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ABIOGENESIS TRANSITION FROM THE ATMOSPHERE INTO THE HYDROSPHERE: FROM VESICLES TO Alexander R. Zaritsky Lebedev Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, http://www.lebedev.ru 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation [email protected] Vladimir I. Grachev Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, http://www.cplire.ru 11/7, Mokhovaya str., 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation [email protected] Yuri P. Vorontsov Filatov Hospital no. 13, Moscow Department of Healthcare, http://www.13dgkb.ru 103001 Moscow, Russian Federation [email protected] Vyacheslav S. Pronin Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development of RF, http://www.mmm.ru 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation [email protected] Abstract. Presented probable variant of stage transition of from the atmosphere into the hydrosphere - the transition of abiogenic organics from planetary autoclave of near-surface -free atmosphere into hydrosphere of a cooling planet and development of abiogenesis in the hydrosphere before its completion with the of protocells. Herewith, the hydrocarbon droplets of atmospheric aerosol - the main sources of of formation of organic matter in the primitive atmosphere, when dissolved in an turbulent aqueous medium transformed into vesicles - centres of development of primitive energy and flowing , inherited from drops. Interaction of viral world, which appeared in the atmospheric period of abiogenesis, with the world of vesicles ensured the development in them of mechanisms initially anaerobic and then aerobic external and internal energy metabolism. Herewith an important role in the metabolism of vesicles played the selection compounds by type of symmetry. This selection narrowed the range of compounds involved in the internal metabolism of vesicles and provide optimal occurrence of appropriate mechanisms of developments of nascent cellular world Keywords: abiogenesis, atmosphere, hydrocarbon nanodroplets, autonomous energy source, metabolism, homeostasis, primary separation, , vesicles, , molecular symmetry. PACS: 87.23.Kg Bibliography – 11 references Received 28.11.2014 RENSIT, 2014, 6(2):221-231 DOI: 10.17725/RENSITe.0006.201412f.0221

Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction (221) The subject of this paper is the abiogenesis final 2. «Active» lipid films and vesicles (222) stage, start of which is the transition of the "prelife" 3. Metabolism open systems as the predecessor of from the atmosphere into hydrosphere of the planet the protocells activity and fission (223) 4. Evolution of the world vesicles, appearance when it cools, finish is the first appearance of the of precursor cells and their organells (225) archaic cells. Prior to that stage the germs of have 5. Selection of compounds by the type of gone a long way of the evolutionary development symmetry (225) from nonequilibrium aerosol organic systems – the 6. Appearance of the first protocells (226) hydrocarbon nanodroplets [1] - the first sustainable 7. Final stage of abiogenesis (228) 8. Conclusion (229) confined sources of free energy in the first subvital References (230) zone of the planet - in the planetary autoclave of

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near-surface oxygen-free atmosphere, to form a to a convoluted chains of amino acids - to the sufficiently rich set of and mechanisms primitive - , that perform catalysis "prelife". Along with organics captured during of decomposition reactions energy-intensive lipid accretion of the planet from the protoplanetary [2]. The energy of this decay can be used in the cloud appeared and developed own organics, synthesis reactions of other compounds, including conditions of forming of which seem to be quite archaic polynucleotides and macroergs. On this sufficient. This conditions are the basis, on the surface of lipids began to pile up and and the required values pressure, saturating of operate mechanisms of forming (plastids, near-ground layers of the atmosphere with water , ribosomes, vesicles, tubular structures, vapor and minerals, the turbulence of these layers, etc.), that provide an interface of reactions of the energy of natural sources - Sun, heat, radioactivity matrix of complex compounds and and, finally, autonomous sources – world of replication of polynucleotides. hydrocarbon drips that ensures abiogenesis by The pinnacle of the evolution development of energy. The initial stage of abiogenesis in oxygen- atmospheric phase "prelife" was the appearance of free atmosphere with a predominance of methane, the first -like bodies and, finally, of primitive carbon monoxide and ammonia in the near-surface viruses [2]. Combinatorics of compounds, dense dust layer with vapors and suspensions of between the matrix reproduction and minerals - natural catalysts is characterized the replication of primary information polynucleotides synthesis of the simplest hydrocarbons. This are in a symbiotic relationship with local sources of amino acids up to the chain and ribozymes free energy, that utilize the stocks of atmospheric (first organic catalysts), nucleotide and their hydrocarbonic raw, all of this made an emergence chains up to RNA polynucleotides, lipids, archaic of viruses at this stage inevitable. Because macroergs finally viruses. Was formed mechanisms metabolism drops was open, their surface structures of primitive metabolism - the exchange of matter - the compounds and their complexes, including and energy with the environment and the flowing with polynucleotides, were able to as go to the gas homeostasis - maintaining the stability of