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Geomorphic Classification of Rivers
9.36 Geomorphic Classification of Rivers JM Buffington, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA DR Montgomery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. 9.36.1 Introduction 730 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification 730 9.36.3 Types of Channel Classification 731 9.36.3.1 Stream Order 731 9.36.3.2 Process Domains 732 9.36.3.3 Channel Pattern 732 9.36.3.4 Channel–Floodplain Interactions 735 9.36.3.5 Bed Material and Mobility 737 9.36.3.6 Channel Units 739 9.36.3.7 Hierarchical Classifications 739 9.36.3.8 Statistical Classifications 745 9.36.4 Use and Compatibility of Channel Classifications 745 9.36.5 The Rise and Fall of Classifications: Why Are Some Channel Classifications More Used Than Others? 747 9.36.6 Future Needs and Directions 753 9.36.6.1 Standardization and Sample Size 753 9.36.6.2 Remote Sensing 754 9.36.7 Conclusion 755 Acknowledgements 756 References 756 Appendix 762 9.36.1 Introduction 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a A basic tenet in geomorphology is that ‘form implies process.’As growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers such, numerous geomorphic classifications have been de- worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and veloped for landscapes (Davis, 1899), hillslopes (Varnes, 1958), Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and and rivers (Section 9.36.3). The form–process paradigm is a Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geo- among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better morphic investigations. -
Drainage-Design-Manual.Pdf
City of El Paso Engineering Department Drainage Design Manual May 2Ol3 City of El Paso-Engineering Department Drainage Design Manual 19. Green Infrostruclure - OPTIONAL 19. Green Infrastructure - OPTIONAL 19.1. Background and Purpose Development and urbanization alter and inhibit the natural hydrologic processes of surface water infiltration, percolation to groundwater, and evapotranspiration. Prior to development, known as predevelopment conditions, up to half of the annual rainfall infiltrates into the native soils. In contrast, after development, known as post-development conditions, developed areas can generate up to four times the amount ofannual runoff and one-third the infiltration rate of natural areas. This change in conditions leads to increased erosion, reduced groundwater recharge, degraded water quality, and diminished stream flow. Traditional engineering approaches to stormwater management typically use concrete detention ponds and channels to convey runoff rapidly from developed surfaces into drainage systems, discharging large volumes of stormwater and pollutants to downstream surface waters, consume land and prevent infiltration. As a result, stormwater runoff from developed land is a significant source of many water quality, stream morphology, and ecological impairments. Reducing the overall imperviousness and using the natural drainage features of a site are important design strategies to maintain or enhance the baseline hydrologic functions of a site after development. This can be achieved by applying sustainable stormwater management (SSWM) practices, which replicate natural hydrologic processes and reduce the disruptive effects of urban development and runoff. SSWM has emerged as an altemative stormwater management approach that is complementary to conventional stormwater management measures. It is based on many ofthe natural processes found in the environment to treat stormwater runoff, balancing the need for engineered systems in urban development with natural features and treatment processes. -
Stream Restoration, a Natural Channel Design
Stream Restoration Prep8AICI by the North Carolina Stream Restonltlon Institute and North Carolina Sea Grant INC STATE UNIVERSITY I North Carolina State University and North Carolina A&T State University commit themselves to positive action to secure equal opportunity regardless of race, color, creed, national origin, religion, sex, age or disability. In addition, the two Universities welcome all persons without regard to sexual orientation. Contents Introduction to Fluvial Processes 1 Stream Assessment and Survey Procedures 2 Rosgen Stream-Classification Systems/ Channel Assessment and Validation Procedures 3 Bankfull Verification and Gage Station Analyses 4 Priority Options for Restoring Incised Streams 5 Reference Reach Survey 6 Design Procedures 7 Structures 8 Vegetation Stabilization and Riparian-Buffer Re-establishment 9 Erosion and Sediment-Control Plan 10 Flood Studies 11 Restoration Evaluation and Monitoring 12 References and Resources 13 Appendices Preface Streams and rivers serve many purposes, including water supply, The authors would like to thank the following people for reviewing wildlife habitat, energy generation, transportation and recreation. the document: A stream is a dynamic, complex system that includes not only Micky Clemmons the active channel but also the floodplain and the vegetation Rockie English, Ph.D. along its edges. A natural stream system remains stable while Chris Estes transporting a wide range of flows and sediment produced in its Angela Jessup, P.E. watershed, maintaining a state of "dynamic equilibrium." When Joseph Mickey changes to the channel, floodplain, vegetation, flow or sediment David Penrose supply significantly affect this equilibrium, the stream may Todd St. John become unstable and start adjusting toward a new equilibrium state. -
Is Hydrology Kinematic?
