DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction 1. Custom and Islamic Law in Modern Scholarship

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction 1. Custom and Islamic Law in Modern Scholarship Notes Introduction 1. Custom has often been considered one of the most important sources of law, in addition to legislation, precedent, and equity. See Harold Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 11. See also, Christoph Kletzer, “Custom and Positivity: An Examination of the Philosophic Ground of the Hegel-Savigny Controversy” in The Nature of Customary Law, eds. Amanda Perreau-Saussine and James B. Murphy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 130–134. Despite the modern misgivings about the legal status of custom, some would argue that custom is at the very foundations of ethical principles, written laws, and philo- sophical views because they, ultimately, are nothing but reformulations of pre- existing customs. See Kletzer, “Custom and Positivity,” 1. 2. It may be argued that these legal reforms codified the role of custom in civil law systems but not in Islamic law proper. The fact remains, however, that these civil law systems did not renounce sharí<ah altogether. In fact, sharí<ah was often listed as one of the main sources of these laws. These legal reforms turned sharí<ah from being the sole source of the legal system into one source among others. In the present context, I am mainly concerned with the impact that this development had on the modern reconstructions of the Islamic legal tradition in general and Islamic legal theory in particular. 3. Friedrich M. Müller, preface to “Chips from a German Woodshop” in Thinking About Religion, A Reader, ed. Ivan Strenski (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 51. 4. Qur>ån 35:43. In this sense, the concept of custom is closer to the concept of nature or established order than to the concept of a customary practice. I shall elaborate on this point further in chapter 2 and in the conclusion. 5. See, for example, Albert Hourani, Islam in European Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 14. 1. Custom and Islamic Law in Modern Scholarship 1. Gradually each of these debates inspired many other subdebates. For example, the debate on the origins soon developed into two major debates on the Qur>ån 174 Notes and Sunnah respectively. As far as the debate on the origins of Islamic law is concerned, more emphasis was placed on the Sunnah rather than the Qur>ån. On the Qur>ån debate see John Wansbrough, Qur>anic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977) and John Burton, The Collection of the Quran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). For a recent restatement of the classical Orientalist views see Herbert Berg ed., Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins (Leiden: Brill, 2003). For a rebuttal of their argument see Muhammad Mustafa Azami, The History of the Quranic Text from Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testament (Leicester: UK Islamic Academy, 2003). For the Sunnah debate see Ignaz Goldziher, Muslim Studies (London: Allen and Unwin, 1967) and Joseph Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959) and An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964). For a review and rebuttal see Muhammad Mustafa Azami, On Schacht’s Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (New York: Wiley, 1985); Yasin Dutton, The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qur>ån, the Muwatta, and the Madinan Amal (Surrey: Curzon, 1999); Harald Motzki, The Origins of Islamic Jursprudence: Meccan Fiqh before Classical Schools (Leiden: Brill, 2002); and Scott Lucas, Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature and the Articulation of Sunni Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Sa<d, Ibn Ma<în, and Ibn ¯anbal (Leiden: Brill, 2004). 2. The term Orientalist scholarship is usually used to refer to the studies of Western scholars, mainly philologists, on the orient and oriental cultures in general and Arab and Muslim cultures in particular. There is already an exten- sive body of literature, inspired by the work of Edward Said, that analyzes the different aspects of this scholarship. Here I am mainly concerned with the impact of the Western Orientalist scholarship on the construction of the role of custom in the Islamic legal tradition. See, for example, Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979) and Alexander Lyon Macfie, ed., Orientalism A Reasder (New York: New York University Press, 2000. 3. This date range is determined based on the sources consulted in the present study. 