Master Thesis Appendices
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Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”
“Was the function of the earliest writing in Egypt utilitarian or ceremonial? Does the surviving evidence reflect the reality?” Article written by Marsia Sfakianou Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom..........................2 How writing began.........................................................................................................4 Scopes of early Egyptian writing...................................................................................6 Ceremonial or utilitarian? ..............................................................................................7 The surviving evidence of early Egyptian writing.........................................................9 Bibliography/ references..............................................................................................23 Links ............................................................................................................................23 Album of web illustrations...........................................................................................24 1 Map of Egypt. Late Predynastic Period-Early Dynastic (Grimal, 1994) Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom (from the appendix of Grimal’s book, 1994, p 389) 4500-3150 BC Predynastic period. 4500-4000 BC Badarian period 4000-3500 BC Naqada I (Amratian) 3500-3300 BC Naqada II (Gerzean A) 3300-3150 BC Naqada III (Gerzean B) 3150-2700 BC Thinite period 3150-2925 BC Dynasty 1 3150-2925 BC Narmer, Menes 3125-3100 BC Aha 3100-3055 BC -
The Iconography of the Princess in the Old Kingdom 119 Vivienne G
THE OLD KINGDOM ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE HELD IN PRAGUE, MAY 31 – JUNE 4, 2004 Miroslav Bárta editor Czech Institute of Egyptology Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague Academia Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague 2006 OOKAApodruhéKAApodruhé sstrtr ii–xii.indd–xii.indd 3 99.3.2007.3.2007 117:18:217:18:21 Contributors Nicole Alexanian, James P. Allen, Susan Allen, Hartwig Altenmüller, Tarek El Awady, Miroslav Bárta, Edith Bernhauer, Edward Brovarski, Vivienne G. Callender, Vassil Dobrev, Laurel Flentye, Rita Freed, Julia Harvey, Salima Ikram, Peter Jánosi, Nozomu Kawai, Jaromír Krejčí, Kamil O. Kuraszkiewicz, Renata Landgráfová, Serena Love, Dušan Magdolen, Peter Der Manuelian, Ian Mathieson, Karol Myśliwiec, Stephen R. Phillips, Gabriele Pieke, Ann Macy Roth, Joanne M. Rowland, Regine Schulz, Yayoi Shirai, Nigel Strudwick, Miroslav Verner, Hana Vymazalová, Sakuji Yoshimura, Christiane Ziegler © Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2006 ISBN 80-200-1465-9 OOKAApodruhéKAApodruhé sstrtr ii–xii.indd–xii.indd 4 99.3.2007.3.2007 117:18:217:18:21 Contents Foreword ix Bibliography xi Tomb and social status. The textual evidence 1 Nicole Alexanian Some aspects of the non-royal afterlife in the Old Kingdom 9 James P. Allen Miniature and model vessels in Ancient Egypt 19 Susan Allen Presenting the nDt-Hr-offerings to the tomb owner 25 Hartwig Altenmüller King Sahura with the precious trees from Punt in a unique scene! 37 Tarek El Awady The Sixth Dynasty tombs in Abusir. Tomb complex of the vizier Qar and his family 45 Miroslav Bárta Die Statuen mit Papyrusrolle im Alten Reich 63 Edith Bernhauer False doors & history: the Sixth Dynasty 71 Edward Brovarski The iconography of the princess in the Old Kingdom 119 Vivienne G. -
Pyramid of Unas : 11 Unas (Unis)(C. 2356
11 : Pyramid of Unas . Unas (Unis)(c. 2356 - 2323 BC) was the last king of the Fifth Dynasty. The pyramid dedicated to this king lies to the south of the Step Pyramid. The Pyramid of Unas (Unis) is in poor condition however, the burial chambers are worth the visit. In this chamber, you will find the earliest Egyptian funerary texts carved into the walls and filled with a blue pigment. These are referred to as the Pyramid Texts. They are the rituals and hymns that were said during the in the walls of the pyramids. burial. Before this time, nothing was engraved The pyramid, when it was complete stood about 62 ft (18.5 m). The core of the pyramid was loose blocks and rubble and the casing was of limestone. Today it looks like a pile of dirt and rubble, especially from the east side. Although the outside of the pyramid is in ruin, the inside is still sound. You may enter the pyramid from the north side. Trying to block the way, are three huge slabs of granite. Once inside the chamber, you will find the Pyramid Texts that were intended to help the pharaoh's soul in the afterworld. They were to help the soul find Re, the sun god. 12 : Pyramid of Pepi II . South Saqqara is completely separate from Saqqara. It is located about 1km south of the pyramid of Sekhemkhet, which is the most southern of all the pyramids in Saqqara. South Saqqara was founded in the 6th Dynasty (2345 - 2181 BC) by the pharaohs. -
Gram Vol. 11 No.2