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. 16, 667–716 (2002) DOI: 10.1002/hyp.306 Is hydrology kinematic? V. P. Singh* Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6405, USA Abstract: A wide range of phenomena, natural as well as man-made, in physical, chemical and biological hydrology exhibit characteristics similar to those of kinematic waves. The question we ask is: can these phenomena be described using the theory of kinematic waves? Since the range of phenomena is wide, another question we ask is: how prevalent are kinematic waves? If they are widely pervasive, does that mean hydrology is kinematic or close to it? This paper addresses these issues, which are perceived to be fundamental to advancing the state-of-the-art of water science and engineering. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS biological hydrology; chemical hydrology; physical hydrology; kinematic wave theory; kinematics; flux laws INTRODUCTION There is a wide range of natural and man-made physical, chemical and biological flow phenomena that exhibit wave characteristics. The term ‘wave’ implies a disturbance travelling upstream, downstream or remaining stationary. We can visualize a water wave propagating where the water itself stays very much where it was before the wave was produced. We witness other waves which travel as well, such as heat waves, pressure waves, sound waves, etc. There is obviously the motion of matter, but there can also be the motion of form and other properties of the matter. The flow phenomena, according to the nature of particles composing them, can be distinguished into two categories: (1) flows of discrete noncoherent particles and (2) flows of continuous coherent particles. -
List 3. Headings That Need to Be Changed from the Machine- Converted Form
LIST 3. HEADINGS THAT NEED TO BE CHANGED FROM THE MACHINE- CONVERTED FORM The data dictionary for the machine conversion of subject headings was prepared in summer 2000 based on the systematic romanization of Wade-Giles terms in existing subject headings identified as eligible for conversion before detailed examination of the headings could take place. When investigation of each heading was subsequently undertaken, it was discovered that some headings needed to be revised to forms that differed from the forms that had been given in the data dictionary. This occurred most frequently when older headings no longer conformed to current policy, or in the case of geographic headings, when conflicts were discovered using current geographic reference sources, for example, the listing of more than one river or mountain by the same name in China. Approximately 14% of the subject headings in the pinyin conversion project were revised differently than their machine- converted forms. To aid in bibliographic file maintenance, the following list of those headings is provided. In subject authority records for the revised headings, Used For references (4XX) coded Anne@ in the $w control subfield for earlier form of heading have been supplied for the data dictionary forms as well as the original forms of the headings. For example, when you see: Chien yao ware/ converted to Jian yao ware/ needs to be manually changed to Jian ware It means: The subject heading Chien yao ware was converted to Jian yao ware by the conversion program; however, that heading now -
River Engineering John Fenton
River Engineering John Fenton Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/222, 1040 Vienna, Austria URL: http://johndfenton.com/ URL: mailto:[email protected] 1. Introduction 1.1 The nature of what we will and will not do – illuminated by some aphorisms and some people “There is nothing so practical as a good theory” – stated in 1951 by Kurt Lewin (D-USA, 1890-1947): this is essentially the guiding principle behind these lectures. We want to solve practical problems, both in professional practice and research, and to do this it is a big help to have a theoretical understanding and a framework. “The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers” – the motto of a 1973 book on numerical methods for practical use by the mathematician Richard Hamming (USA, 1915-1998). That statement has excited the opinions of many people (search any three of the words in the Internet!). However, numbers are often important in engineering, whether for design, control, or other aspects of the practical world. A characteristic of many engineers, however, is that they are often blinded by the numbers, and do not seek the physical understanding that can be a valuable addition to the numbers. In this course we are not going to deal with many numbers. Instead we will deal with the methods by which numbers could be obtained in practice, and will try to obtain insight into those methods. Hence we might paraphrase simply: "The purpose of this course is insight into the behaviour of rivers; with that insight, numbers can be often be obtained more simply and reliably". -
Hydraulic Structures & Hydropower Engineering Module Course Title
