Lecture 17 Sexual Selection & Evolution Of
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Natural Selection and Adaptation, Part I
Natural Selection and Adaptation, Part I 36-149 The Tree of Life Christopher R. Genovese Department of Statistics 132H Baker Hall x8-7836 http://www.stat.cmu.edu/~genovese/ . Plan • Review of Natural Selection • Detecting Natural Selection (discussion) • Examples of Observed Natural Selection ............................... Next Time: • Adaptive Traits • Methods for Reasoning about and studying adaptations • Explaining Complex Adaptations (discussion) 36-149 The Tree of Life Class #10 -1- Overview The theories of common descent and natural selection play different roles within the theory of evolution. Common Descent explains the unity of life. Natural Selection explains the diversity of life. An adaptation (or adaptive trait) is a feature of an organism that enhances reproductive success, relative to other possible variants, in a given environment. Adaptations become prevalent and are maintained in a population through natural selection. Indeed, natural selection is the only mechanism of evolutionary change that can satisfactorily explain adaptations. 36-149 The Tree of Life Class #10 -2- Darwin's Argument Darwin put forward two main arguments in support of natural selection: An analogical argument: Artificial selection A logical argument: The struggle for existence (As we will see later, we now have more than just argument in support of the theory.) 36-149 The Tree of Life Class #10 -3- The Analogical Argument: Artificial Selection 36-149 The Tree of Life Class #10 -4- The Analogical Argument: Artificial Selection 36-149 The Tree of Life Class #10 -5- The Analogical Argument: Artificial Selection Teosinte to Corn 36-149 The Tree of Life Class #10 -6- The Analogical Argument: Artificial Selection • Darwin was intimately familiar with the efforts of breeders in his day to produce novel varieties. -
1. Adaptation and the Evolution of Physiological Characters
Bennett, A. F. 1997. Adaptation and the evolution of physiological characters, pp. 3-16. In: Handbook of Physiology, Sect. 13: Comparative Physiology. W. H. Dantzler, ed. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. 1. Adaptation and the evolution of physiological characters Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, ALBERT F. BENNETT 1 Irvine, California among the biological sciences (for example, behavioral CHAPTER CONTENTS science [I241). The Many meanings of "Adaptationn In general, comparative physiologists have been Criticisms of Adaptive Interpretations much more successful in, and have devoted much more Alternatives to Adaptive Explanations energy to, pursuing the former rather than the latter Historical inheritance goal (37). Most of this Handbook is devoted to an Developmentai pattern and constraint Physical and biomechanical correlation examination of mechanism-how various physiologi- Phenotypic size correlation cal systems function in various animals. Such compara- Genetic correlations tive studies are usually interpreted within a specific Chance fixation evolutionary context, that of adaptation. That is, or- Studying the Evolution of Physiological Characters ganisms are asserted to be designed in the ways they Macroevolutionary studies Microevolutionary studies are and to function in the ways they do because of Incorporating an Evolutionary Perspective into Physiological Studies natural selection which results in evolutionary change. The principal textbooks in the field (for example, refs. 33, 52, 102, 115) make explicit reference in their titles to the importance of adaptation to comparative COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGISTS HAVE TWO GOALS. The physiology, as did the last comparative section of this first is to explain mechanism, the study of how organ- Handbook (32). Adaptive evolutionary explanations isms are built functionally, "how animals work" (113). -
Does the Handicap Principle Explain the Evolution of Dimorphic Ornaments?
