Inquietas Companhias Sobre Os Animais De Criação Entre Os Karitiana

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Inquietas Companhias Sobre Os Animais De Criação Entre Os Karitiana Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social Inquietas companhias Sobre os animais de criação entre os Karitiana Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Antropologia do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia Social sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Nádia Farage. Campinas Fevereiro de 2010 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO IFCH - UNICAMP Bibliotecária: Cecília Maria Jorge Nicolau CRB nº 3387 Velden, Felipe Ferreira Vander V542i Inquietas companhias: sobre os animais de criação entre os Karitiana / Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden. - - Campinas, SP : [s. n.], 2010. Orientador: Nádia Farage. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. 1. Índios da América do Sul - Brasil. 2. Antropologia social. 3. Índios Karitiana. 4. Índios da América do Sul – Rondônia. 5. Etnologia. 6. Animais domésticos. I. Farage, Nádia. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III.Título. Título em inglês: Disquiet companions: on domesticated animals among the Karitiana Palavras chaves em inglês keywords): Indians of South America – Brazil Social anthropology Karitiana Indians Indians of South America - Rondonia Ethnology Domestic animals Área de Concentração: Antropologia Social Titulação: Doutor em Antropologia Banca examinadora: Nádia Farage, Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida, Marco Antonio Teixeira Gonçalves, Paulo José Brando Santilli, Paulo Dalgalarrondo Data da defesa: 24-02-2010 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Antropologia 2 Inquietas companhias Sobre os animais de criação entre os Karitiana Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Antropologia do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia Social sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Nádia Farage. Este exemplar corresponde à redação final da tese defendida e aprovada pela comissão julgadora em 24 de fevereiro de 2010. Comissão julgadora: Titulares : Profa. Dra. (Presidente) Nádia Farage Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio Teixeira Gonçalves Prof. Dr. Paulo José Brando Santilli Prof. Dr. Paulo Dalgalarrondo Prof. Dr. Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida Suplentes : Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz Prof. Dr. Geraldo Luciano Andrello Prof. Dr. Ronaldo Rômulo Machado de Almeida Campinas, fevereiro de 2010 3 RESUMO Este trabalho investiga um tema ainda pouco conhecido e estudado pela etnologia das populações indígenas nas terras baixas da América do Sul: a relação entre estas sociedades e os animais introduzidos pelos europeus após o contato, notadamente cachorros, gatos, bois, porcos, cavalos e galinhas. Baseando-se no material empírico recolhido entre os Karitiana – povo de língua Tupi-Arikém que habita o norte do estado de Rondônia, no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira – a pesquisa procura compreender como este grupo indígena concebeu formas práticas e simbólicas para acomodar estes seres exóticos que apareceram em seu cotidiano com o aparecimento dos brancos, provavelmente no final do século XIX. A partir da história do surgimento e da adoção dessas espécies estrangeiras – que, por si mesma, já sinaliza a diferença entre estes e as criaturas nativas – discute várias questões relativas à posição dos animais domesticados europeus no universo social e cosmológico Karitiana, entre as quais questões de gênero, parentesco e vida familiar, nominação, atividades produtivas, movimentos religiosos e conhecimento histórico e zoológico. Argumenta, por fim, que embora plenamente incorporados no cotidiano indígena, algo da exterioridade e da estranheza original desses seres permanece, e dão conta de certas ambigüidades que podem ser observadas. Ademais, estas ambigüidades são resultado do próprio descompasso entre as noções Karitiana e ocidental de domesticidade e/ou selvageria e, de uma perspectiva mais geral, entre os modos de relação entre seres humanos e não-humanos. ABSTRACT This work deals with a matter which was not properly investigated by ethnologists working on indigenous populations in the South American lowlands: the relationships between these societies and animal species introduced by Europeans after contact and conquest, specially dogs, cats, oxen, pigs, horses and chicken. Based on empirical data collected among the Karitiana – a Tupi-Arikém-speaking people inhabiting northern Rondônia state, southwestern Brazilian Amazon – this research aims to comprehend how this Indians created symbolical and practical ways to adopt these exotic beings, which were probably introduced by the whitemen during the XIX