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Austropotamobius Pallipes THÈSE Pour l'obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs (Poitiers) Institut de chimie des milieux et matériaux de Poitiers - IC2MP (Diplôme National - Arrêté du 7 août 2006) École doctorale : Sciences pour l'environnement - Gay Lussac Secteur de recherche : Chimie et microbiologie de l'eau Présentée par : Joëlle Jandry Proposition d'indicateurs de la qualité du milieu pour la préservation et la réintroduction d'Austropotamobius pallipes : éphémères et matière organique Directeur(s) de Thèse : Frédéric Grandjean, Jérôme Labanowski Soutenue le 14 décembre 2012 devant le jury Jury : Président Naim Ouaini Professeur, Université Saint Esprit de Kaslik, Liban Rapporteur Julian D. Reynolds Professor, University of Dublin, Ireland Rapporteur Stéphane Mounier Professeur des Universités, Université de Toulon Membre Frédéric Grandjean Professeur des Universités, Université de Poitiers Membre Jérôme Labanowski Chargé de recherche CNRS, Université de Poitiers Membre Claude Daou Maître de conférences, Université Saint Esprit de Kaslik, Liban Pour citer cette thèse : Joëlle Jandry. Proposition d'indicateurs de la qualité du milieu pour la préservation et la réintroduction d'Austropotamobius pallipes : éphémères et matière organique [En ligne]. Thèse Chimie et microbiologie de l'eau. Poitiers : Université de Poitiers, 2012. Disponible sur Internet <http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr> THESE Pour l’obtention du Grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS (ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE d’INGENIEURS de POITIERS) (Diplôme National - Arrêté du 7 août 2006) Ecole Doctorale : Sciences pour l'environnement GAY LUSSAC ED n°523 Secteur de Recherche : CHIMIE ET MICROBIOLOGIE DE L'EAU Présentée par Joëlle JANDRY Maitre ès sciences ************************ Directeurs de thèse : M. Parinet Bernard & M. Grandjean Frédéric Co-directeur de thèse : M. Labanowski Jérôme Proposition d’indicateurs de la qualité du milieu pour la préservation et la réintroduction d’Austropotamobius pallipes : Ephémères et Matière Organique ************************ Soutenance prévue le 14 décembre 2012, devant la Commission d’Examen ************************ JURY Rapporteurs : M. Reynolds Julian, Professeur, Université de Dublin (Irlande) M. Mounier Stéphane, Professeur, Université du Sud-Toulon Var Examinateurs : M. Ouaini Naim, Professeur, Université USEK (Liban) Mme Daou Claude, Maître de Conférences, Université USEK (Liban) Directeurs de Thèse : M. Grandjean Frédéric, Professeur, Université de Poitiers M. Labanowski Jérôme, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Université de Poitiers Résumé L’Ecrevisse à pattes blanches ou Austropotamobius pallipes est un des organismes sentinelles des rivières françaises dont le déclin accompagne la dégradation progressive des masses d’eau superficielle. Les programmes de repeuplement pour la conservation de l’espèce s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la restauration écologique et de la surveillance de la bonne qualité des milieux. Pour leur réussite, il est nécessaire de pouvoir évaluer le potentiel d’un site à être repeupler. En ce sens, le présent travail a proposé l’emploi des éphéméroptères et de la matière organique comme indicateurs. L’étude a été menée sur des ruisseaux de têtes de bassin des Deux-Sèvres qui constituent encore des sites à A. pallipes. La présence de certaines familles d’éphéméroptères (Leptophlebiidae) est corrélée avec la présence de cette écrevisse. Ces indicateurs biologiques ont prouvé leur efficacité dans le cadre de campagne de repeuplements réussis.Les propriétés de fluorescence de la matière organique expriment le fonctionnement des milieux et par extension leur qualité. Un modèle statistique bâti sur ces propriétés permet également de prédire la probabilité de présence ou d’absence d’A. pallipes pour un site donné. Les deux indicateurs proposés dans ce travail ont montré leur potentiel pour servir d’outil à la réintroduction de cette espèce. Mots clés : Qualité de l’eau, Bioindicateurs, Austopotamobius pallipes, Leptophlebiidae, Matière Organique. Abstract White-clawed crayfish (Austopotamobius pallipes) is a sentinel organism in French rivers. Its decline follows the progressive degradation of the masses of water surfaces. Restocking programs for the conservation of this species take place in the frame of ecological restoring and monitoring of good environment quality. For their success, it is necessary to evaluate the potential of a site to be repopulated. In this sense, the present work proposes the use of Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae) and Organic Matter as indicators. This study was conducted in headwater streams of the Deux-Sèvres region (France), which are suitable sites for A. pallipes. The presence of certain species of