VOL. 11 NO.2 GRAM Winter 2011 ANCIENT EGYPT RESEARCH ASSOCIATES ISSN 1944-0014 Groundbreaking Archaeology Front … Double-Decker Dorms The galleries of the Lost City of the Pyramids Digging Again may have been covered with great barrel vaults. 2 Here, in this reconstruction, the front wall is Seeds and Skeletons: Training Egypt’s stripped away to show the galleries with lofts nestled under the vaults. The workers relax on Archaeological Scientists two levels. Read inside about how Günter Heindl 4 developed the vault hypothesis. See the back On the Cusp of a New Dynasty 10 cover for a view of the rear of the gallery. 7 http://www.aeraweb.org Season 2011: The Lost City of the Pyramids: The Mystery of Standing Wall Island Digging Again In 2004, at the southern edge of the site, we discovered the “standing wall,” so-called because we found this fieldstone wall rising unusually about five feet above the ruin Last year we took a break from excavation surface. Standing Wall forms the northern end of ES1 and ES2, two large enclosures to devote our time to studies and analysis of stone walls flanked on two sides by deep sand-filled depressions that sink more in our Giza Field Laboratory and to the than three feet below the floor level of the Western Town district immediately to Analysis and Publication Field School the north. The depressions leave the enclosures standing like an island. (see AERAGRAM 11-11). This season we are During the 2004 season we did not find the southern end of the western wall of back in the field again. -
Contents Chronological Table Xii Abbreviations and Symbols Xiv
Contents Chronological Table xii Abbreviations and Symbols xiv Foreword by Antonio Loprieno xxiii Introduction Literary Genres and Literary Styles 3 PART ONE: The Old Kingdom I. Monumental Inscriptions from Private Tombs 15 Inscriptions of Princess Ni-sedjer-kai 15 Inscription of Hetep-her-akhet x6 Inscription of Nefer-seshem-re called Sheshi 17 Stela of Ni-hebsed-Pepi from Naqada 17 The Autobiography of Weni 18 The Autobiography of Harkhuf 23 II. A Royal Decree 28 Charter of King Pepi I for the Chapel of hs mother 28 III. From the Pyramid Texts 29 Unas Pyramid Texts: Utterances 217, 239, 245, 253, 263, 270, 273-274» 304» 3°9> 317 3° Teti Pyramid Texts: Utterances 337, 350, 373, 402, 403, 406,407 40 Pepi I Pyramid Texts: Utterances 432, 440, 442, 446» 454» 486» 517, 573 44 IV. A Theological Treatise 51 "The Memphite Theology" 51 V. Didactic Literature 58 The Instruction of Prince Hardjedef 58 The Instruction Addressed to Kagemni 59 The Instruction of Ptahhotep 61 ix X CONTENTS PART TWO: The Transition to the Middle Kingdom I. Monumental Inscriptions from Private Tombs 83 Stela of Count Indi of Th 84 The Fin Part 0f the Autobiography uî Ankhufi 85 Steia of che Butler Mere of Edfu 87 Stela of the Treasurer İti of Imyotru 88 Stela ot the Stewa d Seneni of Coptu 89 Stela ot the Soldier Qede f om Gebelem 90 Stela of the Treasurer Tjetji 90 iL The Prayers of a Theban King 94 A Stela of King Wahankh Intet II 94 111 The Testament of a Hcracleopolitan King 97 The In t uct o Addre~ ed to K ng Merikare 97 ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? I. -
The Organization of the Pyramid Texts
The Organization of the Pyramid Texts Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 09:57:14AM via free access Probleme der Ägyptologie Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Schenkel Antonio Loprieno und Joachim Friedrich Quack 31. BAND The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/pae Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 09:57:14AM via free access The Organization of the Pyramid Texts Typology and Disposition (Volume One) By Harold M. Hays Leiden • BostoN The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/pae 2012 Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 09:57:14AM via free access The digital edition of this title is published in Open Access. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hays, Harold M. The organization of the pyramid texts : typology and disposition / by Harold M. Hays. v. cm. — (Probleme der Ägyptologie, ISSN 0169-9601 ; 31. Bd.) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21865-9 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-23001-9 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-22749-1 (e-book) — ISBN 978-90-04-23002-6 (v. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-22749-1 (e-book) 1. Pyramid texts. 2. Egyptian literature—History and criticism. I. Title. II. Series: Probleme der Ägyptologie ; 31. Bd. PJ1553.H39 2012 299’.3182—dc23 2012006795 ISSN 0169-9601 ISBN 978 90 04 21865 9 (hardback, set) ISBN 978 90 04 23001 9 (hardback, volume 1) ISBN 978 90 04 23002 6 (hardback, volume 2) ISBN 978 90 04 22749 1 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. -
Cwiek, Andrzej. Relief Decoration in the Royal
