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Review of the World Monoctonina Mackauer 1961 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): Key for Their Identification and Descriptions of Five New Species

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Review of the World Monoctonina Mackauer 1961 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): Key for Their Identification and Descriptions of Five New Species Zootaxa 4691 (4): 359–385 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4691.4.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:60A8EE89-A815-4FE9-ABE3-635140AE4A6D Review of the world Monoctonina Mackauer 1961 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): key for their identification and descriptions of five new species JELISAVETA ČKRKIĆ1, ANDJELJKO PETROVIĆ1, KORANA KOCIĆ1, NICKOLAS G. KAVALLIERATOS2, PAUL D.N. HEBERT3 & ŽELJKO TOMANOVIĆ1 1Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11885 Athens, Attica, Greece. E-mail: [email protected] 3Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The subtribe Monoctonina has long been overlooked when it comes to morphological studies, probably due to the low economic importance of its members. Mainly distributed in high montane areas and forest ecosystems, species of Monoctonina are not often found in large populations and do not parasitize pests of cultivated plants. Our research uncovered five new species belonging to this subtribe (Monoctonus brachyradius sp. n., M. canadensis sp. n., M. inexpectatus sp. n., M. luteus sp. n., and M. parvipalpus sp. n.). We also redescribe species originally described over a century ago, and discuss the utility of certain morphological characters, as well as status of some species within Monoctonina. Key words: Monoctonus, Falciconus, Harkeria, Monoctonia, morphology, parasitoid wasps Introduction The genera Falciconus Mackauer 1959, Harkeria Cameron 1900, Monoctonia Starý 1962, Monoctonus Haliday 1833, and Quadrictonus Starý & Remaudiere 1982 are traditionally classified in the subtribe Monoctonina Mack- auer 1961 and tribe Trioxini, on the basis of morphology (Mackauer 1961a). The main morphological character used to distinguish members of Monoctonina is the ovipositor shape, which ranges from slightly widened ventrally to distinctly ploughshare shaped, depending on the species. Currently, there are 26 species within the Monoctonina worldwide, with fourteen recorded in Europe. Eleven species are only known from their type material, while two are known only from a few specimens (Table 1). Like other members of the subfamily Aphidiinae, species of Monoctonina are solitary endoparasitoids of aphids. Most species of Monoctonus parasitize aphids from the tribe Macrosiphini (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Aphidi- nae). Exceptions are one Calaphidinae species (Therioaphis riehmi Börner) parasitized by M. gallicus (Starý et al. 1977) and four Aphidini species parasitized by five species of Monoctonus. Species of Monoctonus that parasitize Aphidini aphids also parasitize some Macrosiphini aphids, and host plants are similar ecologically (M. caricis on Si- tobion sp./Triticum sp. and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)/Zea mays; M. mali on Rhopalosiphum insertum Walker/Malus domestica and Pyrus communis and Dysaphis sp./Malus domestica and Pyrus communis; M. campbellianus on Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Phorodon humuli (Schrank) and Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy)/Prunus sp.; M. washingtonensis on Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphis oenotherae Wilson/Epilobium sp. and Diuraphis noxia (Mor- dvilko ex Kurdjumov)/Triticum sp.; M. paulensis usually attacks Sitobion fragariae (Walker) and Amphorophora rubitoxica Knowlton, but it has also been reared from Rhopalosiphum padi) (Van Achterberg 1989; Calvert 1973; Pike et al. 2000; Pike & Starý 1995). Falciconus pseudoplatani parasitizes Drepanosiphinae aphids, while species of Monoctonia parasitize Eriosomatinae aphids, with a clear division between species on Pemphigini (Monoctonia vesicarii, M. japonica) and Fordini (M. pistaciaecola) (Rakhshani et al. 2015; Tomanović et al. 2007a). Accepted by J. Jennings: 15 Oct. 2019; published: 1 Nov. 2019 359 While there have been morphological studies on the Monoctonina (van Achterberg 1989; Starý 1959, 1974; Starý & Smith 1976; Tomanović et al. 2002, 2007a), data are still lacking for some of described species. Here we present a comprehensive morphological study on members of the Monoctonina with a description of five new spe- cies, and an identification key for almost all known species in this subtribe. Some species known only from type material were not available for analysis. In addition to the description of new species, we provide detailed rede- scriptions for species described over a century