the medium well as come back at the drops surface, elements and variables (temperature, pH, etc.) providing reproduction of compounds. For rapid in the flowing interaction with the environment. evolutionary development of the first viruses in When condensation with water vapor, this organics the gaseous medium formed the ideal conditions: passed into the aquatic environment of the formed the open metabolism of drops have guaranteed hydrosphere planet. the energy basis, and frequent of the If at the beginning of evolutionary information parts in an aggressive and highly transformations of such systems polynucleotides turbulent medium of the then atmosphere provide are only used as a depot (warehouse) archaic a flow of new information. macroergs, then by the time of the transition abiogenic organics into the aquatic environment 2. "ACTIVE" LIPID FILMS AND VESICLES have developed mechanisms of matrix reproduction The result of the transition of the atmospheric of complex compounds, including polynucleotides organics into the aquatic environment, which themselves in multicomponent reactions. Significant, appeared on the cooling surface of planet apparently crucial role in these mechanisms played by condensation of water vapor (along with (and play up to the present time in cells) lipids - endogenous - mantle [3] and exogenous - meteorites light (several hundred Daltons), linear of [4] and ice rains [5] - the sources of primary relatively small size (about 1 nm), synthesized on hydrosphere), became "a primary soup ", whereof hydrocarbon droplets and to partially or completely wrote A.I. Oparin [6]. Autonomous sources of covered them surface. Flowing homeostasis of lipid free energy - "active" hydrocarbon droplets, archaic massa provides the convergence to it of all the enzymes and lipids on their surfaces at the transition reactants into the reaction zone. Processes of lipid from atmosphere to aqueous medium completely or metabolism have lead to a shift of the lipid mass partially lost of their lipidic shells, as schematically together with the her associates and their complexes shown in Fig. 1.

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hydrocarbon droplets atmospheric aerosol. The carbon-containing compounds energy of decay on the surface of films and vesicles provides a synthesis of all of the abiogenic organics - polynucleotides, archaic viruses, enzymes and macroergs. Hydrolysis of macroergs largely complemented the energy for synthesis of compounds involved in flow metabolism of open systems in an aqueous medium. Note that such anoxic synthesis of macroergs in conjunction with enzymatic disintegration of compounds (including enzymes themselves), independent of presence of macroergs in reaction zone, is used and at present, not only in red cells, but also and in all cells in quiescent. The presence of such ways of obtaining macroergs in addition to the main energy-dependent processes for their synthesis, provides the cells in quiescent the stability of these compounds, including and ATP. . The lipid shells of hydrocarbon droplets in an aqueous medium. Fig. 1 3. METABOLISM OPEN SYSTEMS AS THE On the water surface are the single-layer lipid PREDECESSOR OF THE PROTOCELLS films with embedded and their associated archaic ACTIVITY AND FISSION enzymes. Due to the strong turbulence at the phase The question of occurrence in the cells mechanisms boundary between atmosphere and water surface of their fission seems unsolvable if to approach 1 of these films were formed vesicles , just as it is this problem under the assumption that these done in laboratories by sonication. Some of the mechanisms division formed in the cells themselves films and vesicles in the new conditions of water and, most importantly, for them. The situation is medium have inherited from hydrocarbon droplets different if we assume that these mechanisms began the mechanisms of metabolism. It is important to take shape for the reproduction of viruses in the to note that the metabolism of vesicles could be period of abiogenesis in an aqueous medium, and both external and internal, and some of them had then inherited by cells for mitotic activity. got and that and other at the same time. In turn, Abiogenesis in the gas and aqueous medium only some of the viruses are able to interact with lasted parallel many millions (if not billions) of years these structures in the new environment, more under the leading (in the transformation of organic dense than water vapor. For emerging living world matter) role of viruses, that evolving in atmosphere this situation can be described as a catastrophe, more quickly. Was formed new feedbacks between bifurcation. Compared to the lifetime of our viruses of both media and local sources of free Galaxy the transition time "prelife" in the aquatic energy. In the aqueous environment surrounding environment looks as a moment, and compared the energy sources (lipid vesicles and films), and in with the appearance and development of our vesicles appeared a sufficient quantity of macroergs civilization - almost an eternity. for replication of information pieces and bodies Abiogenesis had continued to evolve in the viruses. new environment. The lipid films on the aqueous Alongside with the concentration macroergs surface and the lipid vesicles in thicker of aqueous non equally important factor is to maintain in the medium "replaced" as sources of free energy the aqueous medium the reaction zone of acidity, 1Vesicle - cavity bubble (lat. vesica - bubble) to 100 nm optimal for multicomponent reactions metabolism. in diameter, in a lipid shell with an aqueous solution of Intensification of oxidative processes in which nucleotides.

