Glossary of Terms for Thermal Physiology
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Radiant Heating with Infrared
W A T L O W RADIANT HEATING WITH INFRARED A TECHNICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING INFRARED HEATERS Bleed Contents Topic Page The Advantages of Radiant Heat . 1 The Theory of Radiant Heat Transfer . 2 Problem Solving . 14 Controlling Radiant Heaters . 25 Tips On Oven Design . 29 Watlow RAYMAX® Heater Specifications . 34 The purpose of this technical guide is to assist customers in their oven design process, not to put Watlow in the position of designing (and guaranteeing) radiant ovens. The final responsibility for an oven design must remain with the equipment builder. This technical guide will provide you with an understanding of infrared radiant heating theory and application principles. It also contains examples and formulas used in determining specifications for a radiant heating application. To further understand electric heating principles, thermal system dynamics, infrared temperature sensing, temperature control and power control, the following information is also available from Watlow: • Watlow Product Catalog • Watlow Application Guide • Watlow Infrared Technical Guide to Understanding and Applying Infrared Temperature Sensors • Infrared Technical Letter #5-Emissivity Table • Radiant Technical Letter #11-Energy Uniformity of a Radiant Panel © Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company, 1997 The Advantages of Radiant Heat Electric radiant heat has many benefits over the alternative heating methods of conduction and convection: • Non-Contact Heating Radiant heaters have the ability to heat a product without physically contacting it. This can be advantageous when the product must be heated while in motion or when physical contact would contaminate or mar the product’s surface finish. • Fast Response Low thermal inertia of an infrared radiation heating system eliminates the need for long pre-heat cycles. -
Understanding Infrared Light
TEACHER/PARENT ACTIVITY MANUAL Joint Polar Satellite System Understanding Infrared Light This activity educates students about the electromagnetic spectrum, or different forms of light detected by Earth observing satellites. The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS), a collaborative effort between NOAA and NASA, detects various wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum including infrared light to measure the temperature of Earth’s surface, oceans, and atmosphere. The data from these measurements provide the nation with accurate weather forecasts, hurricane warnings, wildfire locations, and much more! Provided is a list of materials that can be purchased to complete several learning activities, including simulating infrared light by constructing homemade infrared goggles. Learning Objectives Next Generation Science Standards (Grades 5–8) Performance Disciplinary Description Expectation Core Ideas 4-PS4-1 PS4.A: • Waves, which are regular patterns of motion, can be made in water Waves and Their Wave Properties by disturbing the surface. When waves move across the surface of Applications in deep water, the water goes up and down in place; there is no net Technologies for motion in the direction of the wave except when the water meets a Information Transfer beach. (Note: This grade band endpoint was moved from K–2.) • Waves of the same type can differ in amplitude (height of the wave) and wavelength (spacing between wave peaks). 4-PS4-2 PS4.B: An object can be seen when light reflected from its surface enters the Waves and Their Electromagnetic eyes. Applications in Radiation Technologies for Information Transfer 4-PS3-2 PS3.B: Light also transfers energy from place to place. -
Revised Glossary for AQA GCSE Biology Student Book
