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Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Richard S. Juvet, Jr. Department of Chemistry. Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. 8528 7 Stuart P. Cram Analytical Chemistry Division, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234 This review surveys developments in the field of gas pers in this symposium may also be found in the April, chromatography since publication of the last review in May, and June 1973 issues of Analytical Chemistry. A this series (178) and covers the years 1972-73. Gas chro- Russian Advances in Chromatography series includes re- matography continues to be one of the most active areas views on selectivity in adsorption chromatography (482), in analytical chemistry. In the 1973 Directory of Member- trace analysis (442), zeolites in gas adsorption chromatog- ship of the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry (356), raphy (@I), preparative GC (847), and the analysis of those listing their research specialty as “gas chromatogra- gases (421). A number of Russian review monographs were phy” were second in numbers only to those listing the published in 1972 on the subjects: gas chromatography in specialty, “general analytical.” The most recent report by polymer chemistry (70) listing 826 references; chromato- the American Chemical Society (720) of specialty choices graphic applications in catalysis (723) with 629 references; of 84,925 chemists and chemical engineers who reported to methods for the determination of pesticides in biological the 1970 National Register of Scientific and Technical materials (935) with a bibliography of 460 references in- Personnel shows that 20.9% of analytical chemists list cluding 117 Russian papers; GC in investigations of natu- chromatographic analysis as their first specialty choice. ral gases, petroleum, and condensates (495) with 220 ref- The sale of chromatographic equipment is also an in- erences including 148 in Russian, partly from inaccessible dicator of activity in this field. There are 35 major manu- sources; and automatic detectors for gases (249) with 143 facturers of gas chromatographic equipment with 138 dif- references, a number from less accessible Russian papers. ferent models currently available (580). We estimate that The proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on 2700-2800 articles directly involved with the theory, appa- Chromatography and Electrophoresis held in Brussels, ratus, and novel applicatioiis of gas chromatography were September 14-16, 1970 is now available (67) as is an En- published during each year in the 1972-73 biennium. This glish translation of “Aspects in Gas Chromatography” estimate may be compared with a more accurate count of edited by Struppe (824), the proceedings of the 6th Sym- 2665 papers in 1971 and 2555 in 1970. Because of this vast posium on Gas Chromatography held in East Berlin in literature, considerable selection was necessary in prepar- 1968. ing this review. Technique-centered aspects are mainly A short summary (299) of the Symposium on Chroma- considered and most such publications through November tography and Computers-An Economical Approach for 1973 are noted. Every Laboratory, held at the 162nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C., ac- BOOKS AND REVIEWS companied papers from this symposium published in the Books on gas chromatography published during this December 1971 and January 1972 issues of the Journal of biennium include, “Techniques of Combined Gas Chro- Chromatographic Science. Summaries of three informal matography/Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Organic symposia of the British Gas Chromatography Discussion Analysis,” by McFadden (577) which, in addition to dis- Group (222, 223, 318) and of the 5th All-Union Seminar cussions of GC and MS, contains material on vacuum on the Theory and Application of Stationary Phases in technology, computer methods, and approximately 15 Gas-Liquid Chromatography (500) have also appeared. “mini-papers” on applications; Volume I1 of “New Devel- Several monographs were published during the 1972-73 opments in Gas Chromatography” edited by Purnell biennium containing useful reviews of GC. These include (698); a second edition of Jeffrey and Kipping’s text, “Gas the gas chromatography of phosphorus compounds (242), Analysis by Gas Chromatography” (426); “Chromato- of triglycerides (533), and air quality instrumentation graphic Systems; Maintenance and Troubleshooting” by (748). Walker, Jackson, and Maynard (904), covering trouble- Review papers were published on the determination of shooting of both GC and LC equipment; and “Identifica- thermodynamic functions (499), the application of glass tion of Organic Compounds with the Aid of Gas Chroma- capillary columns in GC (795), applications of capillary tography” by Crippen (182) emphasizing the combination columns