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used oxygen of water molecules inevitably led to parallel, this same signal generates the increased of acidification of reaction zone, changing the rate of alkalizing processes of cytoplasmic before neutral metabolic reactions, reducing the power of sources. values, causing the "reminisces" the condition In process of the aqueous medium acidification of their first evolutionary predecessors. To the the reaction zone was shifted further away from extent of uptake of energy-intensive substrates the surface of the lipid films and vesicles, where the acidification of the cytoplasm naturally grows are mainly generate free energy with the release from neutral values. Precisely this determines of H +, contributing to the primary reactions the sequence of switching and completing all the of rapid synthesis of the biologically active small processes of fission [9]. Molecular mechanisms of compounds, for example, short peptides, whose the automatic activation and regulation of alkalizing and non-ribosomal synthesis can be carried out quickly acidifying the cytoplasm during are formed and does not require high energy expenditure ("are grow") in considered evolutionary period out [7]. Such compounds known and currently, and of archaic of the precursor cells metabolism. molecular mechanisms act in the present-day cells So cyclic changes the length of fibers spindle, and in the of multicellular caused by the change dominance of processes of . their growth and decay, as well as the change of Implementation of these ways to improve value affinity chromosomes to their ends of the at molecular mechanisms metabolism and of the equator, defining processes of the "shake-up" strengthening on this basis of energy generation and "recognition" by chromosomes "own" thread led to the emergence of new structures that could can be explained by the superposition of the archaic later be used after the upgrade in cells and for cycle on mitotic cycle in phase of the monotonic other purposes. So, the chains reactions alkalizing rise acidification of the cytoplasm during mitosis of cytoplasm were needed for the organization of [9]. a cyclic mode of activity cell [8] and the complex We should also mention the possibility of oscillating regimes of acidification and alkalization appearing in the period under review another in the background of natural acidification of the phenomenon: the emergence of the tubular cytoplasm during mitosis [9]. structures of lipids, which departs from the surface Let us explain the last statement. Since modern of vesicles into surrounding aqueous environment. complex processes of cellular metabolism requires Such structures are could to appear in the case of energy, then, if there is competition between the temporary dominance of lipids synthesis over their two major groups of primary energy-dependent decay as an macroergs by the steady intensification processes for macroerg ATP (meaning the group of energy metabolism and pH fluctuations of that involved in the synthesis of ATP and the adjacent aquatic environment. Since the replication group that in this is not involved) the maximum of information parts of viruses occurred also due possible efficiency work of each can be achieved to the decay energy of lipids, their indicated tubular by disseminate their action in time. Herewith the structures could be used as a depot of this peculiar systemically important factors are typically the macroerg. changes of acidity and concentration macroergs. In concluding this section, we note that the Basic methods and means of implementing such level of acidity and concentration of macroergs a time diversity of processes are mentioned above. in the aquatic environment and their natural So in the activity mode of modern cells are for this variations in open systems that generate energy, used the cyclic changes of pH and in the period under review proved to be useful of the main macroerg in the cytoplasm [8]. At for the reproduction of increasingly sophisticated mitosis the changes of this parameter have more viruses. Accordingly, appeared new tools and complex character, however, achieved by the molecular mechanisms that have ensured for this same means. With the accumulation in the depot the optimum conditions and have given a start of energy-consuming and plastically material, to the formation of the mitotic apparatus and enough to power a few cell divisions, a signal is means of cyclic acidification-alkalinization modes generated to start mobilizing of depot material. In of processes the cell metabolism. The formation

2 ISSUE | VOLUME 6 | 2014 | RENSIT ABIOGENESIS TRANSITION FROM THE 225 THEORY OF EVOLUTION ATMOSPHERE INTO THE HIDROSPHERE... of such mechanisms began at the considered was developed using structures that confer abiogenesis stage in the processes of reproduction resistance to the harmful effects of turbulent and evolutionary development of viral world, long water environment. These two processes were before the appearance of first cells and the final parallel. This interaction of two metabolic systems formation of the living world with each other and with the viruses prepared and implemented the preconditions for the emergence 4. EVOLUTION OF THE WORLD of the first precursors of organelles and cells. VESICLES, APPEARANCE OF PRECURSOR Indeed, the vesicles with their primitive outer CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLS and inner metabolism