ago, adding morphological characters now commonly included in descriptions of Aphidiinae. TABLE 1. Currently known species of Monoctonina and their distribution. Species denoted with * are known only from type material; species denoted with ** are known from a small number of specimens. Species Distribution Reference **Harkeria rufa Cameron 1900 Holarctic Cameron 1900 Starý & Smith 1976 van Achterberg 1989 Harkeria angustivalva (Starý 1959) Western Palaearctic Starý 1959 Tomanović et al. 2007 Falciconus pseudoplatani (Marshall 1896) Western Palaearctic van Achterberg 1989 Tomanović et al. 2007 *Monoctonus allisoni Pike & Starý 2003 Nearctic Pike et al. 2003 *Monoctonus campbellianus Pike & Starý 2000 Nearctic Pike et al. 2000 Monoctonus caricis (Haliday 1833) Holarctic van Achterberg 1989 *Monoctonus cerasi (Marshall 1896) Western Palaearctic Marshall 1896 van Achterberg 1989 Monoctonus crepidis (Haliday 1834) Holarctic van Achterberg 1989 Tomanović et al. 2007 *Monoctonus fotedari Bhagat 1981 India Bhagat 1981 *Monoctonus gallicus Starý 1977 Western Palaearctic Starý et al. 1977 *Monoctonus hispanicus Tizado 1992 Western Palaearctic Tizado 1992 Monoctonus ligustri van Achterberg 1989 Western Palaearctic van Achterberg 1989 Tomanović et al. 2007 Monoctonus leclanti Tomanović & Starý 2002 Serbia, Montenegro, Tomanović et al. 2002 Czech Republic Tomanović et al. 2007 Havelka et al. 2014 *Monoctonus longiradius Takada 1966 Far East Takada 1966 Monoctonus mali van Achterberg 1989 Western Palaearctic van Achterberg 1989 Tomanović et al. 2007 Monoctonus nervosus (Haliday 1833) Palaearctic Starý 1974 *Monoctonus pacificus Pike & Starý 2000 Nearctic Pike et al. 2000 Monoctonus paulensis (Ashmead 1902) Nearctic Starý & Smith 1976 *Monoctonus similis Starý & Schlinger 1967 Far East Starý & Schlinger 1967 **Monoctonus tianshanensis Starý 1978 Uzbekistan Starý & González 1978 Starý 1979 *Monoctonus woodwardiae Starý & Schlinger 1967 Far East Starý & Schlinger 1967 Monoctonus washingtonensis Pike & Starý 1995 Nearctic Pike & Starý 1995 Monoctonia japonica Rakhshani & Tomanović 2015 Far East Rakhshani et al. 2015 Monoctonia pistaciaecola Starý 1962 Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Central Rakhshani et al. 2015 Asia Monoctonia vesicarii Tremblay 1991 Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Central Rakhshani et al. 2015 Asia, Central and Western Europe *Quadrictonus luteolus Starý & Remaudiére 1982 Nearctic Starý & Remaudiére 1982 360 · Zootaxa 4691 (4) © 2019 Magnolia Press ČKRKIĆ ET AL. Material and methods Specimens of Monoctonina were collected by Malaise trap or by collecting parasitized aphids at sites across the Holarctic (Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, france, Japan, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, UK (Wales), and USA) during 1995-2017. Plant leaves with parasitized aphids were collected from various host plants and kept in plastic boxes covered in nylon mesh for 3–4 weeks or until parasitoid emergence under laboratory condi- tions (22.5oC, light regime 16L:8D). Emerged parasitoids and host aphids were immersed in 96% ethanol and kept for later examination. Adult parasitoids were dissected and slide-mounted for detailed examination. External mor- phology was studied using a ZEISS Discovery V8 stereomicroscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH, Göttingen, Germany). Measurements are based on slide-mounted specimens and were made using the ImageJ software (Sch- neider et al. 2012), while photographs of specimens were obtained with a Leica DM LS phase contrast microscope (Leica Microsystems GmbH, wetzlar, Germany). Morphological terminology follows Sharkey & wharton (1997). For morphological analysis, 25 characters (8 meristic and 17 morphometric) were measured and examined (Figure 1). Morphometric characters were analysed as ratios (F1 length/width, F2 length/width, F1 length/F2 length, tento- rial index (tentoriocular line/intertentorial line), malar space/longitudinal eye diameter, head width/mesoscutum width, fore wing pterostigma length/width, fore wing pterostigma length/R1 length, petiole length/width, ovipositor sheath length/width). Specimens used in this study are deposited in the collection of Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade (FBUB) and the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nema- todes, Ottawa (CNC). Results Using diagnostic characters on available insect material we revealed five new species which are described below. Description of species Monoctonus brachyradius Čkrkić, Petrović & Tomanović, sp. n. Holotype. female. Canada, Quebec, Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve, Quarry Island, 12 IX 2013, coll. Park staff, Malaise trap. Holotype slide mounted and deposited in CNC. Paratypes. Canada, Quebec, Mingan Archi-
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