Hydraulic Structures & Hydropower Engineering Module Course Title River Engineering Course Code WRIE3151 Program B.Sc in Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering Module name Hydraulic Structures & Hydropower Engineering Module Coordinator Name: . …………………………….. Office location . ……………………….. Mobile: . ………………….; e-mail: ……………………………. Consultation Hours: Instructor Name Name: . …………………………….. Office location . ……………………….. Mobile: . ………………….; e-mail: ……………………………. Consultation Hours: Academic Year Course Information Year: III Semester : II Meeting Day: To be arranged at the beginning of the semester Meeting Time: To be arranged at the beginning of the semester Meeting Location: To be arranged at the beginning of the semester ECTS 5 ECTS Students’ work load Lecture Tutorial Lab Home study in hrs 2 2 0 4 Course objectives To introduce students to the mechanisms of sediment transport and enable them design stable channels and river training works. River characteristics. River Hydraulics. River morphology and regime. Sediment transport: Origin and properties of sediment, initiation of particle motion. Transportation mechanics, Bed load, suspended load, wash load and total load Course Description transport. Alluvial roughness. Calculation of sediment transport. Local scours near structures. River training and flood control. Erosion protection and discharge control. River flow forecasting. Hydraulics of bridges, culverts and aqueducts. Sediment transport: bed load sampler: trap sampling, bed form tracking; suspended load sampler: classification of samplers, instruments for concentration, point- integrating measurements (bottle and trap samplers, pump-samplers, optical and acoustical sampling methods), instruments for discharge, point integrating measurements, instruments for concentration, depth-integrating measurement. Pre-requisite Open Channel Hydraulics Course status Core Schedule/syllabus Week Topics Required Text 1. Introduction (Lec=5hrs, Tut=5hrs) Lelaviasky, S., (1965). River 1.1 River characteristics and Canal Hydraulics, Vol. -
Impact of Changes in Land Use and Climate on the Runoff in Dawen River Basin Based on SWAT Model - 2849
Zhao et al.: Impact of changes in land use and climate on the runoff in Dawen River Basin based on SWAT model - 2849 - IMPACT OF CHANGES IN LAND USE AND CLIMATE ON THE RUNOFF BASED ON SWAT MODEL IN DAWEN RIVER BASIN, CHINA ZHAO, Q.* – GAO, Q. – ZOU, C. H. – YAO, T. – LI, X. M. School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, China (phone: +86-135-8910-8827) *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]; phone: +86-135-8910-8827 (Received 8th Oct 2018; accepted 25th Jan 2019) Abstract. A distributed hydrological model (SWAT), which is widely used both domestically and internationally, was selected to quantitatively analyze the impact of land use and climate change on runoff in this paper in Dawen River Basin, China. The calibration and validation results obtained at Daicunba and Laiwu hydrological stations yield R2 values of 0.83 and 0.80 and 0.73 and 0.69 and the Ens values of 0.79 and 0.76 and 0.71 and 0.72, respectively. Taking 1980-1990 as the reference period, the annual runoff increased by 288 million m3, which was caused by changes in the land use of basin from 1991 to 2004, whereas the annual runoff decreased by 132 million m3 due to climate change. Land use changed from 2005 to 2015, which resulted in an increase in annual runoff of 13 million m3, and annual changes in climate caused a decrease in annual runoff of 61 million m3. An extreme land use scenario simulation analysis shows that, compared to the current land use simulation in 2000, the runoff of cultivated land scenarios and forest land scenarios was reduced by 38.3% and 19.8%, respectively, and the runoff of grassland scenarios increased by 4.3%. -
River and Environmental Processes in the Wetland Restoration of the Morava River
Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 50, © 2001 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 River and environmental processes in the wetland restoration of the Morava river K. ~olubova'8: M. J. ~isickJ '~~drologyDepartment, Water Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia 2~~~~~~o~l~gyand Monitoring Department, Institute of Zoology SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia Abstract fiver engineering works and other man-induced changes may adversely affect natural character of the river system. In many cases they have caused major morphological and ecological instability problems which can seriously impair the conservation and amenity value of the riverine environment. The results of two projects focused at the restoration of the Morava wetland ecosystem are presented in this paper. Impact of the river regulation is analysed on the basis of defined river processes and ecology evaluation. Monitoring of biotic and abiotic changes provided background information for evaluation of efficiency of the former meander's restoration. As implemented restoration measures were not so effective as it was expected some alternatives of improvements are discussed with regard to the results of field observations, numerical and physical modeling. An optimal solution to protect the oxbow system against successive degradation and restore some extinct river functions is presented. 1 Introduction The Morava river is one of the largest Danube tributaries. The lower part of the Morava basin creates a natural wetland ecosystem with valuable floodplain landscape, which is unique in Central Europe. lkspart of the river floodplain is bordered by the Dyje river, which is the main tributary of the Morava river and by confluence with the Danube river. -