Animal Behaviour xxx (2018) e1ee4 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Forum Does the handicap principle explain the evolution of dimorphic ornaments? * Szabolcs Szamad o a, , Dustin J. Penn b a RECENS ‘Lendület’ Research Group, MTA Centre for Social Science, Budapest, Hungary b Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria article info Article history: Received 12 July 2017 Initial acceptance 5 October 2017 Final acceptance 22 November 2017 Available online xxx MS. number: 17-00560 Keywords: Handicap principle Honest signalling Dimorphic ornaments Bimodal fitness Playing-the-field Many species are sexually dimorphic and, interestingly, males in concluding that it provides an explanation for the evolution of male some species are dimorphic themselves: some males develop dimorphisms. weapons and ornaments, whereas others express rudimentary or- There are many versions and interpretations of the handicap naments or none at all (horned beetles, Onthophagus taurus: Emlen, hypothesis, but it is unclear which version was implemented for the Lavine, & Ewen-Campen, 2007; Moczek & Emlen, 2000; bluegill authors' new model. This omission makes it impossible to under- sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus: Dominey, 1980; Gross & Charnov, stand the novelty of the model and how it succeeds in explaining 1980; ruffs, Philomachus pugnax: Lank, Smith, Hanotte, Burke, & male dimorphisms or why others failed. The authors cite the Cooke, 1995; for a review see Simpson, Sword, & Lo, 2011). Males original handicap hypothesis (Zahavi, 1975), and yet this version can be so extremely dimorphic that the morphs have been mis- does not work (reviewed in Kirkpatrick 1986). -
Science Georgia Standards of Excellence SCIENCE - Zoology
Science Georgia Standards of Excellence SCIENCE - Zoology The Science Georgia Standards of Excellence are designed to provide foundational knowledge and skills for all students to develop proficiency in science. The Project 2061’s Benchmarks for Science Literacy and the follow up work, A Framework for K-12 Science Education were used as the core of the standards to determine appropriate content and process skills for students. The Science Georgia Standards of Excellence focus on a limited number of core disciplinary ideas and crosscutting concepts which build from Kindergarten to high school. The standards are written with the core knowledge to be mastered integrated with the science and engineering practices needed to engage in scientific inquiry and engineering design. Crosscutting concepts are used to make connections across different science disciplines. The Science Georgia Standards of Excellence drive instruction. Hands-on, student-centered, and inquiry-based approaches should be the emphasis of instruction. The standards are a required minimum set of expectations that show proficiency in science. However, instruction can extend beyond these minimum expectations to meet student needs. Science consists of a way of thinking and investigating, as well a growing body of knowledge about the natural world. To become literate in science, students need to possess sufficient understanding of fundamental science content knowledge, the ability to engage in the science and engineering practices, and to use scientific and technological information correctly. Technology should be infused into the curriculum and the safety of the student should always be foremost in instruction. In this course, students will recognize key features of the major body plans that have evolved in animals and how those body plans have changed over time resulting in the diversity of animals that are evident today. -
Evolutionary and Historical Biogeography of Animal Diversity Learning Objectives
Evolutionary and historical biogeography of animal diversity Learning objectives • The students can explain the common ancestor of animal kingdom. • The students can explain the historical biogeography of animal. • The students can explain the invasion of animal from aquatic to terrestrial habitat. • The students can explain the basic mechanism of speciation, allopatric and non-allopatric. The Common Ancestor of Animal Kingdom Characteristics of Animals • Animals or “metazoans” are typically heterotrophic, multicellular organisms with diploid, eukaryotic cells. • Trichoplax adhaerens is defined as an animal by the presence of different somatic (i.e., non-reproductive) cell types and by impermeable cell–cell connections. Trichoplax adhaerens Blackstone, 2009 Two Hypotheses for the Branching Order of Groups at the Root of the Metazoan Tree 1 2 The choanoflagellates serve as an outgroup in the Bilaterians are the sister group to the placozoan + analysis, and sponges are the sister group to the sponge + ctenophore + cnidarian clade, while placozoans placozoan + cnidarian + ctenophore + bilaterian are the sister group to the sponge + ctenophore + clade. cnidarian clade. Blackstone, 2009 Ancestry and evolution of animal–bacterial interactions • Choanoflagellates as the last common ancestor of animal kingdom. • Urmetazoan is the group of animal with multicellular and produce differentiated cell types (ex. Egg & sperm) R.A. Alegado & N. King, 2014 Conserved morphology and ultrastructure of Choanoflagellates and Sponge choanocytes The collar complex is conserved in choanoflagellates (A. S. rosetta) and sponge collar cells (B. Sycon coactum) flagellum (fL), microvilli (mv), a nucleus (nu), and a food vacuole (fv) Brunet & King, 2017 The Historical Biogeography of Animal Zoogeographic regions Old New Cox, 2001 Plate tectonic regulation of global marine animal diversity A. -
Of Socially Selected Traits Via Indirect Genetic Effects
