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Policy Brief 13 - 2011 Relationships between FBOs, NGOs and FBOs and NGOs engaged in development have the state many similar characteristics but differ in some The relationships between FBOs, between FBOs and important ways, with respect to their mission, NGOs, and between both and government vary. Most of funding sources, organizational characteristics and the FBOs studied are members of umbrella modes of operating. However, these characteristics organizations, but not all of them collaborate with other and the ways in which faith is manifest in their FBOs, especially across faith/denominational activities also depend on the context in which they Religions and Development Research Programme boundaries. NGOs and FBOs may collaborate, for operate. Decisions by donors and policy makers example CSADI works with two Muslim hospitals about whether and how to engage with FBOs must (including the Al-Noury Hospital) to deliver treatment be made on a case-by-case basis, based on an Are FBOs distinctive? Religious and secular NGOs’ and care for PLWAs in Kano and its environs. understanding of individual organizations and their However, FBOs only cooperate with organizations that context. approaches to HIV/AIDS-related work in Nigeria share their values, restricting their choice of partners. NGOs and FBOs both have strengths. For example, In some instances religious and secular organizations the wide reach, legitimacy and moral authority of It is often claimed that faith-based organizations compete with government for scarce resources; in FBOs can make them appropriate partners for (FBOs) have distinctive characteristics and Box 1: FBOs’ supposed government and NGOs. This is especially so in others they collaborate. For example, SWAAN works approaches that give them advantages over non- advantages with the local government in Nassarawa and with other highly religious areas, where traditional leaders are religious NGOs when engaged in development NGOs and FBOs. also religious leaders, and when dealing with activities. An apparent increase in religiosity in They draw on spiritual and moral values religiously sensitive issues. NGOs may have many countries, renewed international interest in They can mobilize religious believers Both Christian FBOs and NGOs find it difficult to work greater expertise and access to international religious organizations and donors’ ongoing search estranged by secular development discourse in largely Muslim Kano State. POD-ECWA responds by funding, but can be more successful in such for more effective ways of delivering development They have a strong organizational structure downplaying its religious identity and concentrating its contexts by working with FBOs and religious programmes mean that it is important to assess that extends to rural areas and are trusted activities in villages with mainly Christian populations leaders. claims about FBOs’ distinctiveness and supposed They are close to the poor and responsive to (the result of earlier conversion efforts). It does not work advantages (see Box 1). This study makes a start their needs with Muslim organizations or NGOs, which in Kano Additional research is needed to develop a thorough by examining two Muslim, two Christian and three They are well-networked nationally, including State are almost all run by Muslims. NGOs working in comparative understanding of FBOs from different secular indigenous NGOs active in HIV/AIDS-related in government, and are much respected this context find that traditional religious leaders (and religious and denominational traditions; whether and activities in Kano and Lagos States in Nigeria. They have good international links Islamic FBOs) can provide them with legitimacy and how faith is manifest in both FBOs and NGOs; the They are less dependent on donor funding access to local communities. Thus the context in nature and outcomes of partnerships between The research examined whether and how FBOs’ than NGOs which an organization works matters and this may FBOs and other organizations; and the outcomes, approaches to development activities are They have capacity and expertise in key affect its performance more than any religious/secular effectiveness and impact of FBO and NGO distinctive, by comparing them with NGOs development areas. difference. programmes. Involving the organizations concerned engaged in similar activities in the same local can provide them with improved evidence on the contexts. It aimed to Conclusions and implications for outcomes of their activities and encourage them to understand the history of FBO and NGO The study focused on act on the findings. operations in selected States and Local Kano and Lagos States, the former a largely Muslim policy and practice Government Areas (LGAs), and to examine state with an Islamic government that has recently their relationships with each other and adopted Shari’a law and the latter a religiously A standardized preference for NGOs, based on their government assumed advantages over governments, has led to mixed state in the south compare the development aims, values, the emergence of many less than ideal types of programmes related to HIV/AIDS, because (a) there activities and organizational characteristics of NGOs, donor dependence and a lack of local has been much international funding for such FBOs and NGOs accountability. Religious organizations should be activities and (b) it is likely that religious and assess the perceived performance, outcomes aware of this history in their quest for additional secular organizations adopt different approaches. and effects of FBO and NGO activities. funding. well-established and reputable organizations, so that comparisons would not be undermined by Focus group discussion about POD-ECWA’s work ineffective performance or allegations of malpractice (photo by Comfort Davis) and corruption. Policy Brief 13 - 2011 Case studies of FBOs and NGOs engaged in HIV/AIDS-related activities in Nigeria indicate that Donors’ and policy makers’ decisions about whether and how to engage with FBOs This document is an Further information output from a project must be made on a case-by-case basis, based on an understanding of individual funded by UK Aid from Davis, C., A. Jegede, R. Leurs, A. Sunmola and U. Ukiwo (2010) Are Faith-Based Organizations organizations and their context – neither a general preference for FBOs nor a standard the UK Department for Distinctive? A Comparative Study of Selected Religious and Secular Non-Governmental approach is appropriate, any more than it is for NGOs. International Organizations in Nigeria, Birmingham: RaD WP 56. Development (DFID) http://www.religionsanddevelopment.org/index.php?section=47 NGOs and FBOs are not necessarily alternative partners for development activities: for the benefit of Odumosu, O., R. Olaniyi and S. Alonge (2009) Mapping the Activities of Faith-based Organizations in joint working may be particularly appropriate in certain religiously sensitive contexts. developing countries. Development in Nigeria. Birmingham: RaD WP 38. The views expressed NACA and UNAIDS (2010) UNGASS Country Progress Report (January 2008 - December 2009). Additional research is needed to thoroughly understand the role played by FBOs and are not necessarily National Agency for the Control of AIDS and UNAIDS. NGOs in development and to assess the effectiveness of their programmes. those of DFID. http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2010/nigeria_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf The study concludes that the FBOs and NGOs studied condom use by the unmarried varies, with religious have many similar characteristics, but also that FBOs Box 2: The case study organizations stressing abstinence and faithfulness. are distinctive in several ways and are perceived to Some foreign funders (especially those with have a number of advantages over secular NGOs. organizations religious affiliations) are willing to accept religious Kano State objections to condom use, enabling some FBOs Background and methodology Nassarawa and Tudun Wada LGAs (both Christian and Muslim) to access international Islam has been established in Nigeria for centuries and NGO: Society for Women and AIDS in Africa funding. (SWAAN) Christianity since colonial times. Both play important NGOs have a predominantly material focus, roles in health, education and welfare provision. The FBO: People Oriented Development of the emphasizing improved physical wellbeing (through numbers and scope of NGOs have expanded more Evangelical Church of West Africa (POD-ECWA) providing treatment and livelihood support), while (Christian) recently, especially in response to poor state service FBOs combine material and spiritual aims. This Focus group discussion about POD-ECWA’s work Tarauni LGA delivery, the effects of structural adjustment policies, influences the content and delivery of their (photo by Comfort Davis) and external funders’ preference for funding NGOs. NGO: Community Support and Development programmes. Most beneficiaries seem to prefer Initiatives (CSADI) These trends have encouraged States and other levels FBOs’ combined material and spiritual focus, which Perceptions of the outcomes and impact of FBO: Al-Noury Specialist Hospital (Muslim) of government to seek partnerships with non-state is seen as being more holistic. HIV/AIDS programmes organizations. Lagos State: Ikorodu LGA NGO: Humanity Family Foundation for Peace All the FBOs studied recruit staff from within their Organizations perceived as committed and reputable were chosen for this study. Unsurprisingly,
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