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Good Resources – Direct Benefits Good Genes – Indirect Benefits  “Sexy Son” Hypothesis (Fisher)  “Handicap Hypothesis” (Zahavi) Good Genes for Sons, Daughters

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Good Resources – Direct Benefits Good Genes – Indirect Benefits  “Sexy Son” Hypothesis (Fisher)  “Handicap Hypothesis” (Zahavi) Good Genes for Sons, Daughters Why are females choosy? Good resources – direct benefits Good genes – indirect benefits “Sexy son” hypothesis (Fisher) “Handicap hypothesis” (Zahavi) Good genes for sons, daughters Good resources courtship feeding parental care, protection fanning eggs good nesting site, territory Good resources Nuptial gifts and copulation time Nuptial gifts Scorpion fly 1 Resources from males can tip the scales of relative investment Mormon cricket males give over 25% body weight in their spermatophore “Ultimate” nuptial gift Why does a spider female kill and eat her mate? Why does a praying mantis eat her mate’s head? Survival is just one strategy to transmit genes. When she eats him, she makes more eggs bearing his genes. His future reproductive chances are low “Sexy son” hypothesis Fisher 1930 – A strictly genetic theory Females with preexisting sensory bias Males w/ this trait are selected, females with the preference are selected Trait might provide nothing beyond mating success The parents Trait A Preference A Trait A Their offspring Preference A 2 “Sexy son” hypothesis Stalk-eyed flies (also stickleback ex. in text) 2 genetic strains were developed: males with short vs. long eye stalks. Selection on males. Females of either strain preferred males from their own strain. Stalk-eyed fly “Sexy son” hypothesis This hypothesis predicts a ‘runaway’ effect When does it stop? Handicap hypothesis Display can be indicator of health (choice based on ‘honest signal’ that is hard to fake) (Zahavi 1975) 3 Handicap hypothesis External features, behavior can indicate general health Comb and tail length changes with infection Guppy females choose males who closely inspect predators Handicap hypothesis Peacock chick growth and survival is linked to ‘eyespot’ size. Handicap hypothesis When females are allowed to choose, their offspring have higher fitness fruit flies, ducks, mice, others However, females care more for their young when mated with preferred male 4 Increased male investment changes sexual selection Monogamy and equal care Sex-role reversals occur when males invest more Equal investment both are choosy Crested auklet Reversed sex roles: water bugs Male back space is limiting resource Females court males Sea dragons, sea horses, pipefish 5 After mating: competition goes on If females mate w/ more than one male Sperm competition Mate guarding Cryptic female choice Mate guarding: benefits and costs Benefits and costs of guarding depend on opportunities for guarder/guarded Cryptic female choice Strategic allocation / ejection of sperm Behavior of dominant vs. subordinate males Cloacal contractions 6 Benefits to females: multiple mates Extra-pair copulations in ‘monogamous’ species 10-40% of offspring of song birds are from ‘adulterous’ matings indirect benefits Superb fairy-wren 70+% High in spp. w much sexual dimorphism Alpine marmot 20% Benefits to females: multiple mates Extra-pair copulations in ‘monogamous’ species 10-40% of offspring of song birds are from ‘adulterous’ matings indirect benefits Ex: Brown antechinus – polygamous females produced a greater portion of surviving young than monogamous females Sexual conflict When interests of males and females do not coincide hanging flies 7 Sexual conflict ...what’s so stinky? Drosophila male accessory gland protein heh heh paternity uncertainty heh…. higher # carriers female EPC’s less care by male Who wins the sexual arms race? Drosphila selection lines – show manipulation of arms race Penis/vagina shape in ducks with forced copulations Duck vagina (left) and penis (right) Chase-away sexual selection Male develops trait that happens to exploit a sensory bias that females already have Females get ‘taken in’ by males that may actually be sub-par – selection to ‘resist’ Also predicts ‘runaway’ effect on male traits 8 Chase-away sexual selection Preexisting female biases may drive Chase-away SS Platys and swordtails Basic types of mating systems Mating systems Monogamy Polygamy (polygyny, polyandry) Promiscuity or polygynandry Describe both social and sexual relationships 9 Patterns and constraints in parental care Parental care occurs in a minority of animals What is the tradeoff? Costs for females vs. males Physiology, ecology, mating opportunities Patterns and constraints in parental care I will discuss Ectotherms vs. Endotherms Internal vs. External fertilization Mammals vs. Birds Level of parental care in ectotherms vs endotherms Endotherms – young have high energy demands and require warming and feeding. 10 Ectotherms Parental care is rare among ectotherms “r-selection” instead Most investment costs are from mating or eggs Examples of rare care - guarding Why do some ectotherms care? Energy and opportunity costs are still similar to non- caring spp., but RS benefits of care are much higher. As soon as one parent is caring, benefits for other to care are reduced. What gender should care? Extended reptile care Crocodile parental care – a reptile that cares for eggs and young 11 Ectotherm uniparental care External vs. Internal fertilization Internal fertilization External fertilization possible cuckoldry Male guarding eggs Female octopus guarding eggs Why is male care associated w/external fertilization? 1. Paternity certainty 2. Order of gamete release 3. ‘Association’ with eggs Polygyny and male care along reefs Resource defense polygyny in reef fish (external f), cuttlefish (internal f) males defend multiple nest sites (‘associated’ w eggs), guard eggs, have multiple mates 12 Constraints on mammals vs. birds One or two parents? Demands of young - compare RS of uni- and biparental care. Opportunity to find a mate – if you desert, what are the chances to find mate, territory? Opportunity to desert Constraints on mammals vs. birds Birds - 90% of spp. are monogamous biparental care Mammals - 95% spp. are polygynous Constraints on care 13.
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