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8 Design of river and canal structures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CIRIA C683 965 8 Design of river and canal structures CHAPTER 8 CONTENTS 8.1 Introduction. 970 8.1.1 Context . 970 8.1.2 Types of structures and functions. 971 8.1.3 Design methodolology. 973 8.1.3.1 Approach to the design . 973 8.1.3.2 Functional requirements . 974 8.1.3.3 Detailed design . 975 8.1.3.4 Economic considerations . 975 8.1.3.5 Environmental and social considerations . 976 8.1.3.6 Physical conditions . 976 8.1.3.7 Materials related considerations. 977 8.1.3.8 Construction related considerations . 979 8.1.3.9 Operation and maintenance related considerations . 980 8.2 River training works . 980 8.2.1 Erosion processes . 980 8.2.2 Types of river training structures . 982 8.2.2.1 Revetments . 983 8.2.2.2 Spur-dikes and hard points . 984 8.2.2.3 Guide banks . 985 8.2.2.4 Works to improve navigation . 986 8.2.2.5 Flood protection . 986 8.2.2.6 Selection of the appropriate solution. 987 8.2.3 Data collection . 988 8.2.4 Determination of the loadings . 988 8.2.4.1 Hydraulic loads. 988 8.2.4.2 Other types of loads . 989 8.2.5 Plan layout . 989 8.2.5.1 General points. 989 8.2.5.2 Bank protection . 990 8.2.5.3 Spur-dikes . 992 8.2.5.4 Longitudinal dikes or guide banks . 993 8.2.6 Cross-section design . 994 8.2.6.1 Design considerations for selection of the cross-section . 994 8.2.6.2 Cross-section design and typical cross-sections . 1000 8.2.7 Structural details . 1004 8.2.7.1 Head and berm of spur-dikes or guide bunds . 1004 8.2.7.2 Crest level and width of spur and longitudinal dikes . 1005 8.2.7.3 Stability of revetment toes . 1005 8.2.7.4 Falling aprons . 1007 8.2.7.5 Flexible open revetment. 1009 8.2.7.6 Transitions. 1013 8.2.8 Materials issues that influence design. 1020 8.2.8.1 Materials availability . 1020 8.2.8.2 Materials supply and transport . 1021 966 CIRIA C683 Contents 8.2.9 Construction issues that influence design . 1022 1 8.2.9.1 Approaches to construction . 1022 8.2.9.2 Construction situations. 1022 8.2.10 Maintenance issues that influence design. 1024 8.2.11 Repair and upgrading. 1025 2 8.3 Navigation and water conveyance canals. 1026 8.3.1 Introduction . 1026 8.3.2 Types of structures and functions. 1026 8.3.2.1 Navigation canals . 1026 8.3.2.2 Water conveyance canals . 1027 3 8.3.3 Plan layout and overall concept . 1027 8.3.4 Cross-section design . 1028 8.3.4.1 General . 1028 8.3.4.2 Navigation canals . 1028 8.3.4.3 Water conveyance canals . 1030 4 8.3.5 Structural details . 1030 8.3.5.1 General . 1030 8.3.5.2 Calculation of ship-induced hydraulic loads . 1031 8.3.5.3 Design of the cover layer against waves. 1034 8.3.5.4 Design of the filter layer. 1035 5 8.3.6 Issues that influence design . 1035 8.3.6.1 Construction issues . 1035 8.3.6.2 Maintenance issues . 1035 8.3.6.3 Repair and upgrading . 1036 6 8.4 Rock works in small rivers . 1036 8.4.1 Types of structure and functions . 1037 8.4.2 Plan layout and overall concept . 1038 8.4.3 Cross-section design . 1039 8.4.3.1 General . 1039 7 8.4.3.2 Forms of revetment using stone. 1041 8.4.3.3 River restoration . 1041 8.4.4 Issues that influence design . 1043 8.4.4.1 Materials aspects . 1043 8.4.4.2 Construction aspects . 1043 8 8.4.4.3 Maintenance aspects . 1045 8.5 Special structures . 1045 8.5.1 General . 1045 8.5.1.1 Water levels . 1045 8.5.1.2 Current velocities . 1046 9 8.5.2 Fishways. ..

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Protection against Wavebased Erosion The guidelines below address the elements of shore structure design common to nearly all erosion control structures subject to direct wave action and run-up. 1. Minimize the extent waterward. Erosion control structures should be designed with the smallest waterward footprint possible. This minimizes the occupation of the lake bottom, limits habitat loss and usually results in a lower cost to construct the project. In the case of stone revetments, the crest width should be only as wide as necessary for a stable structure. In general, the revetment should follow the cross-section of the bluff or dune and be located as close to the bluff or dune as possible. For seawalls, the distance that the structure extends waterward of the upland must be minimized. If the seawall height is appropriately designed to prevent the majority of overtopping, there is no engineering rationale based only on erosion control which justifies extending a seawall out into the water. 2. Minimize the impacts to adjacent properties. The design of the structure must consider the potential for damaging adjacent property. Projects designed to extend waterward of the shore will affect the movement of littoral material, reducing the overall beach forming process which in turn may cause accelerated erosion on adjacent or down-drift properties with less protective beaches. Seawalls, (and to a lesser extent, stone revetments) change the direction (wave reflection) and intensity of wave energy along the shore. Wave reflection can cause an increase in the total energy at the seawall or revetment interface with the water, allowing sand and gravel to remain suspended in the water, which will usually prevent formation of a beach directly fronting the structure.
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Tree Revetments
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APPENDIX L L.1 Principal Mechanism of Sea Dike and Revetment Failure In
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