4. Jacques Waardenburg’s treatment of the divide between official or normative and popular religion in the field of Islamic studies provides useful insights on the roots of the problem. This is of great relevance to the issue at hand because as Waardenburg’s discussion illustrates, both “customs” and “Islamic law” would mean different things to different people. See Jacques Waardenburg “Official and Popular Religion as a Problem in Islamic Studies,” in Jacques Waardenburg et al., Official and Popular Religion as a Theme in the Study of Religion (The Hague: Mouton, 1979), 340–368. In this article, Waardenburg’s conclusion was that the process of consistent modernization and rationalization associated with the more secular application of Islam would eventually lead to the gradual replacement of both official and popular versions of Islam by a new state of affairs (p. 371). This conclusion is particularly significant because it reveals the type of intellectual projections current at the time of the book’s publication. Recently, the author has offered insightful reflections on the evolution of his personal understand- ing of the subject, as well as the field in the past 50 years. See Waardenburg Notes 175 Islam: Historical, Social, and Political Perspectives (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2002), 1–19 and Muslims as Actors, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2007). 5. There are several scholarly works that review and evaluate the works of the scholars who took part in these debates since their inception. Some of the works I was able to consult are: Stephen Humphreys, Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 70–103; Norman Calder, Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 198–222; Tarif Khalidi, Arabic Historical Thought in the Classical Period (New York: Cambridge, 1994), 20–28; Harald Motzki, The Origins of Islamic Jursprudence: Meccan Fiqh before Classical Schools (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 2–49; Sherman Jackson, Islamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi (Leiden: Brill, 1996); Ahmad A. Ahmad, Structural Interrelations of Theory and Practice in Islamic Law : A Study of Six Works of Medieval Islamic Jurisprudence (Leiden: Brill, 2006); Haim Gerber, Islamic Law and Culture, 1600–1840 (Leiden: Brill, 1999); and Frank Vogel, “The State of the Field: A Major Advance is Imminent,” The Newsletter of the Islamic Legal Studies Program at Harvard Law School 11, no. 2 (2006): 1–4. 6. Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, Mohammedanism: Lectures on its Origins, its Religious and Political Growth, and Its Present State (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1916), 22. Goldziher notes: “It is astonishing that foreign cultural influences had an effect on the evolution of this legal method and on various details of its application. Islamic jurisprudence shows undeniable traces of the influence of Roman law both in its methodology and in its particular stipulation.” See Ignaz Goldziher, Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), 44. See also Goldziher, Muslim Studies (London: Allen and Unwin, 1967); Joseph Schacht, “Foreign Elements in Ancient Islamic Law” in The Formation of Islamic Law, ed. Wael Hallaq (Burlington: Ashgate/Variorum Publishing Limited, 2004), 60–67; and Joseph Schacht, An Introduction, 21, Patricia Crone, Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law, the Origins of the Islamic Patronate, (New York: Cambridge, 1987). For a rebuttal of Crone’s argument see Wael Hallaq, “The Use and Abuse of Evidence: The Question of Provincial and Roman Influences on Early Islamic Law” Journal of American Oriental Society 110, no. 1(1990): 79–91. 7. Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, The Achehnese (Leyden: Brill, 1906). 8. Interest in the “origins issue” has not dissipated. See Wael Hallaq, The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law (New York: Cambridge, 2005), 1–7. 9. G. C. J. J. Van den Bergh, “The Concept of Folk Law in Historical Context: A Brief Outline” in Folk Law: Essays in the Theory and Practice of Lex Non Scripta, eds. Alison D. Renteln and Alan Dundes (New York: Garland Publishing, 1994), 17; William Graham, “Traditionalism in Islam: An Essay in Interpretation,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 23, no. 3 (1993): 495–522. 10. Alison D. Renteln and Alan Dundes, “What is Folk Law” in Folk Law, 3. 11. See, for example, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed. vol. I, s.v. “Ada” and vol. X, s.v. “Urf.” 12. T. O. Beidelman, W. Robertson Smith and the Sociological Study of Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 6. 