remind us the mitochondria, A previous sections have been devoted to the which act in oxygen-free environment of the consideration of evolutionary development primitive ocean, the whole mass of water which of external metabolism of lipidic films and can be identified with "the cytoplasm" planetary vesicles. His openness for interaction with viruses scale. Isolation of metabolic structures was casual, ensures rapid development of the viral world but widespread. This determined the inevitable and, accordingly, equally rapid complication of emergence of bubbles with a lipid envelope, which metabolic structures that provide energetic support from the incomplete enzymatic pool is not capable of evolutionary changes. Behind the scenes is still of generating energy at its outer side. Among them the fate of structures that "are trapped" into the were a vesicles, whose internal metabolism can vesicles. We emphasize "trapped", because the lipid provide the energy of the replication of captured films and vesicles of that time were by dynamic polynucleotides and the reproduction of other structures. Recall that the organics exchange compounds. Such vesicles with good reason can be of aqueous medium with the atmosphere was attributed to the ancestors of the first cells, and a continued, although its intensity gradually was vesicles that have external and internal metabolism, falling. From films were appearing new vesicles. can be attributed to their predecessors of energy They were seizing the organics, the source of organelles. which - a films which were broking by the shear flows. And the "membranes" of vesicles, who died 5. SELECTION OF COMPOUNDS BY THE under the dominance of decay of lipids (the analog TYPE OF SYMMETRY cell by way of necrosis). Vesicles could One of the most characteristic processes inherent be combined into larger individuals in random to abiogenesis - the vesicle contents formation collisions and merging. Their contents were by selection available having at that time of combined. The internal environment of vesicles organic compounds by the chirality - the type of have enriched with new structural elements, symmetry of the molecules with respect to their useful for her metabolism. This happened in the optical activity (right or leftrotatory the plane of flow (replacement, substitution) of composition polarization of light). All biota is chiral, unlike vesicle. Thus at indirect interacting with viruses, nonbiological organics. For instance, all the amino internal metabolism of vesicles could develop. acids can be in relation to the plane of polarization However, the criteria for peculiar selecting and of the incident light only the left rotatory (and securing of new information (in according to exactly they are the parts of ), and sugar EM Galimov new compounds [10]) were slightly - only dextrorotatory (the parts of RNA and different than for external metabolism. External DNA). Questions, how they have been selected metabolism developed in cooperation with and whether it contributed to the emergence of viruses. This interaction was the leading factor the first cells remain unanswered. in this development. Development of external One option of answer is possible in the context metabolism was progressive, with the proviso that of the necessary "benefit" for the nascent cellular the development of virus was also progressive world. Selection entering into the vesicles compounds and the representation of viruses was increased in by the type of symmetry substantially has reduced nature. Outdoor metabolism provided the viruses the time (had to select from a much smaller number the pick new information. Internal metabolism of elements) in the formation in the vesicles the

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structures and mechanisms that distinguish the first internal environment. In the selection process their cells from its predecessors. resistance to aggressive environmental influences Possible following mechanism of this selection. increased. A cyclic metabolism (archaic cycle) was Chiral element (usually an forming, which ensure the achievement of their asymmetric carbon is) influences the maximum capacity with help of the alternating of the electron density of its so that the interchange of energy-dependent processes. dipole moment (multipole of first-order) is Herewith a leading backbone factor of innovation oriented in the direction of its low electron density, action in vesicles (other than energetics) became i.e. the minimum of the cross-sectional of linear the acidity of their internal environment. With molecule. Such a molecule in the field membrane, regard to the membrane vesicles, balance velocities directed inwardly of vesicle, too is orienting her of synthesis and degradation (expenditure) of their dipole moment to inside, and encounters a little lipids observed only accidental and for a short resistance to the her small cross-section. Whereas time. Further was following inevitably the ruin of for the achiral molecule her dipole moment (if any) vesicle through the path to necrosis or . is not orientated oneself toward the low electron This fact was accelerating the testing of individual density, i.e. the minimum cross-sectional area of the vesicles on the stability at the initial stage of the molecule. And resistance to her movement in the cell world forming. It was rather helpful than field membrane is insurmountable. harmful for the evolutionary transformations. For