th century. Exploring histories on how this foreign beings appeared and were adopted by the Karitiana – histories that, by themselves, already points to differences between exotic beings and native ones – this work discusses a number of questions on European animals’ positioning in the indigenous universe; among them, questions about gender relationships, kinship and family life, naming practices, economic activities, religious movements, and historical and zoological knowledge. It also argues that, in spite of being incorporated into indigenous everyday life, a little bit of that original weirdness and strangeness still persists. In turn, these aspects can explain the ambiguities we observe. For the last, these ambiguities are the result of Karitiana’s and Western’s distinct notions on domesticity and/or wildness, and between their distinct ways to build human and non-human relationships. 5 “Senhor, Deixai-me viver Segundo o meu capricho e fantasia! Não posso passar sem um pouco de liberdade selvagem sem um pouco de vertigem no coração, e sem esse estranho sabor de flores desconhecidas. Para quem seriam vossas montanhas, e esse vento de neve e de fonte? Os carneiros não entendem coisa alguma! Só sabem pastar, pastar, sempre juntos e na mesma direção, ruminando em seguida, eternamente, sua insípida rotina. Quanto a mim, gosto de saltar no meio da vossa criação, transpondo vossos abismos, e estremecendo de aventura e alegria, com a boca cheia de ervas sem nome, na crista do mundo! Amém!” Carmen Bernos de Gasztold, Orações da Arca , em tradução de Dom Marcos Barbosa. Aos meus tios Cláudio e Mário, (em memória), pela companhia sempre alegre. 7 Agradecimentos Produzir uma tese não é um trabalho solitário; por mais que eu gastasse meus dias, nos últimos meses, sentado sozinho em frente ao computador, as muitas pessoas que contribuíram com esta pesquisa se faziam presentes, pois cada pedacinho de informação adicionado, e cada reflexão transcrita no papel, evocavam logo aqueles que têm uma parcela de culpa por tudo o que aqui vai escrito. Minha orientadora, Nádia Farage, ensina-me antropologia, literatura, música e outras coisas mais desde 1997. Espero que o resultado deste diálogo que já dura 12 anos seja do agrado dela. Aos colegas do nosso grupo (informal) de estudos sobre a animalidade: Juliana Vergueiro Gomes Dias, Raquel Taminato, Daniel Ramiro, Rafael Cremonini Barbosa, Carlos Assim Paulino e o meu querido amigo André Luiz Martini, o leitor mais crítico que eu conheço. Ao Guilherme Mansur, amigo de todas as horas, por nossas viagens entre índios, quilombolas, mineiros e cachaças. Ao André Borges Lopes de Mattos, companheiro de outras viagens. E ao Daniel Martini, pela ajuda em ocasiões determinantes. Aos colegas da primeira turma do Programa de Doutorado em Antropologia Social do IFCH-Unicamp, especialmente Nashieli Rangel Loera, Rívia Ryker Bandeira de Alencar, Marisa Araújo Luna e Verena Sevá Nogueira. Agradecimento especial para Olendina Cavalcante, minha companheira etnóloga no meio dos que nos achavam seres estranhos. E à Mariana Françoso, que, na Holanda, lembrou-se de um amigo que pesquisava galinhas... Aos colegas do CPEI (Centro de Pesquisa em Etnologia Indígena do IFCH-Unicamp) – especialmente João Veridiano, Jean Maia e Fabiane Vinente –, cujo ambiente intelectual nos últimos anos foi fundamental para que eu respirasse ar fresco. Nos últimos meses da pesquisa, as conversas com Íris Morais Araújo – também interessada em trabalhar com os Karitiana – trouxeram sempre renovado meu interesse neste grupo indígena. Aos professores do PPGAS-IFCH, que apoiaram esta pesquisa, e vêm apoiando minha formação, alguns desde a graduação: Bela Feldmann-Bianco, Ronaldo Rômulo de Almeida, Omar Ribeiro Thomaz e Suely Kofes. Agradeço especialmente a John Manuel Monteiro e Vanessa Lea, com quem pude discutir aspectos da pesquisa e beneficiar-me de sua ampla experiência e conhecimento. As conversas com Joanna Overing no último semestre de 2009 constituíram oportunidade única para aperfeiçoar algumas idéias. Agradeço ainda a Philippe Erikson, Linda Seligmann e Luciana Storto pela ajuda em certos momentos. A Maria José Rizola, secretária do PPGAS, por sua simpatia e colaboração. Sem querer vincular uma coisa a outra, agradeço também a CAPES (pela bolsa de doutorado) e ao PPGAS- IFCH-Unicamp (pelos auxílios para pesquisa de campo), sem os quais esta pesquisa nunca chegaria a um termo. Aos professores Geraldo Andrello e Paulo Santilli, que gentilmente concordaram em comparecer a uma qualificação na vigésima quinta hora, e muito contribuíram com sua leitura de um texto preliminar. Na defesa desta tese contei com as muito sinceras e úteis considerações de Marco Antonio Gonçalves, Paulo Dalgalarrondo, Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida e novamente
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