Biology Glossary amino acids small molecules from which proteins are A built abiotic factor physical or non-living conditions amylase a digestive enzyme (carbohydrase) that that affect the distribution of a population in an breaks down starch ecosystem, such as light, temperature, soil pH anaerobic respiration respiration without using absorption the process by which soluble products oxygen of digestion move into the blood from the small intestine antibacterial chemicals chemicals produced by plants as a defence mechanism; the amount abstinence method of contraception whereby the produced will increase if the plant is under attack couple refrains from intercourse, particularly when an egg might be in the oviduct antibiotic e.g. penicillin; medicines that work inside the body to kill bacterial pathogens accommodation ability of the eyes to change focus antibody protein normally present in the body acid rain rain water which is made more acidic by or produced in response to an antigen, which it pollutant gases neutralises, thus producing an immune response active site the place on an enzyme where the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasing substrate molecule binds problem in the twenty-first century whereby active transport in active transport, cells use energy bacteria have evolved to develop resistance against to transport substances through cell membranes antibiotics due to their overuse against a concentration gradient antiretroviral drugs drugs used to treat HIV adaptation features that organisms have to help infections; they -
Light and Illumination
ChapterChapter 3333 -- LightLight andand IlluminationIllumination AAA PowerPointPowerPointPowerPoint PresentationPresentationPresentation bybyby PaulPaulPaul E.E.E. Tippens,Tippens,Tippens, ProfessorProfessorProfessor ofofof PhysicsPhysicsPhysics SouthernSouthernSouthern PolytechnicPolytechnicPolytechnic StateStateState UniversityUniversityUniversity © 2007 Objectives:Objectives: AfterAfter completingcompleting thisthis module,module, youyou shouldshould bebe ableable to:to: •• DefineDefine lightlight,, discussdiscuss itsits properties,properties, andand givegive thethe rangerange ofof wavelengthswavelengths forfor visiblevisible spectrum.spectrum. •• ApplyApply thethe relationshiprelationship betweenbetween frequenciesfrequencies andand wavelengthswavelengths forfor opticaloptical waves.waves. •• DefineDefine andand applyapply thethe conceptsconcepts ofof luminousluminous fluxflux,, luminousluminous intensityintensity,, andand illuminationillumination.. •• SolveSolve problemsproblems similarsimilar toto thosethose presentedpresented inin thisthis module.module. AA BeginningBeginning DefinitionDefinition AllAll objectsobjects areare emittingemitting andand absorbingabsorbing EMEM radiaradia-- tiontion.. ConsiderConsider aa pokerpoker placedplaced inin aa fire.fire. AsAs heatingheating occurs,occurs, thethe 1 emittedemitted EMEM waveswaves havehave 2 higherhigher energyenergy andand 3 eventuallyeventually becomebecome visible.visible. 4 FirstFirst redred .. .. .. thenthen white.white. LightLightLight maymaymay bebebe defineddefineddefined -
Criticalreading #Wickedproblem
#CRITICALREADING #WICKEDPROBLEM We have a “wicked problem” . and that is a fantastic, engaging, exciting place to start. Carolyn V. Williams1 I. INTRODUCTION I became interested in the idea of critical reading—“learning to evaluate, draw inferences, and arrive at conclusions based on evidence” in the text2—when I assumed that my students would show up to law school with this skill . and then, through little fault of their own, they did not. I have not been the only legal scholar noticing this fact. During the 1980s and 90s a few legal scholars conducted research and wrote about law students’ reading skills.3 During the 2000s, a few more scholars wrote about how professors can help develop critical reading skills in law students.4 But it has not been until the past few years or so that legal scholars have begun to shine a light on just how deep the problem of law students’ critical reading skills 1 Professor Williams is an Associate Professor of Legal Writing & Assistant Clinical Professor of Law at the University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law. Thank you to Dean Marc Miller for supporting this Article with a summer research grant. Many thanks to the Legal Writing Institute for hosting the 2018 We Write Retreat and the 2018 Writers’ Workshop and to the participants at each for their comments and support of this project. A heartfelt thank you to Mary Beth Beazley, Kenneth Dean Chestek, and Melissa Henke for graciously providing comments on prior drafts of this Article. Thank you to my oldest Generation Z child for demonstrating independence and the desire to fix broken systems so that I know my solution is possible. -