176 Notes 13. Jacques Waardenburg, ed., Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1999), 150. 14. Ivan Strenski, Thinking About Religion: An Historical Introduction to Theories of Religion (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 126. 15. Ibid., 122. It was a common practice among European travelers to dress like the local population and to take up familiar local names in order to ensure ease of movement and to avoid being spotted as outsiders. See, for example, Walter Besant, The Life and Achievements of Edward Henry Palmer (London: J. Murray, 1883), 99, 247. 16. See also. Smith “A Journey in the Hijaz” in Lectures and Essays of William Robertson Smith, eds. John Sutherland Black and George Chrystal (London: A. and C. Black, 1912), 484–597. 17. Ibid., 483. 18. Beidelman, W. Robertson Smith, 43. Also see Robert Segal’s introduction to the new edition of Smith’s Religion of the Semites (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hérésies : Une Construction D’Identités Religieuses
    Hérésies : une construction d’identités religieuses Quelles sortes de communautés réunissent les hommes ? Comment sont- elles construites ? Où est l’unité, où est la multiplicité de l’humanité ? Les hommes peuvent former des communautés distinctes, antagonistes, s’opposant violemment. La division externe est-elle nécessaire pour bâtir une cohésion interne ? Rien n’est plus actuel que ces questions. Parmi toutes ces formes de dissensions, les études qui composent ce volume s’intéressent à l’hérésie. L’hérésie se caractérise par sa relativité. Nul ne se revendique hérétique, sinon par provocation. Le qualificatif d’hérétique est toujours subi par celui qui le porte et il est toujours porté DYE BROUWER, GUILLAUME CHRISTIAN PAR EDITE ROMPAEY VAN ET ANJA Hérésies : une construction sur autrui. Cela rend l’hérésie difficilement saisissable si l’on cherche ce qu’elle est en elle-même. Mais le phénomène apparaît avec davantage de clarté si l’on analyse les discours qui l’utilisent. Se dessinent dès lors les d’identités religieuses représentations qui habitent les auteurs de discours sur l’hérésie et les hérétiques, discours généralement sous-tendus par une revendication à EDITE PAR CHRISTIAN BROUWER, GUILLAUME DYE ET ANJA VAN ROMPAEY l’orthodoxie. Hérésie et orthodoxie forment ainsi un couple, désuni mais inséparable. Car du point de vue de l’orthodoxie, l’hérésie est un choix erroné, une déviation, voire une déviance. En retour, c’est bien parce qu’un courant se proclame orthodoxe que les courants concurrents peuvent être accusés d’hérésie. Sans opinion correcte, pas de choix déviant. La thématique de l’hérésie s’inscrit ainsi dans les questions de recherche sur l’altérité religieuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering Joseph Schacht (1902‑1969) by Jeanette Wakin ILSP
    ILSP Islamic Legal Studies Program Harvard Law School Remembering Joseph Schacht (1902-1969) by Jeanette Wakin Occasional Publications January © by the Presdent and Fellows of Harvard College All rghts reserved Prnted n the Unted States of Amerca ISBN --- The Islamic Legal Studies Program s dedcated to achevng excellence n the study of Islamc law through objectve and comparatve methods. It seeks to foster an atmosphere of open nqury whch em- braces many perspectves, both Muslm and non-Mus- lm, and to promote a deep apprecaton of Islamc law as one of the world’s major legal systems. The man focus of work at the Program s on Islamc law n the contemporary world. Ths focus accommodates the many nterests and dscplnes that contrbute to the study of Islamc law, ncludng the study of ts wrt- ngs and hstory. Frank Vogel Director Per Bearman Associate Director Islamc Legal Studes Program Pound Hall Massachusetts Ave. Cambrdge, MA , USA Tel: -- Fax: -- E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ILSP Table of Contents Preface v Text, by Jeanette Wakin Bblography v Preface The followng artcle, by the late Jeanette Wakn of Columba Unversty, a frend of our Program and one of the leaders n the field of Islamc legal studes n the Unted States, memoralzes one of the most famous of Western Islamc legal scholars, her men- tor Joseph Schacht (d. ). Ths pece s nvaluable for many reasons, but foremost because t preserves and relably nterprets many facts about Schacht’s lfe and work. Equally, however—especally snce t s one of Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Fazlur Rahman's Understanding of the Sunnah/Hadīth