Andrzej Ćwiek RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE OLD KINGDOM STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT, SCENE CONTENT AND ICONOGRAPHY PhD THESIS WRITTEN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KAROL MYŚLIWIEC INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY FACULTY OF HISTORY WARSAW UNIVERSITY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would have never appeared without help, support, advice and kindness of many people. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: Professor Karol Myśliwiec, the supervisor of this thesis, for his incredible patience. Professor Zbigniew Szafrański, my first teacher of Egyptian archaeology and subsequently my boss at Deir el-Bahari, colleague and friend. It was his attitude towards science that influenced my decision to become an Egyptologist. Professor Lech Krzyżaniak, who offered to me really enormous possibilities of work in Poznań and helped me to survive during difficult years. It is due to him I have finished my thesis at last; he asked me about it every time he saw me. Professor Dietrich Wildung who encouraged me and kindly opened for me the inventories and photographic archives of the Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, and Dr. Karla Kroeper who enabled my work in Berlin in perfect conditions. Professors and colleagues who offered to me their knowledge, unpublished material, and helped me in various ways. Many scholars contributed to this work, sometimes unconsciously, and I owe to them much, albeit all the mistakes and misinterpretations are certainly by myself. Let me list them in an alphabetical order, pleno titulo: Hartwig -
Charts of Groups of Texts in Kingly Pyramids Notes on All Groups 1
CHARTS OF GROUPS OF TEXTS IN KINGLY PYRAMIDS Notes on All Groups 1) Italic font indicates that the text appears in another pyramid’s rendition of the same group. 2) Bold font indicates that, regarding the tomb owner, the text retains the first person throughout or shows signs of editing away from it in at least one of its exemplars. 3) Underlining indicates that the text also appears in a different group. 4) Lighter highlight indicates a personal text. 5) Darker highlight indicates an unclassified text. 6) Texts which receive no highlighting are sacerdotal. 7) Texts surrounded by an oval are personal services to gods or the dead. 8) f<number> (e.g. f634) indicates a text designated with that number by R.O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Supplement of Hieroglyphic Texts, Oxford 1969. 9) s<number> (e.g. s715B) indicates a text designated with that number by Leclant et al., Les textes de la pyramide de Pépy I er, vol. 1, Cairo 2001. (‘s’ stands for ‘Saqqâra’ of ‘Mission archéologique française de Saqqâra’.) 10) x indicates a lacuna or a fragmentary (and unidentified) text. 11) | indicates an epigraphic division, such as the end of a wall surface or the beginning of a register. 12) A solid box around a series of texts indicates that they represent an instance of a recur- ring series, a sequence or subsequence. 13) When a solid box is followed by a dashed box, it means that the texts in the dashed box continue a recurring series which overlaps the first one. 14) Titulary texts are not represented in the charts. -
“Funerary Boats and Boat Pits of the Old Kingdom.” Abusir and Saqqara In
ARCHIV ORIENTALNf Quarterly Journal of African and Asian Studies Volume 70 Number 3 August 2002 PRAHA ISSN 0044-8699 Archiv orientalni Quarterly Journal of African and Asian Studies Volume 70 (2002) No.3 Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2001 Proceedings of the Symposium (Prague, September 25th-27th, 2001) - Bdited by Filip Coppens, Czech National Centre of Bgyptology Contents Opening Address (LadisZav BareS) . .. 265-266 List of Abbreviations 267-268 Hartwig AZtenmiiller: Funerary Boats and Boat Pits of the Old Kingdom 269-290 The article deals with the problem of boats and boat pits of royal and non-royal provenance. Start- ing from the observation that in the Old Kingdom most of the boats from boat gra ves come in pairs or in a doubling of a pair the boats of the royal domain are compared with the pictorial representa- tions of the private tombs of the Old Kingdom where the boats appear likewise in pairs and in ship convoys. The analysis of the ship scenes of the non-royal tomb complexes of the Old Kingdom leads to the result that the boats represented in the tomb decoration of the Old Kingdom are used during the night and day voyage of the tomb owner. Accordingly the ships in the royal boat graves are considered to be boats used by the king during his day and night journey. MirosZav Barta: Sociology of the Minor Cemeteries during the Old Kingdom. A View from Abusir South 291-300 In this contribution, the Abusir evidence (the Fetekty cemetery from the Late Fifth Dynasty) is used to demonstrate that the notions of unstratified cemeteries for lower rank officials and of female burials from the residential cemeteries is inaccurate. -
Abbreviations