example, a chirally dextrorotatory D- However, with the growth of energy metabolism (as deployed in a linear conformation) has a dipole capacity, such mismatching of the velocities of moment that faces to the carbonyl positive end with synthesis and breakdown of lipids became brake a minimum electron density i.e. with a minimum for evolutionary development. Intensification of cross-section. While on her negative pole the group deposition of lipidic mass outside and inside the CH2OH oriented perpendicular to the axis of the vesicles, including in the form of tubular structures, molecule, ie, here her cross-section is maximized. additional membranes and other structures that But in membrane her field orients the "acute" end include lipids, was reducing significantly the the glucose molecule inward vesicle. The resistance probability of their ruin through the path to to her movement inward is minimum, and the necrosis or apoptosis. To this also contributed the membrane is permeable to such a molecule. In emergence of the depositing of energy-intensive experiments with whole blood and erythrocytic substrate, which assimilated inside the vesicles, mass, dilute by physical solution, previously2 we have and was the most represented in the environment. shown that D-glucose accumulates in the cytoplasm, Innovations largely decreased danger of a ruin of and the larger, more the potential difference set at vesicles. In addition, some types of such structures erythrocyte membranes. of depositing became fulfil protective . Likewise occurred, apparently the filling of vesicle This also strengthens stability of vesicles to contents with compounds of defined chirality, i.e. destructive influence of environment. selection of compounds by the type of symmetry. In the final stages of becoming of cellular world, such depots were ready to provide energy 6. APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST PROTOCELLS and materials for mitotic activity. However, the We have shown above, in the period under review progressive movement of elements of the arising are ripe conditions for the emergence of the cells world towards the increasing complexity of first cells. Their predecessors - "active" vesicles their structures, and first of all information parts already possessed primitive genome and energy was starting significantly hindered. The fact that the metabolism that can provide energy not only for intensification of the internal energetic metabolism replicate their data connections, but also for the (general line of development of living world) reproduction of most of the compounds of their inevitably led to an increasing acidification of the internal environment of the vesicles. A situation 2In 80-90th years these experiments were initiated and started by Andrei Agasievich Charakhch'yan (FIAN shaped, similar to the one that was discussed USSR). above at competition for energy of two groups

2 ISSUE | VOLUME 6 | 2014 | RENSIT ABIOGENESIS TRANSITION FROM THE 227 THEORY OF EVOLUTION ATMOSPHERE INTO THE HIDROSPHERE... of metabolism processes. At this time we are major milestones (Haeckel's law than not?), only talking about competition for energy of replication in reverse order. Such a deep alkalinization of processes increasingly complex information internal environment caused assembly of genetic molecules and processes of reproduction of all material and former viral bodies into a single other compounds involved in the metabolism [11]. structure (later chromosome), as it was before after Recall that this is the end result of interaction of leaving of the reproduced parts of the virus from open, and then internal metabolism of vesicles with acidified zone external metabolism of vesicles into a viruses. Upon acidification of the medium compared neutral aqueous medium of archaic ocean. Further with the waters of the archaic ocean the viral association of the said assembly with lipids of inner bodies lose affinity for information parts, freeing side of a membrane corresponds to a passed stage them for their replication and their reproduction of the interaction of polynucleotides with lipid at the expense of energy of external metabolism. layers era "began of began" prior to the viruses The internal environment of the vesicles with a with open metabolism of "active" hydrocarbon functioning energy metabolism was always been droplets. Naturally, the subsequent acidification acidified. Therefore, at the initial stage of evolution of the internal environment of vesicles, associated constraints for reproduction genetic material with the beginning of recycling material depot, at within such vesicles was not. At the beginning, first launched a replication of data connections, information molecules replicate by a relatively weak and then, with increasing acidity of the medium, acidification of the internal environment, and then, the reproduction of other compounds involved in at a significant acidification starts reproduction of metabolism. Do not dwell on the analysis of the connections of enzymatic base. Such a procedure mass of errors associated with development in the has found its consolidation in the archaic cycle. processes of evolutionary transformation of specific However, as the evolutionary development of mechanisms to regulate the speeds and depth of energy metabolism, which characterized by further acidification of the internal environment. Note intensification of oxidative processes, the increasing that exactly such