    Hadis Tetkikleri Dergisi (HTD) ___________________________________________________________ 4 there is a relationship between this duo and Islamic modernism. This article attempts to contribute this debate by analyzing comparatively Joseph Schacht’s and Fazlur Rahman’s (d. 1988) approaches to sunnah. The subject matter is important because Schacht’s theories have a considerable effect on the West- ern studies on the Hadīth and Islamic law5 as is seen in the works which are Fazlur Rahman’s Understanding of pro and anti-Schacht on the one hand, and despite his rigorous criticism against Muslim modernists, Fazlur Rahman is considered by many researchers the Sunnah/hadīth -A Comparison as one of the modernist Muslim scholars on the other. 6 with Joseph Schacht’s Views on the II. Fazlur Rahman’s unique position between the Western and classical Subject- Islamic account “Fazlur Rahman’ın Sünnet/Hadis ∗ Anlayışı -Joseph Schacht’ın Having started his academic life with studies on Islamic philosophy, Fazlur Fatma KIZIL Yaklaşımıyla bir Mukayese-” Rahman later focused on the problems of contemporary Muslims.7 Charles J. Adams points out that Fazlur Rahman’s involvement in these problems did Özet: Hâlihazırdaki makalede, Fazlur Rahman’ın sünnet/hadis anlayışı, Joseph Schacht’ın not result from the pure academic interests, suggesting that his purpose was to sünnet/hadis anlayışıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir. Fazlur Rahman ve Schacht’ın hadis literatürü ile ilgili görüşlerinin ‘yaşayan sünnet’ kavramı etrafında dönmesi, ikisi arasında karşılaştırmalara ve etkilenme fikirlerinin ileri sürülmesine neden olmaktadır. Ma- kalede Fazlur Rahman ve Schacht’ın konumlarını daha iyi anlamaya yardımcı olacağı umulan 4 somut örnekler vermek amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada benzerliklerin yanı sıra aralarındaki For the relationship between orientalism and modernism see İbrahim Hatiboğlu, Çağdaşlaş- farklılıklara da işaret edilerek, bu farklılıkların muhtemel nedenleri ve hadisleri tarihlendir- ma ve Hadis Tartışmaları, İstanbul 2004, p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Teaching Management and Study of Hadith: Method, Contents, and Approaches La Gestión De La Enseñanza Y El Estudio De Hadith: Método, Contenidos Y Enfoques
    ARTÍCULOS UTOPÍA Y PRAXIS LATINOAMERICANA. AÑO: 24, n° EXTRA 6, 2019, pp. 153-162 REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE FILOSOFÍA Y TEORÍA SOCIAL CESA-FCES-UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. MARACAIBO-VENEZUELA. ISSN 1315-5216 / ISSN-e: 2477-9555 The teaching management and study of Hadith: method, contents, and approaches La gestión de la enseñanza y el estudio de Hadith: método, contenidos y enfoques M MUKHIBAT ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-0210 [email protected] The State Institut of Islamic Studies, Ponorogo, Indonesia ABSTRACT RESUMEN The shift in the orientation of Hadith studies in Indonesia El cambio en la orientación de los estudios Hadith en and the West has given rise to differences in the Indonesia y Occidente ha dado lugar a diferencias en aspects of the method, the material and its approach, los aspectos del método, el material y su enfoque, y la and the management of learning. These differences gestión del aprendizaje. Estas diferencias han dado have given rise to different study models. The question lugar a diferentes modelos de estudio. La pregunta es is how the study model is appropriate in the Indonesian cómo el modelo de estudio es apropiado en el contexto context. Based on this qualitative-collaborative indonesio. Sobre la base de esta investigación research at UIN Jakarta and the Oxford Oriental cualitativa y colaborativa en UIN Jakarta y el Oxford Institute, it is hoped that there will be renewal in the Oriental Institute, se espera que se renueven los methods and approaches of the study of Hadith in métodos y enfoques del estudio de Hadith en Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Schacht and German Orientalism in the 1920S and 1930S Rainer Brunner