Fish Technology Glossary
Glossary of Fish Technology Terms A Selection of Terms Compiled by Kevin J. Whittle and Peter Howgate Prepared under contract to the Fisheries Industries Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 6 December 2000 Last updated: February 2002 Kevin J. Whittle 1 GLOSSARY OF FISH TECHNOLOGY TERMS [Words highlighted in bold in the text of an entry refer to another entry. Words in parenthesis are alternatives.] Abnormalities Attributes of the fish that are not found in the great majority of that kind of fish. For example: atypical shapes; overall or patchy discolorations of skin or of fillet; diseased conditions; atypical odours or flavours. Generally, the term should be used for peculiarities present in the fish at the time of capture or harvesting, or developing very soon after; peculiarities arising during processing should be considered as defects. Acetic acid Formal chemical name, ethanoic acid. An organic acid of formula CH3.COOH. It is the main component, 3-6%, other than water, of vinegar. Used in fish technology in preparation of marinades. Acid curing See Marinating Actomyosin A combination of the two main proteins, actin and myosin, present in all muscle tissues. Additive A chemical added to a food to affect its properties. Objectives of including additives in a product include: increased stability during storage; inhibition of growth of microorganisms or production of microbial toxins; prevention or reduction of formation of off-flavours; improved sensory properties, particularly colours and appearance, affecting acceptability to the consumer; improved properties related to preparation and processing of food, for example, ability to create stable foams or emulsions, or to stabilise or thicken sauces. -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Transport Phenomena: Mass Transfer
Transport Phenomena Mass Transfer (1 Credit Hour) μ α k ν DAB Ui Uo UD h h Pr f Gr Re Le i o Nu Sh Pe Sc kc Kc d Δ ρ Σ Π ∂ ∫ Dr. Muhammad Rashid Usman Associate professor Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore. Jul-2016 The Text Book Please read through. Bird, R.B. Stewart, W.E. and Lightfoot, E.N. (2002). Transport Phenomena. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Singapore. 2 Transfer processes For a transfer or rate process Rate of a quantity driving force Rate of a quantity area for the flow of the quantity 1 Rate of a quantity Area driving force resistance Rate of a quantity conductance Area driving force Flux of a quantity conductance driving force Conductance is a transport property. Compare the above equations with Ohm’s law of electrical 3 conductance Transfer processes change in the quanity Rate of a quantity change in time rate of the quantity Flux of a quantity area for flow of the quantity change in the quanity Gradient of a quantity change in distance 4 Transfer processes In chemical engineering, we study three transfer processes (rate processes), namely •Momentum transfer or Fluid flow •Heat transfer •Mass transfer The study of these three processes is called as transport phenomena. 5 Transfer processes Transfer processes are either: • Molecular (rate of transfer is only a function of molecular activity), or • Convective (rate of transfer is mainly due to fluid motion or convective currents) Unlike momentum and mass transfer processes, heat transfer has an added mode of transfer called as radiation heat transfer. -
Δtb = M × Kb, Δtf = M × Kf