mechanisms using acidification of complexity of the genome and the growth of medium as a key factor in their action, eventually, information pieces to be replicated, more rapid provided not only the completeness of the doubling acidification of the internal environment prevented of all the compounds involved in the internal the completion of replication. In addition, the metabolism, but division of vesicles into two parts archaic cycle acidification-alkalinization increasingly with a full value metabolism, i.e. their transformation shifted to the acidic side, exacerbating competition into the first cells. for energy in reproduction of connections between Let us explain the last statement. With the gradual the genome and the pool of enzymes that were in acidification of the medium changes the ability of the past a viral bodies. Separation of archaic cycle compounds to associating with lipids. Some of into the cycle metabolic activity and mitotic cycle them are accumulated on the inner surface of the has removed this difficulty. This became possible membrane, while others can go into the aqueous after the emergence of new means of regulating environment. Changing the number of organics on the activity of enzymes that serve the depot of lipids entails not only a change in internal energy the plastic and energy-intensive materials, and of the membrane, but may accompanied and by enzymes responsible for alkalinization of internal changes in the shape of the vesicle. In the process of environment of vesicles. With the growth of depot evolutionary selection were chosen corresponding and accumulation material therein, sufficient to compounds, synthesized in vesicles, and the mode allow the mitotic activity, using these new means was of acidification of the internal environment, which generated a signal, which provided, firstly, a rapid and provided the appearance of the constrictions and deep (to neutral pH indicator values) alkalinization the collapse of dividing vesicles into two parts. of internal environment of vesicles and secondly, the In this way, in our opinion, formed from vesicles start of mobilization with subsequent utilization of the first cells with anaerobic archaic metabolism, the material depot. Herewith the system "reminisces" already capable, albeit with errors, reproduce the traversed evolutionary path by reproducing its oneself entirely. They gave rise to the development

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of cells, which form in the cytoplasm the depot of in metabolism of which was dominated the energy-intensive material necessary for division. photosynthetic processes by the synthesis from These first cells having only the rudiments of the carbon-containing compounds, the cytoskeleton could not adequately withstand became yield oxygen. Only after its accumulation the aggressive action of the water element and in the atmosphere in sufficient amount became were perishing. Their contents turned out to the possible forming the aerobic metabolism in first common heritage of the emerging living world. cells. However, the speed of their reproduction at It is believed that this accumulation of oxygen abundance of energy-intensive and plastic material in the atmosphere is determined by the activities of (transition of organic from the atmosphere into the prokaryotes with their ability to photosynthesize. aqueous medium is not over), eventually had higher In our analysis of the first in this case were the the rate of their ruin. "First-burning" of cells was evolutionary precursors of plastids - vesicles with held, was launched development of anaerobes, and metabolism based on , because, in our not with a single cell, which could perish along with opinion, prokaryotes else did not exist, because their the offspring, but in mass quantity, that eliminates predecessors - the vesicles with an external depot of accidental. the power-consuming and plastic material else has not "learned" to share. 7. FINAL STAGE OF ABIOGENESIS Further development (complication) of vesicles This stage is characterize not only by the further was going in two main directions: in interacting development of oxygen-free metabolism of first with world of viruses and in interacting with each cells and "active" vesicles, but also and by new other. In a symbiotic information interaction phenomenon - the emergence of photosynthesis. with complicated world of viruses arosed the In the period under review the development of structures which provide for vesicles, firstly, abiogenesis in the aquatic environment inside and greater stability in the turbulent environment, and, outside the vesicles with developed metabolism secondly, formation of energy metabolism, based there were complex compounds that can store on the use free oxygen in the oxidation processes. energy (eg macroergs) and transmit it to other Of course, it is impossible to achieve absolute compounds. Among them were also sensitive stability, so they are after their ruin "shared" by to sunlight, able to garner the energy and use it their content with new vesicles, since the phase of directly for the synthesis, or transmit it to other organics isolation was not over yet. Furthermore, compounds. The atmosphere became more the vesicles may adhere to each other, combining and more transparent that was conducive to their contents. photosynthesis. Formation free energy sources One of the important factors that determined through the use of sunlight is made possible