    Joseph Schacht and German Orientalism in the 1920s and 1930s Rainer Brunner To cite this version: Rainer Brunner. Joseph Schacht and German Orientalism in the 1920s and 1930s. Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018, 2018, 10.31826/9781463240035-044. hal-03078658 HAL Id: hal-03078658 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03078658 Submitted on 16 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. this is a pre-publication version; for the published version, please check here: Sabine Schmidtke (ed.): Near and Middle Eastern Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935-2018 , Piscataway, NJ (Gorgias Press) 2018, 344-51 DO NOT QUOTE THIS PRE-PUBLICATION VERSION WITHOUT THE AUTHOR'S PRIOR CONSENT Joseph Schacht and German Orientalism in the 1920s and 1930s Rainer Brunner, CNRS, PSL Research University Paris, LEM (UMR 8584) In memory of Patricia Crone The academic discipline that used to be called "Oriental Studies" – before this became a swearword from the late 1970s onward – underwent several thorough transformations since the 18 th century. From originally being an auxiliary science for Christian theology, it turned into philology and a "world- bourgeois science" 1, before the interest in historical, cultural, or sociological issues and approaches con- tributed, at the turn of the 20 th century, to the emergence of "Islamic Studies" proper.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction The genealogy of this volume begins, as many volumes do, at a conference at the University of California Santa Barbara in February 2014 titled “Locating the Sharīʿa: Creating New Sources for Knowledge and Inquiry.” Its aim was to honor the scholarly contributions of Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl and Dr. Sherman Jackson in the field of Islamic Studies and, more specifically, Islamic law. In addition to exploring the indelible impact of these two scholars on the field of Islamic law, the conference provided a periscope into the drastic evolution the field has undergone in the past few decades. With this insight in mind, instead of producing a conference volume of the proceedings, or a festschrift in honor of Dr. Abou Fadl and Dr. Jackson, which is rightfully due, the decision was made to produce a volume on the field of Islamic law itself—its method- ologies, its contradictions, its possibilities and its future. It is not an exaggeration to say that the field of Islamic law has been bur- geoning over the past century in Western Academia,1 producing an increas- ingly dynamic and polyvalent intellectual scene that has evolved through, and at times away from, the early methodologies and inquiries characterizing the field. The preeminent early scholars of Islamic Law, Ignaz Goldziher (1850– 1921) and Joseph Schacht2 (1902–1969) introduced two central inquiries to the field that would continue to engage scholars for generations. The first exam- ined origins—questioning the development of Islamic law, its sources, and the eventual institutional form it took within the madhhabs. The second inquiry explored the divergence, or the gulf, that was noted to exist between the theory of Islamic law (uṣūl al-fiqh) and positive Islamic law ( fiqh).3 1 The broader systematic study of Islam began at the end of the 18th century and predates the more focused study on Islamic law.
    [Show full text]
  • CRITICISM of ORIENTALIST CRITICAL VIEWS TOWARD HADITH STUDIES Abd
    ASILHA – ISLAMICATE INSTITUTE Publishing Journal of Hadith Studies Vol. 3 No. 1 (2020) P-ISSN 2598-4810 ǁ E-ISSN 2598-4802 https://doi.org/10.32506/johs.v3i1.543 CRITICISM OF ORIENTALIST CRITICAL VIEWS TOWARD HADITH STUDIES Abd. Qohin1, Siti Kasiyati2 1IAIN Purwokerto, Indonesia 2IAIN Surakarta, Indonesia Email : [email protected] *Corresponding Author Abstract: This article discusses the orientalist views oF the Prophet Muhammad's hadith. Discusses the differences in hadith studies in the West and in the East as well as views on the sanad al-hadith and the matn al-hadith. In addition, it also discusses the rebuttal of the Orientalist theory. The approach of this article uses the study oF literature studies (Library Research) using qualitative-descriptive methods and approaches. The results of this study indicate that Orientalist views on the hadith are the same, namely criticizing the authenticity oF the hadith in terms oF both sanad, matn, and rawi. The subjectivity of Orientalists who at least keep their own missions to corner Islam behind the lens oF orientalism, which is actually a neo-colonialism over the Eastern hemisphere, especially the Islamic region as their goal oF studying the hadith. Disclaimers made by the hadith scholars such as Azami in order to destroy their theories based on depth research and justified scientifically. Keywords: Orientalist, Hadith, Sanad, Matn TELAAH TERHADAP PANDANGAN KRITIS ORIENTALIS DALAM KAJIAN STUDI HADIS AbstraK: Artikel ini mendiskusikan tentang pandangan-pandangan kaum orientalis terhadap hadis Nabi Muhammad. Membahas perbedaan studi hadis di Barat dan di Timur serta pandangan terhadap sanad dan matan hadis. Selan itu jua membahas tentang bantahan terhadap teori orientalis.
