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Nutritional Disturbances in Crohn's Disease ANTHONY D

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Nutritional Disturbances in Crohn's Disease ANTHONY D Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.59.697.690 on 1 November 1983. Downloaded from Postgraduate Medical Journal (November 1983) 59, 690-697 Nutritional disturbances in Crohn's disease ANTHONY D. HARRIES RICHARD V. HEATLEY* M.A., M.R.C.P. M.D., M.R.C.P. Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiffand *Department ofMedicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF Summary deficiency in the same patient. The most important A wide range of nutritional disturbances may be causes of malnutrition are probably reduced food found in patients with Crohn's disease. As more intake, active inflammation and enteric loss of sophisticated tests become available to measure nutrients (Dawson, 1972). vitamin and trace element deficiencies, so these are being recognized as complications ofCrohn's disease. TABLE 1. Pathogenesis of malnutrition It is important to recognize nutritional deficiencies at an early stage and initiate appropriate treatment. Reduced food intake Anorexia Otherwise many patients, experiencing what can be a Fear of eating from abdominal pain chronic and debilitating illness, may suffer unneces- Active inflammation Mechanisms unknown Protected by copyright. sarily from the consequences of deprivation of vital Enteric loss of nutrients Exudation from intestinal mucosa nutrients. Interrupted entero-hepatic circulation Malabsorption Loss of absorptive surface from disease, resection or by-pass KEY WORDS: growth disturbance, Crohn's disease, anaemia, vitamin deficiency. Stagnant loop syndrome from strictures, fistulae or surgically created blind loops Introduction Miscellaneous Rapid gastrointestinal transit Effects of medical therapy Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condi- Effects of parenteral nutrition tion ofunknown aetiology that may affect any part of without trace element supplements the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. There is no effective cure, and the disease can therefore impose a substantial burden for the patient to bear Weight and on medical, surgical and social resources. A wide http://pmj.bmj.com/ range of nutritional disturbances may be found in In their original description of regional enteritis, patients with Crohn's disease and these can have Crohn, Ginzburg and Oppenheimer (1932) recog- significant effects on the general management of nized that weight loss and emaciation were common patients. Well-nourished patients may become defici- accompaniments of the disease. Several large studies ent in one or more nutrients and remain otherwise in have documented weight loss in 70-80% of patients, good health. However, undernourished individuals and, in some cases, this was substantial (Van Patter et are usually at risk of multiple deficiencies and these al., 1954; Crohn and Yarnis, 1958; Mekhjian et al., shortfalls can complicate and add to the problems 1979). However, most of these studies take on September 27, 2021 by guest. no encountered in clinical practice. account of the patient's weight before the illness, and weight loss in a thin person may be more significant Pathogenesis malnutrition than a similar loss in an obese one. More recently the of emphasis has changed and concentrated on relating The main mechanisms that are responsible for weight and anthropometric measurements of muscle malnutrition in Crohn's disease are in Table 1. These and subcutaneous fat to ideal standards in order to may cause malnutrition either singly or in combina- determine how far patients vary from the norm. tion, and a factor that has a major part in the Harries et al. (1982a) studied 106 unselected, con- production of one nutritional deficiency may only secutive outpatients with Crohn's disease who were play a minor role in the production of another attending a 0astrnintestina1 clinic. Manv natipnte 0032-5473/83/1100-0690 $02.00 X 1983 The Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine Nutritional disturbance in Crohn's disease 691 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.59.697.690 on 1 November 1983. Downloaded from were considerably underweight and had significant Vitamin B,2 reductions in muscle bulk and subcutaneous fat The prevalence of serum compared with a similar number of patients with B,2 deficiency is variable, ulcerative colitis and healthy subjects. About 20% of and a summary of the main published studies is in the Crohn's patients were below 90%o of their ideal Table 2. The high incidence of B,2 deficiency found weight. Lanfranchi et al. (1982) found that 40% of 44 by Meynell and his associates (1957) may have been outpatients with Crohn's disease were below ideal the result of a number offalsely low results occurring weight. Both of these studies were carried out in as a result of the omission of cyanide from the extraction process before the assay. Vitamin B,2 patients who were not acutely ill, and emphasise that malabsorption occurs most commonly after ileal a considerable