with special attention to papers of Russian au- of classical qualitative organic functional group analysis thors (790), relationships between molecular structure and with GC retention data and solubility studies for the iden- retention indices (842), GC applications in forensic toxi- tification of organic compounds. “An Introduction to Sep- cology (181), cannabis constituents in smoke and body aration Science” is a new monograph by Karger, Snyder, fluids (586), local anesthetics and other applications in and Horvath (458). Extensive literature references and an- pharmacy (116), the problems involved in trace analysis alytical details for the chromatographic (primary GC, in the range 10-2 to lO-3% (74), multistage separation TLC, and paper) determination of the environmental tox- schemes such as parallel and combined columns and icants, carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens are con- backflushing (889), the physical properties and character- tained in a recent monograph by Fishbein (260) which istics of porous polymer sorbents including Porapaks P, Q, forms Volume I of a series on the “Chromatography of En- N, R, S, T, Chromosorbs 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, PAR-1, vironmental Hazards.” An English translation of a Rus- PAR-2, the Czech sorbent Sinachrom, and the Russian sian monograph entitled, “Gas Chromatographic Analysis sorbent Polisorb (743), methods for multicomponent hy- of Trace Impurities” by Berezkin and Tatarinskii (75) was drocarbon analysis (681), steroids (650), applications of just published. Volume VI in the series, “Analytical GC in Russian space research (106), volatile inorganic Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators” en- compounds (25), the experimental aspects of Molecular titled, “Gas Chromatographic Analysis” by Zweig and Sieves (20), and the status of glass as a GC support mate- Sherma (955) contains 128 individual chapters, each de- rial (258), the discussion of which includes the elimination voted to the analysis of a major insecticide, fungicide, of surface active sites, etching, the application of surface herbicide, plant growth regulator, nematicide, or soil fum- textures and wide-pore diameter glass beads. igant. “Advances in Chromatography, 1973,” the proceed- The May 1972 special issue of the Journal of Chromato- ings of the 8th International Symposium held in Toronto, graphic Science on the Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in- Canada, in April 1973 has appeared (951), and the 66 pa- cludes a bibliography of 467 references on the analysis of ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 46, NO. 5, APRIL 1974 101 R drugs compiled by the editorial staff (423) and articles on sivity of binary systems as a function of pressure and tem- applications of GC in alcohol analysis (41 7), hallucinogen- perature on the basis of diffusion coefficient measure- ic drugs (818), the analysis of narcotic analgesics and am- ments by GC (402). The effect of natural convection on phetamines (622), barbiturates (446), and phenothiazine retention times was noted (12) and a study of columns drugs (158). with flow maldistribution indicated that flow mixing de- The February 1972 and the January 1973 issues of the vices or baffles can improve the efficiency (595). Flow pat- Journal of Chromatographic Science are devoted to a terns in columns were shown by Hawkes (379) to be of in- complete listing of over 500 manufacturers of chromato- terest because they determine the flow rate, the mecha- graphic instrumentation, accessories, supplies, and ser- nism of mass transfer, and zone dispersion. Thus, extend- vices (424, 425). ed HETP models were developed, correlated with experi- The 1973 applied review issue of Analytical Chemistry mental data, and shown to be superior to the original van cites several hundred references to applications of gas Deemter equation (77). chromatography published during 1971 and 1972 in the Statistical moments are a sensitive method of peak fields of air pollution (621), clinical chemistry (305), coat- shape analysis and were used in a number of modeling ings (834), essential oils and related products (345), food studies because they have physical significance. A bi- (934), pesticide residues (854), petroleum (480), pharma- Gaussian distribution served as an empirical model in ceuticals and related drugs (172), high polymers (597), predicting lower statistical moments and for describing rubber (898), and solid and gaseous fuels (376). the relationship between impurity fraction and resolution The Preston Technical Abstracts Co. continues its in- (126). Grubner and Underhill (335) found the first mo- valuable service to workers in the field of gas chromatog- ment to be independent of mass transfer while skew and raphy by issuing abstracts of all papers published in the excess vary as 114and
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