    [Show full text]
  • Matn Criticism and Its Role in the Evaluation of Hadith Authenticity
    IJISH (International Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities) p-ISSN 2614-3836 | e-ISSN 2614-3836 First Received: 20 January 2018 Final Proof Received: 30 March 2018 MATN CRITICISM AND ITS ROLE IN THE EVALUATION OF HADITH AUTHENTICITY Ayub Email : [email protected] School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, UK ABSTRACT - For centuries, Muslim community has taken ‘ulūm al ḥadīth for Keywords granted as a valid method in hadith verification; if a hadith is declared as an authentic hadith after examined using the Matn criticism, method, then they will accept the hadith as an authentic one. ‘ulūm al-ḥadīth, Nevertheless, the traditional discipline has been criticised by hadith various modern scholars who argue that traditional ‘ulūm al- authentication ḥadīth is not a sufficient method to evaluate the authenticity of hadith reports. One of their reasons is that the traditional hadith criticism only examines the chain of narrations (sanad) of hadith reports and ignores the content (matn) of the hadith. This essay will discuss the role of matn criticism in the authentication of hadith; whether it is included in the traditional method of ‘ulūm al-ḥadīth or not, and if so, what is the criteria and how the scholars apply them. INTRODUCTION Hadith is reports of the words, actions, tacit approvals or disapprovals of Prophet Muhammad. It is also called the Sunnah, which is the second source of Islamic teachings after the al-Qur’an. In fact, the detail aspects of Islamic law, theology, and morals are found in the hadith. However, unlike the al-Qur’an, not all hadith that exist and spread among Muslims are authentic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Death of Islamic Law
    THE DEATH OF ISLAMIC LAW HaiderAla Hamoudi* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 294 II. SHARI'A AND MUSLIM POLITICS ............................. 301 A. On the Nature of the Shari'a ........................... 301 B. OrganizationalNecessities ............................. 302 C. Origins of Codification in the Muslim World ............... 305 III. ISLAMIST RULE AND THE SECULAR PROJECT .................. 312 A. Islamist Acceptance .................................. 312 B. UnderstandingSelectivity: The Case of Iran ............... 314 1. The Devastated Society ............................. 318 2. The "Discovery" of Transplanted Concepts ............. 319 3. ParallelDevelopment .............................. 320 C. Selective Codificationand its Consequences ............... 322 1. The Obsolescence of Shari'aPrivate Law .............. 323 2. The Near Universal Transplantationof Company Law .... 324 3. The Obsession of PersonalStatus ..................... 325 4. Islamic CriminalLaw .............................. 326 IV. THE INCOHERENCE OF REPUGNANCY ........................ 328 A. The Theory of Repugnancy ............................. 328 B. The Islamic State, Without Islamic Law ................... 329 C. The Irrelevance of Repugnancy to Shari'a Debate .......... 331 V. LAW AND EXPERIENCE IN THE BROADER MUSLIM WORLD ....... 332 A. The Future of Sharia ................................. 332 B. Shari'a in Our Scholarship--The Brooding Omnipresence .... 334 * Assistant Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh
    [Show full text]
  • Orientalists' Perspectives on Hadith
    International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 9 , No. 11, November, 2019, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2019 HRMARS Orientalists’ Perspectives on Hadith Idri Shaffat, Rohaizan Baru To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i11/6677 DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i11/6677 Received: 12 October 2019, Revised: 24 October 2019, Accepted: 12 November 2019 Published Online: 28 November 2019 In-Text Citation: (Shaffat, & Baru , 2019) To Cite this Article: Shaffat, I., & Baru, R. (2019). Orientalists’ Perspectives on Hadith. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(11), 1326–1339. Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 9, No. 11, 2019, Pg. 1326 - 1339 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 1326 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 9 , No. 11, November, 2019, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2019 HRMARS Orientalists’ Perspectives on Hadith Idri Shaffat Sunan Ampel State Islamic University, Surabaya Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Rohaizan Baru Research Institute for Islamic Products and Malay Civilization, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia Email: [email protected] Abstract This article aims to explain the views of the Orientalists about the Prophet hadiths, especially in terms of their origins and authenticities.