degree ofundernutrition exists even in resection, and may be unrelated to the length ofsmall this type of patient. bowel removed (Fausa, 1974). It may also occur in patients who have not undergone operation usually Anaemia from disease of the terminal ileum (Dotevall and Anaemia of varying severity may be found in Kock, 1968). Vitamin B,2 malabsorption may be due 50-70% ofcases who are receiving treatment predom- to bacterial overgrowth (Beeken and Kanich, 1973) inantly in hospital (Van Patter et al., 1954; Krause, and rarely Crohn's disease ofthe stomach can cause a Bergman and Norlen, 1971; Dyer et al., 1972; Beeken, true pernicious anaemia with absence of intrinsic 1975). Anaemia can result from deficiency of iron, factor (Kraus and Schneider, 1979). All patients with folic acid or vitamin B,2, or may simply be a Crohn's disease deserve serious consideration for consequence of vitamin B,2 prophylaxis, and cases which develop chronic inflammation. subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord after ileal resection (Best, 1959) should now be events Iron of the past. The prevalence of iron deficiency, as judged by Protected by copyright. hypochromia, red cell indices and serum iron, has Folic acid undoubtedly been overestimated in the past. A low The incidence of low serum and red cell folate serum iron may be found in 50-70% of cases, usually concentrations is in Table 2. The differing incidences in association with a low total iron binding capacity reflect the clinical heterogeneity of Crohn's disease; (TIBC) (Krause et al., 1971; Eade, Cooke and two-thirds of the patients studied by HofTbrand et al. Williams, 1972; Dyer et al., 1972). When the TIBC is (1968) were ill, while two-thirds of the group raised, this invariably reflects true iron deficiency. investigated by Krause et al. (1971) had undergone Bone marrow aspiration reveals absent iron stores in surgical resection with no recurrence, and were 25-40%o of patients, unrelated to the serum iron presumably well. The causes of folate deficiency are concentration (Hoffbrand et al., 1968; Thomson et undoubtedly often multifactorial; anorexia, malab- a!., 1978). This has led some to conclude that the only sorption, disease activity and low grade drug-induced certain way of diagnosing iron deficiency is by bone haemolysis from sulphasalazine are all important marrow aspiration. Recently, the serum ferritin has mechanisms. Elsborg and Larsen (1979) found that been found to reflect reticulo-endothelial storage 67% of patients with low serum and red cell folate http://pmj.bmj.com/ iron, and is closely correlated with the amount of levels had megaloblastic changes on bone marrow stainable iron in the bone marrow (Jacobs and examination, often in the presence ofnormal haemo- Worwood, 1975). Levels of less than 15 ,ug/litre globin concentrations. This suggests that prophylac- always indicate iron deficiency. However, in chronic tic folic acid therapy should be seriously considered inflammatory states, concentrations of 50 ,ug/litre in many patients unless regular, careful monitoring is may be associated with true iron deficiency as a result carried out. of iron shift from the red cell compartment to the storage pool (Worwood, 1980). Thomson et al (1978) on September 27, 2021 by guest. confirmed these findings in patients with inflamma- Vitamin B6 tory bowel disease. Patients who are anaemic with a Serum pyridoxal is the main form in which serum ferritin < 15 ,ig/litre should be treated with vitamin B6 appears in the blood (Kelsay, Baysal and iron supplements. Patients whose serum ferritin is Linkswiler, 1968) and deficiency may cause a sidero- between 15 and 55 ,ug/litre should probably be given blastic anaemia. Dyer (1970) found reduced serum the benefit of the doubt and treated with iron; those pyridoxal levels in patients with Crohn's disease, but with true iron deficiency should show a positive felt that this was a marker of active inflammation response provided the disease is not active, while rather than true vitamin B6 deficiency. Johansson, those with chronic inflammation probably will not Allgen and Hellstrom (1973) found no evidence of change. vitamin B6 deficiency, and there are no reports of 692 A. D. Harries and R. V. Heatley Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.59.697.690 on 1 November 1983. Downloaded from TABLE 2. Incidence of vitamin B,2 and folic acid deficiency in Crohn's disease. Summary of published studies Low B,2 Low serum folate Low red cell folate No./Total No. % No./Total No. % No./Total No. % Meynell et aL. 1957 26/43 60 Dotevall and Kock, 1968 7/30 23 18/29 62 6/29 21 Hoffbrand et al., 1968 3/54 6 52/64 81 7/19 37 Krause, Bergman and Norlen, 1971 37/184 20 12/150 8 7/54 13 Kyle, 1972 2/30 7 10/12 83 Eade, Cooke and Williams, 1972 38/100 38 37/93 40 Dyer et al., 1972 11/68 16 47/66 64 13/37 35 Gerson, Cohen and Janowitz, 1973 6/46 13 8/57 14 Beeken, 1975 7/44 15 Elsborg and Larsen, 1979 0/30 0 16/30 52 8/30 27 The table shows the number and percentage of patients in each study with low serum B,2, and low serum and red cell folate levels.
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