ABBREVIATIONS Aegyptische Inschriften Berlin (1913) Aegyptische Inschriften aus den Königlichen Museen zu Berlin, 1 CT Coffin texts, as edited by de Buck (1935–61) KRI Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions (1975–90) LEM Gardiner, Late-Egyptian Miscellanies (1937) LES Gardiner, Late-Egyptian Stories (1932) N (except as noted below) Name; replaces a name in the Egyptian text Pyramid text paragraph numbers: M Version found in the pyramid of Merienre (Mrj-n-ra) N Version found in the pyramid of Pepi II Neferkare (Nfr-kA-ra) Nt Version found in the pyramid of Queen Neith (Jéquier 1933) Ou Version found in the pyramid of Queen Oudjebten (Jéquier 1928) P Version found in the pyramid of Pepi I (Ppjj) Pyr. § Paragraph number (1–2217) in Sethe’s edition (1908–22), as opposed to the spell numbers (1–714) (PT in Edel 1955/64) T Version found in the pyramid of Teti (&tj) W Version found in the pyramid of Unas (Wnjs) Urkunden 1 Old Kingdom documents (Sethe 1932–33) Urkunden 4 Dynasty 18 documents (Sethe and Helck 1906–58) SYMBOLS Marks the supplement, supplementary class, or contradictory of the class below the stroke. For example, if s is the class of sheep, then s <is the class encompassing anything but sheep; also denoted as 1 – s, or the universe (1) minus (–) sheep (s) * Marks hypothetical or non-attested forms of words or text * in Pyr. § Follows the conventions of Allen 1984 xxi xxii THE OTHER MATHEMATICS [ ] Enclose text that, while completely lost, can be restored with reasonable confidence […] Mark places where text is completely lost and cannot be restored with reasonable confidence 〈〉 Enclose text that, while absent from the original (for example, because the scribe mistakenly omitted it), can be restored { } Enclose text wrongly included in the original that needs to be deleted, for example because the scribe presumably mistakenly wrote it out twice. -
Astronomy, Topography and Dynastic History in the Age of the Pyramids
Astronomy, topography and dynastic history in the Age of the Pyramids. Giulio Magli Faculty of Civil Architecture - Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy It is known since the 19 century that in the layout of the pyramid field of the pharaohs of the 4 th Egyptian dynasty at Giza, a “main axis” exists. Indeed, the south-east corners of these monuments align towards the site of the temple of Heliopolis, which was plainly visible in ancient times. It was later discovered that a similar situation occurs in the main pyramid field of the subsequent dynasty at Abu Sir. Here, the north-west corners of three chronologically successive pyramids again voluntarily align towards Heliopolis. However, the temple was in this case not visible, due to the rock outcrop- today occupied by the Cairo citadel - which blocks the view. In the present paper, a multi-disciplinary approach based on historical, topographical and archaeoastronomical analysis is developed in an attempt at understanding this peculiar feature, which governed from the very beginning the planning of such wonderful monuments. A general pattern actually arises, which appears to have inspired the choice of the sites and the disposition on the ground of almost all the funerary complexes of the kings during the Old Kingdom. 1. Introduction An interesting feature exists in the layouts of the pyramids of Giza and Abu Sir: the presence of a “main axis” directed to the area where the ancient temple of the sun of Heliopolis once stood, on the opposite bank of the Nile. These axes are connected with a process of “solarisation” of the pharaoh which probably started with Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid. -
Egyptian Authorities Unveil Spectacular Images of a Newly Discovered 4,000-Year- Old Tomb—See Them Here
AiA Art News-service Egyptian Authorities Unveil Spectacular Images of a Newly Discovered 4,000-Year- Old Tomb—See Them Here Experts say the tomb could shed light on the life of Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi. Eileen Kinsella & Caroline Goldstein, April 15, 2019 This picture taken on April 13, 2019 shows a view inside the newly-dicovered tomb of the ancient Egyptian nobleman "Khewi" dating back to the 5th dynasty (24942345 BC), at the Saqqara necropolis, about 35 kilometres south of the capital Cairo. (Photo by Mohamed el-Shahed / AFP) (Photo credit should read MOHAMED EL-SHAHED/AFP/Getty Images) It may be more than 4,000 years old, but this newly discovered tomb in Egypt is looking mighty good for its age. Egyptian officials are examining a remarkably well preserved tomb found in a massive necropolis at Saqqara, south of Cairo. Authorities believe it was created for a man named Khuwy, a dignitary from the Fifth Dynasty, which spanned the 25th to the 24th centuries BCE. Egypt’s antiquities minister, Khaled al-Enani, recently provided foreign ambassadors a tour of the find, while the ministry release d new photos and video footage to the public yesterday. According to the ministry, the vivid colors of the paintings inside the tomb are considered royal hues. The findings raise questions about Khuwy’s influence and his relationship to Pharoah Djedkare Isesi, who ruled ancient Egypt during the Fifth Dynasty. Isesi’s pyramid is not far from where the tomb was found, leading some to suggest Khuwy might have been related to Pharoah Isesi.