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Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master Sexual selection and reproductive behavior in the Cortez damselfish (Stegastes rectifraenum). Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hoelzer, Guy Andrew. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 21:53:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184781 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U-M-I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M148106·1346 USA 313/761·4700 800/521·0600 Order Number 9000'174 Sexual· selection and reproductive behavior in the Cortez damselfish (Stegastes recti/raenum) Hoelzer, Guy Andrew, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1989 U·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 SEXUAL SELECTION AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CORTEZ DAMSELFISH (STEGASTES RECTIFRAENUM) by Guy Andrew Hoelzer A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1989 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Guy Andrew Hoelzer ~~~~--~--------------------------------- entitled Sexual selection and reproductive behavior in the Cortez damselfish (Stegastes rectifraenum) and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of __~D_O_c_to_r __ o_f __ P_h_i_lo_s_o_P_h_y ______________________________ _ ~ Date ~'7 S/~slP-f Dr. Conrad Istock Date Date Date~~~/~? --/~--~,~----------- Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation~ Director Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University of Arizona Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. 4 To MARY and ADAM With love, respect, and hope for the future 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation could not have been completed without the support and encouragement of my family, friends and colleagues. Special thanks go to those that served as members of my committee during my time at the University of Arizona: Donald A Thomson, Astrid Kodric-Brown, Robert L. Smith, Judith Bronstein, James H. Brown, and Conrad Istock. Their guidance and insightful comments greatly improved this work. Andrew Pomiankowski and Paul Weldon also provided very helpful comments on Chapter 2. I am also especially indebted to those that helped me to live and work in Mexico while I collected field data. Lloyd and Sonnie Findley generously provided a place to stay, and Phil Hastings allowed me to use his boat when I had no other way to get to my study sites. In addition to these individuals, I would like to thank the many people that became my good friends in San Carlos, Mexico for helping me to keep my sanity during the long periods away from my home and family. Phil Hastings, Shawn Nordell, Meriel Brooks, and Mike Brogan generously provided field assistance. I enjoyed many helpful and stimulating discussions with graduate students in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, such as Phil Hastings, Chris Petersen, Mike Dungan, Alan Harvey, Meriel Brooks, Sarah Mesnick, Dave McDonald, Wayne Spencer, Todd Gayley, and Oren Hasson. Most importantly, I would like to thank my wife, Mary Hoelzer, for her patience and understanding. Mary helped me, more than any other factor, to keep my perspective when I would become too focused by the demands of graduate school. Parts of this research were supported by the Lerner-Gray Fund for Marine Research and the Society of Sigma Xi. Additional support was provided by the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and by Hiram Hoelzer and Janet Forbes. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................................................ 8 LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................. 9 ABSTRACT.......................................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUCTORY SYNTHESIS.................................................. 13 2. THE GOOD PARENT PROCESS OF SEXUAL SELECTION........................................................ 24 The good parent process: theoretical considerations...... 26 A population genetic model................................................. 33 Computer simulations................................................ 37 Distinguishing between processes of epigamic evolution....................................................................... 42 The effect of female mate choice on the offspring........................................................... 43 Environmental sensitivity and termporal variance in the signaL.................................. 44 Courtship signals in polygynous species................. 45 Possible examples of good parent traits............................ 46 Courtship feeding in sea birds................................. 46 Courtship singing by male stonechats..................... 47 Discussion................................................................................. 48 3. MALE-MALE COMPETITION AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE CORTEZ DAMSELFISH.................................. .. 52 Reproductive behaviour of the Cortez damselfish.......... 55 Methods........................................................................ 55 Results........................................................................... 57 Male removal experiment..................................................... 64 Methods ....................................................... ,... "............ 64 Results........................................................................... 65 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Standardized nest experiment.............................................. 67 Methods........................................................................ 67 Results........................................................................... 69 Discussion................................................................................. 73 4. THE ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF PARTIAL CLUTCH FILIAL CANNffiALISM IN THE CORTEZ DAMSELFISH.................................................... 80 The characterization of clutches.......................................... 84 Methods........................................................................ 84 Results.......................................................................... 86 Foraging on offspring............................................................. 88 Methods........................................................................ 88 Results.......................................................................... 90 The effects of filial cannibalism on behavior and reproductive success..................................................
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