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Issue 14 April 2020 ISSN 2052-5273 Special edition: The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration The Marine The magazine of the Biologistmarine biological community Coral restoration in a warming world Mangroves: the roots of the sea A sea turtle haven in central Oceania | Climate emergency: are we heading for a disastrous future? Tropical laboratories in the Atlantic Ocean | Environmental change and evolution of organisms Editorial Welcome to the latest edition of The mechanisms must be put in place for Marine Biologist magazine, in which we implementation. As the decade celebrate the UN Decade on Ecosys- unfolds, we will bring you updates on tem Restoration (2021–2030). This ecosystem restoration efforts. year promises much for nature as the The vision for the UN Decade on UN's Gabriel Grimsditch explains in Ecosystem Restoration includes the The Marine Biological Association The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, his introduction to this special edition phrase: ‘the relationship between Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK on page 15. The first set of targets humans and nature is restored’. Here, I Editor Guy Baker under Sustainable Development Goal think our own imagination has a major [email protected] 14 (the ocean SDG) will be due, and role. We imagine our world into reality, +44 (0)1752 426239 2020 also marks the announcement of but, as Rob Hopkins argues in his book Executive Editor Matt Frost the UN Decade on Ocean Science for From What Is to What If, many aspects [email protected] Sustainable Development. of our developed, industrialized society +44 (0)1752 426343 Marine ecosystems are by their actively erode our imagination, leaving Editorial Board Guy Baker, Gerald Boalch, Kelvin Boot, Matt Frost, Paul Rose. nature less accessible than those on us with impoverished or dystopian Membership Alex Street land, and with much of the ocean visions of what the future holds. [email protected] being global high seas, it is harder to Initiatives such as the UN decade and +44 (0)1752 426347 manage activities than it is for the the Commonwealth Blue Charter can www.mba.ac.uk/membership terrestrial environment, which at least shift our collective ideas of what can ISSN: 2052-5273 falls under national jurisdiction. Direct be, enabling us to envision futures that We welcome submissions of original and restoration interventions are therefore are more equitable, and that work with relevant material, letters and responses to published articles. For guidance, please see limited to coastal and shallow water the grain of nature. Such shifts can be the magazine website or contact the Editor. ecosystems, and in this edition we look powerful drivers for change. Hopkins www.mba.ac.uk/marine-biologist at mangroves, coral reefs, oyster beds, quotes Susan Griffin: ‘let us begin to Views expressed in The Marine Biologist are those seagrass beds, and estuaries through the imagine the world we would like to of the authors and do not necessarily represent lens of ecosystem restoration. The inhabit’. I would love to hear what those of the Marine Biological Association. restoration of remote, open-ocean and your future marine world looks like. Copyright © the Marine Biological polar ecosystems is a task that we must As always, I invite you to send me Association 2020. tackle collectively by agreeing radical your views and comments on the The Marine Biologist is published by reductions in unsustainable use of magazine or on marine life in general. the Marine Biological Association, Registered Charity No. 1155893. resources and emissions of greenhouse If we receive The Association permits single copying of individual gases (see page 10). enough letters articles for private study or research, irrespective The UN can mobilize resources to and emails we of where the copying is done. Multiple copying enhance commitments and actions at can publish of individual articles for teaching purposes is also all scales to restore ecosystems. If we them here—so permitted without specific permission. For copying or reproduction for any other purpose, written are to protect and restore nature by do put pen to permission must be sought from the Association. 2030, clear, communicable, paper and start Access to the magazine is available online; please measurable, and science-based global a conversation! see the Association’s website for further details. targets will be needed and workable We welcome your articles, letters and reviews, and we can advertise events. Please contact us for details or see the magazine website at www.mba.ac.uk/marine-biologist Front cover: Deploying ceramic shapes bearing settled coral as one of many types of www.mba.ac.uk intervention to restore coral reefs. Great Barrier Reef. © Australian Institute of Marine Science / Andrea Severati SECORE. @thembauk Back cover: Trindade Island and Martin Vaz Archipelago © Lucas Nunes. 