8.1HW Colligative Properties.doc Colligative Properties of Solvents Use the Equations given in your notes to solve the Colligative Property Questions. ΔTb = m × Kb, ΔTf = m × Kf Freezing Boiling K K Solvent Formula Point f b Point (°C) (°C/m) (°C/m) (°C) Water H2O 0.000 100.000 1.858 0.521 Acetic acid HC2H3O2 16.60 118.5 3.59 3.08 Benzene C6H6 5.455 80.2 5.065 2.61 Camphor C10H16O 179.5 ... 40 ... Carbon disulfide CS2 ... 46.3 ... 2.40 Cyclohexane C6H12 6.55 80.74 20.0 2.79 Ethanol C2H5OH ... 78.3 ... 1.07 1. Which solvent’s freezing point is depressed the most by the addition of a solute? This is determined by the Freezing Point Depression constant, Kf. The substance with the highest value for Kf will be affected the most. This would be Camphor with a constant of 40. 2. Which solvent’s freezing point is depressed the least by the addition of a solute? By the same logic as above, the substance with the lowest value for Kf will be affected the least. This is water. Certainly the case could be made that Carbon disulfide and Ethanol are affected the least as they do not have a constant. 3. Which solvent’s boiling point is elevated the least by the addition of a solute? Water 4. Which solvent’s boiling point is elevated the most by the addition of a solute? Acetic Acid 5. How does Kf relate to Kb? Kf > Kb (fill in the blank) The freezing point constant is always greater. -
Network Biology. Applications in Medicine and Biotechnology [Verkkobiologia
Dissertation VTT PUBLICATIONS 774 Erno Lindfors Network Biology Applications in medicine and biotechnology VTT PUBLICATIONS 774 Network Biology Applications in medicine and biotechnology Erno Lindfors Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science Doctoral dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology to be presented with due permission of the Aalto Doctoral Programme in Science, The Aalto University School of Science and Technology, for public examination and debate in Auditorium Y124 at Aalto University (E-hall, Otakaari 1, Espoo, Finland) on the 4th of November, 2011 at 12 noon. ISBN 978-951-38-7758-3 (soft back ed.) ISSN 1235-0621 (soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-7759-0 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) ISSN 1455-0849 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) Copyright © VTT 2011 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER VTT, Vuorimiehentie 5, PL 1000, 02044 VTT puh. vaihde 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 4374 VTT, Bergsmansvägen 5, PB 1000, 02044 VTT tel. växel 020 722 111, fax 020 722 4374 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland phone internat. +358 20 722 111, fax + 358 20 722 4374 Technical editing Marika Leppilahti Kopijyvä Oy, Kuopio 2011 Erno Lindfors. Network Biology. Applications in medicine and biotechnology [Verkkobiologia. Lääke- tieteellisiä ja bioteknisiä sovelluksia]. Espoo 2011. VTT Publications 774. 81 p. + app. 100 p. Keywords network biology, s ystems b iology, biological d ata visualization, t ype 1 di abetes, oxida- tive stress, graph theory, network topology, ubiquitous complex network properties Abstract The concept of systems biology emerged over the last decade in order to address advances in experimental techniques. -
Useful Constants
Appendix A Useful Constants A.1 Physical Constants Table A.1 Physical constants in SI units Symbol Constant Value c Speed of light 2.997925 × 108 m/s −19 e Elementary charge 1.602191 × 10 C −12 2 2 3 ε0 Permittivity 8.854 × 10 C s / kgm −7 2 μ0 Permeability 4π × 10 kgm/C −27 mH Atomic mass unit 1.660531 × 10 kg −31 me Electron mass 9.109558 × 10 kg −27 mp Proton mass 1.672614 × 10 kg −27 mn Neutron mass 1.674920 × 10 kg h Planck constant 6.626196 × 10−34 Js h¯ Planck constant 1.054591 × 10−34 Js R Gas constant 8.314510 × 103 J/(kgK) −23 k Boltzmann constant 1.380622 × 10 J/K −8 2 4 σ Stefan–Boltzmann constant 5.66961 × 10 W/ m K G Gravitational constant 6.6732 × 10−11 m3/ kgs2 M. Benacquista, An Introduction to the Evolution of Single and Binary Stars, 223 Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9991-7, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 224 A Useful Constants Table A.2 Useful combinations and alternate units Symbol Constant Value 2 mHc Atomic mass unit 931.50MeV 2 mec Electron rest mass energy 511.00keV 2 mpc Proton rest mass energy 938.28MeV 2 mnc Neutron rest mass energy 939.57MeV h Planck constant 4.136 × 10−15 eVs h¯ Planck constant 6.582 × 10−16 eVs k Boltzmann constant 8.617 × 10−5 eV/K hc 1,240eVnm hc¯ 197.3eVnm 2 e /(4πε0) 1.440eVnm A.2 Astronomical Constants Table A.3 Astronomical units Symbol Constant Value AU Astronomical unit 1.4959787066 × 1011 m ly Light year 9.460730472 × 1015 m pc Parsec 2.0624806 × 105 AU 3.2615638ly 3.0856776 × 1016 m d Sidereal day 23h 56m 04.0905309s 8.61640905309