mayflies is correlated with the presence of this white-clawed crayfish. This biological indicator had proven its efficiency under a succeeded restocking campaign. The fluorescence properties of the Organic Matter express the functionning of the sites and by expansion their quality. A statistical model built on these properties also allows to predict the probability of a site for the presence or absence of A. pallipes. Two indicators proposed in this work have shown their potential to serve as a tool for the reintroduction of this species. Keywords: Water Quality, Bioindicators, Austopotamobius pallipes, Leptophlebiidae, Organic Matter. SOMMAIRE Introduction 1 Chapitre 1 : Étude Bibliographique 4 Chapitre 2 : Matériel et Méthodes 46 Chapitre 3 : Use of Ephemeroptera as bioindicators of the occurrence of white-clawed 62 crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes). Chapitre 4 : The relationship between Ephemeroptera and presence of the white- 69 clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes). Case study in the Poitou- Charentes region (France). Chapitre 5 : Validation of ephemeroptera communities as bioindicator of white- 88 clawed crayfish by restocking attempts. Chapitre 6 : Pertinence des propriétés de fluorescence de la MOD comme indicateur 98 environnemental de la présence/absence d’A. pallipes. Conclusion 128 Liste des Figures Chapitre 1 : Étude Bibliographique 4 Figure 1. Schématisation des principaux groupes d’organismes rencontrés dans les milieux aquatiques 6 Figure 2. Les différents compartiments de l’interface planétaire 7 Figure 3. Devenir des contaminants dans le milieu aquatique 12 Figure 4. Système d’Evaluation de la Qualité des cours d’eau (SEQ) 15 Figure 5. Diagramme illustrant les différentes approches liées à l’évaluation de la qualité 26 environnementale Figure 6. Clé générale d’identification des macroinvertébrés benthiques 30 Figure 7. Représentation de deux espèces des éphéméroptères ; la F. Beatidea en vue dorsale (a) et en 34 vue latérale (b) et la F. Leptophlebiidea 1 en vue dorsale (c) Chapitre 2 : Matériel et Méthodes 46 Chapitre 3 : Use of Ephemeroptera as bioindicators of the 62 occurrence of white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes). Figure 1. Location of the 36 brooks in Poitou–Charentes region (France). The sites with and without A. 63 pallipes are figured out by blue and red circles, respectively. Chapitre 4 : The relationship between Ephemeroptera and 69 presence of the white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes). Case study in the Poitou-Charentes region (France). Figure 1. Location of the seven studied streams in the Deux-Sèvres Departement (France). The sites 72 with and without A. pallipes are figured out by black and grey circles, respectively Figure 2. Mean values (± standard deviations) of TOC (Total Organic Carbon) concentrations measured 77 at each site between November 2002 and April 2004 Figure 3. Mean values (± standard deviations) of TSS (Total Suspended Solids) concentrations 78 measured at each site between November 2002 and April 2004 Figure 4. Biplot of taxa scores and environmental variable vectors for CCA Axes 1 and 2 from the CCA 79 ordination of benthic ephemeropteran communities in the 14 sites Chapitre 5 : Validation of ephemeroptera communities as 88 bioindicator of white-clawed crayfish by restocking attempts. Chapitre 6 : Pertinence des propriétés de fluorescence de la 98 MOD comme indicateur environnemental de la présence/absence d’A. pallipes. Figure 1. Localisation des sept études ruisseaux dans le département des Deux-Sèvres (France) 101 Figure 2. Matrice d’excitation-émission de fluorescence de trois échantillons prélevés dans la Viette : au 105 niveau du point aval (Vi2) en été ; au niveau du point amont (Vi1) en été et en hiver Figure 3. Valeurs des indices HIX et FIX pour les sept sites étudiés pendant les 11 mois d’étude. 106 Figure 4. Projection dans le plan principal de l’ACP des variables (données de mars, avril, mai, juin, 108 juillet, septembre et octobre) Figure 5. Projection dans le plan principal de l’ACP des variables (données de novembre, décembre, 109 janvier et février) Figure 6. Projection des données des sites étudiés sur les plans principaux des ACP de Mars à Octobre 110 (a) et de Novembre à Février (b). En rond rouge sont représentés les sites sans écrevisse et en triangle vert les sites avec écrevisses. Figure 7. Liste des quatre composantes ou fluorophores extraits par calcul PARAFAC 111 Figure 8. Projection dans le plan principal des variables (a) et des échantillons des sites étudiés (b) après 112 ACP sur les 4 composantes extraites des MEEF par PARAFAC Figure 9. Représentation dans le plan principal de l’ACP des échantillons des sites du Gâtineau (amont 113 et aval) et de la Verdonnière (amont et aval) Figure 10. Représentation des écarts entre les valeurs
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