    [Show full text]
  • JOSEPH SCHACHT Joseph Schacht Was Born in Katibor, Formerly in Upper Silesia, Now in Poland, on 15 March 1902 and Attended the Gymnasium in That Town
    JOSEPH SCHACHT Joseph Schacht was born in Katibor, formerly in Upper Silesia, now in Poland, on 15 March 1902 and attended the Gymnasium in that town. It was there that he acquired his first interest in oriental languages. During the period set aside for religious studies, a rabbi came to teach the Jewish boys Hebrew. Although the young Schacht was not one of them, he managed to complete his other tasks and to get himself accepted in this group, where he took his first steps in Hebrew. Later he studied classical and then oriental philology at the Universities of Breslau and Leipzig. In 1925 he received his first academic appointment at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau; two years later he was appointed Associate Professor, and in 1929 was appointed full Professor of Oriental Languages at the unprecedented age of 27. In 1932 he was invited to a chair in the same subject at the University of Konigsberg, but his effective tenure of that chair was very brief because of political changes in Germany. Though not exposed to danger on either racial or political grounds, he elected, as a matter of conscience, to leave Germany when the Nazis came to power. Between 1926 and 1933 Schacht had travelled extensively in the Middle East and in North Africa, and in 1930 had served as a visiting professor at what was then known as the Egyptian University in Cairo. When he left Konigsberg in 1934 ' on leave of absence ', it was to Cairo that he returned ; he stayed there as Professor until 1939.
    [Show full text]
  • Ibn Taymiyyah: the Struggles of a Mujtahid
    IBN TAYMIYYAH: THE STRUGGLES OF A MUJTAHID UNDER THE BAHRI MAMLUK SULTANS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY THOMAS J. DRAPER DR. CHARLES ARGO BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA MAY 2013 I. Introduction 3 a. Structure of Paper 3 b. Early Life and Education 10 c. The Activism of Ibn Taymiyyah 19 d. Scope of Paper 28 e. Ijtihad Causal to Incarceration 29 II. Historiography 34 a. Overview 34 b. Contemporary Arab Biographers 35 c. Marginalization in Arab History 36 d. Nineteenth Century European Polemic 37 e. Henri Laoust 40 f. Ideologue of Modern Radicals 43 g. Questioning Earlier Assumptions 52 h. Recent Questions 55 III. Ijtihad 59 a. Introduction 59 b. Definitions 59 c. Problems with Definitions 61 d. Change over Time 65 e. Hanbalism and Traditionalist Perspective 68 IV. Ibn Taymiyyah and Ijtihad 70 a. His Perception 70 b. Contemporary Authority of His Credentials 75 c. Modern Recognition as Mujtahid 77 d. Apogee of Career and Ijtihad 77 V. Contextualization of Bahri Mamluk Sultanate 83 a. Tenuous Nature of Bahri Mamluks 83 b. Dynamic of Taymiyyah and Qalawun 89 c. Trials and Incarcerations 94 d. Conflict of Mamluk and Taymiyyan Goals 96 VI. Incarceration for Ijtihad 98 a. Threat to Mamluk Authority 98 b. Qalawun Edict Mentions Ijtihad 100 c. Social, Political, and Legal Threat of 102 d. Triple Divorce was Ijtihad 103 VII. Conclusion 106 VIII. Appendix 109 IX. Bibliography 110 2 I. INTRODUCTION STRUCTURE OF PAPER This study will initially introduce Ibn Taymiyyah (1263 – 1328 A.D.) in the first two chapters while contextualizing his position in Islamic history, geography, and historiography.1 Taqi al-Din Shaykh al-Islam Ahmad Ibn Taymiyyah (d.
    [Show full text]