Social runaway: Fisherian elaboration (or reduction) of socially selected traits via indirect genetic effects Nathan W. Bailey1,2 and Mathias Kölliker3 1Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, United Kingdom 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Natural History Museum Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland RUNNING TITLE Social Runaway via Indirect Genetic Effects AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS NWB and MK conceived the idea for the study, constructed the models, and wrote the manuscript. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Graeme D. Ruxton and Michael B. Morrissey for valuable discussion and advice. Two associate editors, Louis Miguel-Chevin and Jarle Tufto, three anonymous reviewers, and the Editor in Chief Mohamed Noor provided helpful remarks that improved the study. NWB was funded by fellowships from the UK Natural Environment Research Council [NE/G014906/1 and NE/L011255/1]. DATA ACCESSIBILITY No data are associated with the manuscript. This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/evo.13791. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Social runaway: Fisherian elaboration (or reduction) of socially selected traits via indirect genetic effects Our understanding of the evolutionary stability of socially-selected traits is dominated by sexual selection models originating with R. A. Fisher, in which genetic covariance arising through assortative mating can trigger exponential, runaway trait evolution. To examine whether non- reproductive, socially-selected traits experience similar dynamics—social runaway—when assortative mating does not automatically generate a covariance, we modelled the evolution of socially-selected badge and donation phenotypes incorporating indirect genetic effects (IGEs) arising from the social environment. -
Quantifying Male Attractiveness Nationsbased on Values Andrewards
Received 28October 2002 Accepted 13March 2003 Publishedonline 25 July 2003 Quantifyingmale attractivene ss JohnM. McNamara 1* ,AlasdairI. Houston 2,Miguel Marques dosSantos 1, Hanna Kokko3† and RobBrooks 4 1Departmentof Mathematics, University ofBristol, University Walk,Bristol BS8 1TW, UK 2Schoolof Biological Sciences, University ofBristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1GU, UK 3Division ofEnvironmentaland EvolutionaryBiology, Institute ofBiomedical and Life Sciences, University ofGlasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK 4Schoolof Biological Earth and EnvironmentalSciences, TheUniversity ofNew SouthWales, Sydney, NSW 2052,Australia Geneticmodels of sexual selectionare concernedwith adynamic processin which female preferenceand male trait values coevolve.We present a rigorous methodfor characterizing evolutionary endpointsof this processin phenotypic terms.In ourphenotypic characterization themate-choice strategy offemale popu- lation members determineshow attractive femalesshould find each male, anda population is evol- utionarily stable if population members are actually behaving in this way.This provides ajustificationof phenotypic explanations ofsexual selectionand the insights into sexual selectionthat they provide. Fur- thermore, thephenotypic approach also has enormousadvantages over ageneticapproach whencomput- ing evolutionarily stable mate-choicestrategies, especially whenstrategies are allowed tobecomplex time- dependentpreference rules. For simplicity andclarity ouranalysis dealswith haploid mate-choicegenetics anda male trait that is inherited -
Reducing Risks Through Adaptation Actions | Fourth National Climate
Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II 28 Reducing Risks Through Adaptation Actions Federal Coordinating Lead Authors Review Editor Jeffrey Arnold Mary Ann Lazarus U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cameron MacAllister Group Roger Pulwarty National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chapter Lead Robert Lempert RAND Corporation Chapter Authors Kate Gordon Paulson Institute Katherine Greig Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at University of Pennsylvania (formerly New York City Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency) Cat Hawkins Hoffman National Park Service Dale Sands Village of Deer Park, Illinois Caitlin Werrell The Center for Climate and Security Technical Contributors are listed at the end of the chapter. Recommended Citation for Chapter Lempert, R., J. Arnold, R. Pulwarty, K. Gordon, K. Greig, C. Hawkins Hoffman, D. Sands, and C. Werrell, 2018: Reducing Risks Through Adaptation Actions. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 1309–1345. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH28 On the Web: https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/adaptation Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II 28 Reducing Risks Through Adaptation Actions Key Message 1 Seawall surrounding Kivalina, Alaska Adaptation Implementation Is Increasing Adaptation planning and implementation activities are occurring across the United States in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. Since the Third National Climate Assessment, implementation has increased but is not yet commonplace. -
Evolution of Female Multiple Mating: a Quantitative Model of the “Sexually Selected Sperm” Hypothesis
ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.12550 Evolution of female multiple mating: A quantitative model of the “sexually selected sperm” hypothesis Greta Bocedi1,2 and Jane M. Reid1 1Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom 2E-mail: [email protected] Received June 5, 2014 Accepted October 1, 2014 Explaining the evolution and maintenance of polyandry remains a key challenge in evolutionary ecology. One appealing explana- tion is the sexually selected sperm (SSS) hypothesis, which proposes that polyandry evolves due to indirect selection stemming from positive genetic covariance with male fertilization efficiency, and hence with a male’s success in postcopulatory competition for paternity. However, the SSS hypothesis relies on verbal analogy with “sexy-son” models explaining coevolution of female preferences for male displays, and explicit models that validate the basic SSS principle are surprisingly lacking. We developed analogous genetically explicit individual-based models describing the SSS and “sexy-son” processes. We show that the analogy between the two is only partly valid, such that the genetic correlation arising between polyandry and fertilization efficiency is generally smaller than that arising between preference and display, resulting in less reliable coevolution. Importantly, indirect selection was too weak to cause polyandry to evolve in the presence of negative direct selection. Negatively biased mutations on fertilization efficiency did not generally rescue runaway evolution of polyandry unless realized fertilization was highly skewed toward a single male, and coevolution was even weaker given random mating order effects on fertilization. Our models suggest that the SSS process is, on its own, unlikely to generally explain the evolution of polyandry. -
