52 where the foot and bowl are from different vessels. Chalice 53 has had the foot completely replaced. Forgeries were also produced. It would appear that the amphora 35 is most likely a forgery. While the piece itself is a little heavy, this is not that unusual for the later sixth century production. The figured incised decoration, however, appears to be suspect.

This paper has presented a detailed catalogue of the impasto and bucchero ceramics in the Nicholson Museum. The majority of the artefacts have been put into a chronological and geographical context. Overall the collection is a good representative collection of impasto and bucchero in a variety of shapes produced in Etruria and Etruscan regions during the Early Iron Age.

163 Bibliography Abbreviations follow the guidelines of the American Journal of Archaeology. The following abbreviations will also apply.

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