02 The Marine Biologist | April 2020 Contents Issue 14, April 2020 02 Editorial 04 In brief Research digests 06 Tropical laboratories in the Atlantic Ocean Lucas Nunes and Sergio Floeter 08 How does environmental change influence the development and evolution of organisms? Atsuko Sato 10 Climate emergency: are we heading for a disastrous future? Chris Reid Policy 14 Meeting international obligations and the World Congress of Marine Stations Matt Frost 06 Special Edition: The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 15 Introduction Gabriel Grimsditch 16 The roots of the sea Alfredo Quarto and Ibrahima Thiam 19 Seeking global sweet spots for marine farming Kellyanne Batchelor 21 Restoring native oysters to European seas Alice Lown and Tom Cameron 23 Restoring meadows, marsh and reef Ben Green 24 Tongareva atoll: a sea turtle haven in central Oceania 16 Michael White, Ru Taime, and Marangi Taime 26 Coral restoration in a warming world Ian McLeod and Maxine Newlands Sharing marine science 30 The restorative properties of National Marine Parks Lydia Tivenan 31 Sharing understanding of algae Clare Marshall 32 Come to Essex, bring wellies Michelle Taylor 34 Image from the archive 35 Interview with Dr Gerald Boalch 24 36 And the winners are... MBA student bursary or placement awardee reports Top: Surveying the benthic community of Brazil's oceanic islands. © Sergio Floeter. 37 Reviews Middle: Mangroves and rice growing together, Rufiji delta, Tanzania. © Dominic Wodehouse. Bottom: Masked boobies on Tongareva atoll, South Pacific. Image © Michael White. April 2020 | The Marine Biologist 03 In brief Metal-Organic Framework material is a potent pollutant extractor Researchers in Spain have developed a new material that can soak up pollution from water. The substance can remove microplastics, dyes and other pollutants from water, and could find applications in detecting and monitoring pollution. It is a type of metal- organic framework (MOF), an organic- inorganic hybrid crystalline material with a porous, cage-like structure and an enormous surface area (in the case of some MOFs more than 7,000 square metres per gram). Its magnetic properties allow it to be extracted from water along with adsorbed contaminants. It is chemically stable and easy to clean and reuse. A team of chemists led by Gemma Turnes at Mallorca’s University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) synthesized the substance, and published their results in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. Those hoping for a magic clean-up of our seas may be in for a bit of a wait: Dr Turnes said ‘These are preliminary results and the material has not been tested on real Pillar coral (Dendrogyra cylindrus), a species highly susceptible to stony coral tissue loss samples yet. We are most focused on its disease (SCTLD). Image © Keith Hiscock. use as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction to be applied to monitoring of (Haploblepharus edwardsii)—a species of devastating disease, with infected coral pollutants’. catshark native to cooler waters off South colonies seen across four of six islands. Ocean acidification affects shark Africa—to more acidic water over a period SCTLD causes rapid and extensive tissue of eight weeks caused an average of 25 per damage and loss, and the International denticles cent denticle damage compared to 9 per Coral Reef Initiative reported that ‘SCTLD Increasing ocean acidification could be cent found in the normal seawater control affects over 20 of the 45 species of having corrosive impacts on the denticles of group over the same period. Caribbean reef-building coral species’. shark scales. Shark skin is covered in tiny Shark denticles have a hard coating of In Turks and Caicos, a local NGO has tooth-like scales called dermal denticles calcium phosphate (bio-apatite), and the been given government go-ahead to begin which create minute vortices, reducing laboratory study found that concentrations coral treatment through the administration hydrodynamic drag and enabling sharks to of calcium phosphate were significantly of antibiotics, a process which in itself can swim faster and more quietly, contributing to reduced after exposure to acidic water. This be problematic, but which has been used in their efficiency as predators. denticle damage was found to alter the Florida to minimize the spread of the A recent publication in Scientific Reports swimming behaviour and in turn, the disease within infected colonies. Mote found that exposing puffadder shysharks foraging activity of the sharks. The extent of Marine Laboratory has started its new the impacts of denticle corrosion on shark Florida Keys Coral Disease Response & physiology and behaviour is considered to Restoration Initiative,
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