Ornamentation, Behavior, and Maternal Effects in the Female Northern Cardinal
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Master's Theses Summer 8-2011 Ornamentation, Behavior, and Maternal Effects in the Female Northern Cardinal Caitlin Winters University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses Part of the Biology Commons, and the Ornithology Commons Recommended Citation Winters, Caitlin, "Ornamentation, Behavior, and Maternal Effects in the Female Northern Cardinal" (2011). Master's Theses. 240. https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/240 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi ORNAMENTATION, BEHAVIOR, AND MATERNAL EFFECTS IN THE FEMALE NORTHERN CARDINAL by Caitlin Winters A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Approved: _Jodie M. Jawor_____________________ Director _Frank R. Moore_____________________ _Robert H. Diehl_____________________ _Susan A. Siltanen____________________ Dean of the Graduate School August 2011 ABSTRACT ORNAMENTATION, BEHAVIOR, AND MATERNAL EFFECTS IN THE FEMALE NORTHERN CARDINAL by Caitlin Winters August 2011 This study seeks to understand the relationship between ornamentation, maternal effects, and behavior in the female Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Female birds possess ornaments that indicate a number of important known aspects of quality and are usually costly to maintain. However, the extent to which female specific traits, such as maternal effects, are indicated is less clear. It is predicted by the Good Parent Hypothesis that this information should be displayed through intraspecific signal communication. -
Description of an Eyeless Species of the Ground Beetle Genus Trechus Clairville, 1806 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini)
Zootaxa 4083 (3): 431–443 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4083.3.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C999EBFD-4EAF-44E1-B7E9-95C9C63E556B Blind life in the Baltic amber forests: description of an eyeless species of the ground beetle genus Trechus Clairville, 1806 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) JOACHIM SCHMIDT1, 2, HANNES HOFFMANN3 & PETER MICHALIK3 1University of Rostock, Institute of Biosciences, General and Systematic Zoology, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055 Rostock, Germany 2Lindenstraße 3a, 18211 Admannshagen, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 3Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Loitzer Str. 26, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The first eyeless beetle known from Baltic amber, Trechus eoanophthalmus sp. n., is described and imaged using light microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography. Based on external characters, the new species is most similar to spe- cies of the Palaearctic Trechus sensu stricto clade and seems to be closely related to the Baltic amber fossil T. balticus Schmidt & Faille, 2015. Due to the poor conservation of the internal parts of the body, no information on the genital char- acters can be provided. Therefore, the systematic position of this fossil within the megadiverse genus Trechus remains dubious. The occurrence of the blind and flightless T. eoanophthalmus sp. n. in the Baltic amber forests supports a previ- ous hypothesis that these forests were located in an area partly characterised by mountainous habitats with temperate cli- matic conditions. -
1160 Animal Signals and the Overlooked Costs Of
Evolution, 59(5), 2005, pp. 1160±1161 ANIMAL SIGNALS AND THE OVERLOOKED COSTS OF EFFICACY1 MICHAEL J. RYAN2 AND MOLLY E. CUMMINGS Section of Integrative Biology C0930, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 2E-mail: [email protected] Received March 22, 2005. costly; handicaps can make it more costly, but lack of hand- The most striking aspects of many animals are signals. icap does not make it cost free. This book concentrates on Thus one might expect Animal Signals by John Maynard strategic costs, but offers some tantalizing discussions of ef- Smith and David Harper to discuss the detailed biology of ®cacy costs, which the authors suggest are underappreciated. this half of the communication dyad. Not so. Instead, they We second that notion but feel it is not strong enough. concentrate on a single question, why signals are reliable, The most basic ef®cacy costs of signaling are incurred in and emphasize one methodology to its solution: game theory. creating its morphology, behavior, and neural circuitry. In ad- Although not embracing the entire biology of signaling, the book grapples with a continuing problem. dition, some animals scour the environment to obtain their Signals evolved to communicate information and manip- signals; bowerbirds steal decorations for their bowers (Borgia ulate receivers to the signaler's bene®t. Similarly, the re- and Mueller 1992), and some moths sequester plant alkaloids ceiver's response to signals is under selection to promote its for the ¯occulent showers they bestow upon females (Conner ®tness. The issue at hand is the con¯ict between signal and et al.