at the further development of the living world a certain stage of cooling the Earth's surface, became the ability to capture other vesicles or including water mediums. Such processes even cells at the formation of large vesicles. proceeded as in open aqueous medium, and Huge biomass of all living organisms of the within the vesicles, so how organics transition planet Earth originated from carbon-containing from the atmosphere into the aqueous medium compounds, and passed, in our opinion, the is not yet ended and was continued the isolation vesicular stage. Therefore, the surface layers of of material of aqueous medium in vesicles by the archaic ocean were filled mostly with vesicles capturing necessary compounds at the closure with such density that such a possibility has been of the lipid membranes. The latter circumstance provided and a very long time. A detailed analysis in the future became a defining moment in the of the separation processes of the developing transformation of such vesicles in predecessors biological material allows us to trace the sequence of proplastids and themselves plastids, in which of formation of all major branches of cells: occur general processes of metabolism. , and fungi, as well as prokaryotes. As An most important consequence of the part of a short article it is impossible to elaborate emergence and rapid accumulation of vesicles, on such material. We note only that this approach

2 ISSUE | VOLUME 6 | 2014 | RENSIT ABIOGENESIS TRANSITION FROM THE 229 THEORY OF EVOLUTION ATMOSPHERE INTO THE HIDROSPHERE... finds its solution is also in the problem of initial collected in these structures on the principle of accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere as minimum free energy of structure. The assembly a consequence of long-term domination of of elements and material, as well as the order of vesicles with energetic metabolism on the base percolation of processes during mitosis eventually of photosynthesis. Grips at its birth by large became performed automatically, and the driving vesicles of archaic cells with "active" vesicles factor, as in the animal cell, became the cytoplasm and without them became the beginning of the acidification. formation of all types of cells. We emphasize that the specified "action" had the planetary 8. CONCLUSION scale, not as a separate act of "creation." Nature Formation of the complex and diverse used the separation in time competing for energy mechanisms of cell activity and its reproduction and materials processes of formation of cellular began in an aqueous medium long before the structures (organelles) and the cells themselves appearance of the first cells in considered of the above types. Precursors of mitochondria by us phase of abiogenesis in processes of and nuclei (perhaps archaic cells) were formed interaction of the viral world with the world of and included in the structure of animal cells at a lipid vesicles having initially anaerobic and, with time when the oxygen pressure does not exceed 2 the development, aerobic external and internal mm Hg. This is evidenced by homeostasis of the energetic metabolism. Leading link, a provider of oxygen level in the cytoplasm of animal cells. In new information, necessary for the evolutionary process of its grows in the aquatic environment, development of the living world were viruses. the predecessors of plastids have began gradually Short lifetime of vesicles due to the ongoing to displace predecessors mitochondria. Period their birth inevitably was accompanied by the from the beginning of this displacing to its seizure with the water of the biological material completion - formation time of the fungal cells. that has provided a new flow of information as a At the final stage is setting a complete domination necessary condition for the growth of of predecessors plastid and are formed plant of viruses and stability for the vesicles. cells by the above scheme. Since the plastides and It is shown that the maximum possible power plant cells have been formed in the last turn, they of groups metabolic processes competing for included the achievements of previous stages macroergs in vesicles was achieved thanks to the of formation of the living world. On the one breeding of these groups in time. Means of this hand, the structural elements of precursors and breeding becam the natural acidification of the the cells themselves and and fungi began internal environment by the synthesis macroergs, more resistant to aggressive environment. Many and the forcible her alkalinization by the their elements and mechanisms of mitotic activity utilization for the needs of cell activity. Cyclical were "borrowed" from animal cells. On the other regimes of vesicles metabolism (and subsequently hand, they could not provide cytokinesis proper cells) were formed by selection of on division of plant cells and fungal cells into two activity of the catalysis of synthesis by higher equivalent parts. Formation of the original values pH, than catalysis of utilisation macroergs. fission mechanisms of these cells was carried out The essential role in the appearance of the cells by the same principles of selection, that and of played selection of compounds by the type of animal cells. With the accumulation in the depot symmetry (chirality) which extremely narrow the of energy-intensive and plastic materials signal is range of compounds that can participate in the forming for the start of its utilization, which is internal metabolism of vesicles. This, in turn, triggered by the achievement of a size sufficient to ensured a successful search by trial and error provision of energy of several cellular divisions. of the respective forms of the compounds and When reaching a certain level of acidification mechanisms in reserved time for the nascent of the cytoplasm the material constriction or cellular world from the beginning of the septum in prokaryotic cell and preprophase band transition of organics from the atmosphere to the and cell plate in the plant cells spontaneously is