Sediment Pumping by Tidal Asymmetry in a Partially Mixed Estuary
W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles 2007 Sediment pumping by tidal asymmetry in a partially mixed estuary Malcolm Scully Carl T. Friedrichs Virginia Institute of Marine Science, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Scully, Malcolm and Friedrichs, Carl T., "Sediment pumping by tidal asymmetry in a partially mixed estuary" (2007). VIMS Articles. 276. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/276 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, C07028, doi:10.1029/2006JC003784, 2007 Sediment pumping by tidal asymmetry in a partially mixed estuary Malcolm E. Scully1 and Carl T. Friedrichs2 Received 28 June 2006; revised 22 February 2007; accepted 11 April 2007; published 28 July 2007. [1] Observations collected at two laterally adjacent locations are used to examine the processes driving sediment transport in the partially mixed York River Estuary. Estimates of sediment flux are decomposed into advective and pumping components, to evaluate the importance of tidal asymmetries in turbulent mixing. At the instrumented location in the estuarine channel, a strong asymmetry in internal mixing due to tidal straining is documented, with higher values of eddy viscosity occurring during the less-stratified flood tide. As a result of this asymmetry, more sediment is resuspended during the flood phase of the tide resulting in up-estuary pumping of sediment despite a net down-estuary advective flux. -
Distribution and Fate of Halogenated Flame Retardants (Hfrs)
Science of the Total Environment 621 (2018) 1370–1377 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv From headwaters to estuary: Distribution and fate of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in a river basin near the largest HFR manufacturing base in China Xiaomei Zhen a,b,c, Jianhui Tang a,⁎, Lin Liu a,c, Xinming Wang b,YananLia,c, Zhiyong Xie d a Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China b State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China d Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht 21502,Germany HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were investigated in a river near the largest manufacturing base in Asia. • Dechlorane plus and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the dominant compounds in water samples. • DBDPE was the predominant compound in the sediment samples • Point sources, atmospheric deposition and land runoff are the major sources for HFRs in River. • Estuarine maximum turbidity zone (MTZ) plays important roles on the dis- tributions of HFRs in estuary. article info abstract Article history: With the gradual phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), market demands for alternative halo- Received 13 August 2017 genated flame retardants (HFRs) are increasing. The Laizhou Bay area is the biggest manufacturing base for bro- Received in revised form 7 October 2017 minated flame retardants (BFRs) in China, and the Xiaoqing River is the largest and most heavily contaminated Accepted 10 October 2017 river in this region. -
Guidance for Stream Restoration and Rehabilitation
United States Department of Agriculture Guidance for Stream Restoration and Rehabilitation Steven E. Yochum Forest National Stream & Technical Note Service Aquatic Ecology Center TN-102.2 May 2016 Yochum, Steven E. 2016. Guidance for Stream Restoration and Rehabilitation. Technical Note TN-102.2. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Stream & Aquatic Ecology Center Cover Photos: Top-right: Illinois River, North Park, Colorado. Photo by Steven Yochum Bottom-left: Whychus Creek, Oregon. Photo by Paul Powers ABSTRACT A great deal of effort has been devoted to developing guidance for stream restoration and rehabilitation. The available resources are diverse, reflecting the wide ranging approaches used and expertise required to develop stream restoration projects. To help practitioners sort through all of this information, a technical note has been developed to provide a guide to the wealth of information available. The document structure is primarily a series of short literature reviews followed by a hyperlinked reference list for the reader to find more information on each topic. The primary topics incorporated into this guidance include general methods, an overview of stream processes and restoration, case studies, and methods for data compilation, preliminary assessments, and field data collection. Analysis methods and tools, and planning and design guidance for specific restoration features, are also provided. This technical note is a bibliographic repository of information available to assist professionals with the process of planning, analyzing, and designing stream restoration and rehabilitation projects. U.S. Forest Service NSAEC TN-102.2 Fort Collins, Colorado Guidance for Stream Restoration & Rehabilitation i of v May 2016 ADVISORY NOTE Techniques and approaches contained in this handbook are not all-inclusive, nor universally applicable.