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surface of the planet and to completion of this vesicles along with anaerobic cells as part of transition. larger vesicles by the above given scheme, gave At the initial stage of this period developed a start to the formation and development of the anaerobic metabolism of vesicles. The logical plant cells. In these nascent cells there were no conclusion of this development was the emergence conditions for the formation of mitochondria, of the first simplest anaerobic cells without and the plastids were somewhat different from chromosomes and nucleus (prokaryotes) that could the plastid of fungal cell by versatility of their reproduce itself. metabolism. So naturally turned out that many Formation and development in some, else of the basic plant metabolic processes occur in small part of vesicles and cells-anaerobes of plastids and in , these same processes are the metabolism on the base of photosynthesis, in the cytoplasm. provide gradual accumulation in the atmosphere So ended the stage of abiogenesis - gradual of oxygen. This to ensure the formation and complication inorganic substances before the development in vesicles and first cells in addition biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and others.), to anaerobic energetic metabolism, that already which are inherent in the basic properties of living existing, aerobic metabolism, which gave rise to things - metabolism, replication, flow homeostasis the development of simplest (prokaryotic) cells and selection of compounds on the type of aerobes. symmetry, and the emergence of protocells - of One of the important factors that determined descendants of hydrocarbonic aerosol of primary the development of the living world was the the atmosphere and of vesicles of the primary ability to capture by the formation of large ocean. vesicles other vesicles or even cells. To the REFERENCES moment of achievement in an atmosphere of 1. Zaritsky AR, Grachev VI, Vorontsov YuP, oxygen of 2 mm Hg, the captured Pronin VS. Energy Aspects of Abiogenesis "active" vesicles with preserved of the cyclicity in the Atmosphere on Hydrocarbon Aerosol of its aerobic metabolism gradually turned into Nanodroplets. RENSIT, 2013, 5(2):105-125 (in the mitochondria, and cell-anaerobes - into the Russ.). kernels, that can double their genetic material 2. Zaritsky AR, Vorontsov YuP, Pronin VS. during mitosis than was launched start of the Abiogenesis in the atmosphere: archaic formation and evolutionary development of metabolism, combinatorial replication and primary animal cells. viruses. RENSIT, 2014, 6(1):110-123 (in Russ.). With further accumulation of oxygen in the 3. Monin AS. Rannyaya geologicheskaya istoriya Zemli aquatic environment has steadily increased the [Early geological history of the Earth]. Moscow, proportion of vesicles with the metabolism Nedra Publ., 1987, 261 p. based on photosynthesis. Into such vesicles 4. Gomes R, Levison HF, Tsiganis K, Morbidelli inevitably get elements of anaerobic and A. Origin of the Cataclysmic Late Heavy aerobic . The isolation of these Bombardment Period of the Terrestrial Planets. vesicles together with the vesicles-aerobic Nature, 2005, 435(03676):466-469. and anaerobic cells in the composition of a 5. Hoyle F. Mathematics of Evolution. Acorn large vesicles gave rise to the formation and Enterprises LLC, Memphis, Tennessee, 1999, development of fungal cells. Captured vesicles 142 p. transform into plastids and mitochondria, and 6. Oparin AI. The Origin of Life on Earth. NY, cell - into nucleus. Academic Press, 1938. Vesicles with complex metabolism comprising 7. Nelson DL, Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of photosynthesis and utilisation of energy-intensive . WH Freeman, 2012, 1100 p. substrates by aerobic and anaerobic manner, in 8. Zaritsky AR, Pronin VS. Biofizika osnovnykh process of the accumulation of oxygen in the rezhimov kletochnogo metabolizma. aqueous medium is practically superseded all Funktsionalnye rezhimy kletki: sostoyanie pokoya other vesicles. Grips and the inclusion of such

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i aktivnost' [ of cellular metabolism major modes. Functional modes cells: a state of rest and activity]. Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute, 2006, 12:8-18 (in Russ.). 9. Zaritsky AR, Pronin VS. Biofizika osnovnykh rezhimov kletochnogo metabolizma. Rezhim deleniya kletki (mitoz). [Biophysics of cellular metabolism major modes. Mode of cell division (mitosis)]. Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute, 2006, 12:19-27 (in Russ.). 10. Galimov EM. Fenomen zhizni [The phenomenon of life]. Moscow, URSS Publ., 2006, 254 p. 11. Fok MV, Zaritsky AR. Avtoregulyatsiya kak osnova gomeostaza kletok [ as a basis of cell homeostasis]. Moscow, Kosmoinform Publ., 1997, 122 p.

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