Proc Antiqc So Scot, (1998)8 12 , 1121-1133

Lecture Summaries 1997-8 , : an archaeological overview Davi CaldweldH l

The National Museums of have been undertaking an archaeological research project at Finlaggan since 1989. The main focus of attention is on the two islands — Eilean Mor and Eilean Comhairlea n Locn i , h Finlagga identifien— centrmedievae e th th s f da eo l Lordshi Islese th f .po In addition, however, the project has uncovered and researched evidence of human occupation around Finlaggan throughout post-glacial times. Evidenc r Mesolithifo e c activit s providei y y substantiab d l quantitie f lithicso n si l al , secondary contexts. Later prehistoric occupation is also represented by artefacts, including a Neolithic stone axehea flind dan t implements, Bronz pottere barbed-and-tangea eAg d yan d flint arrowhead Tena L a e fibulad an , . Excavation int earliese oth islando t deposittw vers e sywa th allowe s limiten ha so d dan only tantalizing glimpse prehistorif so c remains, including possible round-house Eilean o s n Mor. Other prehistoric structures have been excavate moune th n t Cnodo da c Seannd heae f th do t a the loch, including what appears smala e b lo souterraint . Eilea Comhairla nn entirels ei y artificial in origin, much of its bulk consisting of the ruins of a dun overlying crannog structures of stakes brushwoodd an . There is a small embanked enclosure on the lochside adjacent to Eilean Mor, identified as Earln a y Christian burial ground. Another graveyar dmedievae nexth o t l chape Eilean o r l nMo may also have originated in Early Historic times. A lintel grave was discovered within it. 13te th h n centurI y Eilea Comhairla nn e forme stonbasa e r dth efo e castle, possibl ykeepa . It had been totally dismantled by the 14th century, being replaced by three smaller buildings, including a hall and the probable council house of the Lordship of the Isles. Eilean Mor was surrounded by a timber palisade in the 13th century, protecting several buildings inside. By the end of the 15th century there were up to 20 buildings connected by cobbled paths, including a chapel, two halls and kitchens. Around 1500, on the basis of coin evidence, several of the buildings were dismantled or destroyed e replace b e dryston th o t ,y b d e house d barna farminan sf o s g township, itself abandone 17te th hn d i century wideA . r aree studth af yo aroun d Loch Finlagga identifies nha d evidenc r earlfo e y lead mining, going t leasa bac o t k medieval times d tracean ,f earl o s y agriculture. Settlement 18te th 20t o ht f so h centurie alse sar o being researched. 112 | 2SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998

Tracking down Scottish export pottery in South-East Asia Graem CruickshanR eD k

sometimes i t I s forgotte besne centuriesthath o tr partw tfo f to 175 y sa ,1930o 0 t , Scotlana d dha thriving and innovative pottery industry. It has been known for a long time that this industry supported a vigorous export trade, though there is a depressing paucity of material which can reveal detail thisf so . firme Mosth f s o tinvolve d failed durin Depressione gth ; sadly their records have not survived and the occasional fragments of information which appear in other sources can provid moro en e tha ntantalizina g glimpsthiw s ho trad f eo e operated. Whe nfirsI t became involve Scottisn di h pottery studies whil curatoea t Huntla r y House Museum 'n o , s Royal Mile greI , w rather perplexe Scottist e wherda th l eal h export pottery had gone. Clearly the volume produced exceeded what could have been assimilated by the domestic market. The might of Staffordshire accounted for most of England's needs, and the nations of Europe had been developing their own pottery industries. The countries of the British Empire seeme mose dth t likely recipients thid san , accorded wit scane hth t surviving recordsI o S . looke Canadan d i Australia n i d an althougd an , h antique Scottish founpottere b theso n t di s yi e countries, it was evident that this was only a partial answer. The essential conundrum remained: throughout the 19th century dozens of Scottish factories employed thousand workerf so produceo swh d million itemf so s every year. Whers ewa t e solutioni allTh ? , whe t i eventualln y came, combined three quite different avenuef o s exploration. Glasgow's programme of urban renewal in the 1970s involved extensive demolition. Althoug rescuf o hy littl dones wa archaeologyey wa eb , Scottish pottery enthusiasts were ablo et recover quantitie f sherdsso . Whil evidence eth e provide stratigraphy db beed yha n lost, sherds recovered in this way can still be of great interest, and among them appeared patterns of Oriental character the likes of which had not been seen before. One in particular attracted much attentio exotin a n— c jungl esidee maker'scene on th , o n BeleP o C s l& M othe e mar& th J n r( k o Ltd of the Glasgow Pottery). It was discovered by John Fisher of the Motherwell Historical Society and its importance recognized by Glasgow enthusiast Gerard Quail, who kindly sent me illustrations of both sides, which I was able to publish (Cruickshank 1978). This proved to be a crucial find. In the 1980s, I spent several summer holidays in the bowels of the Public Record Office in London searching for Scottish pottery registered designs. Expecting to find a few dozen, I was surprise fino dt d more than 400. Among them, dating fro latee mth r 19th centur earle th yo yt years of the 20th century, was a staggering array of Oriental patterns. There were 38 in all; researc fieldword han indicates kha d that they were aime t specifida c targe tscane areasth t t bu , informatio nmake O availabl allusioPR o se n th n ethisi o n t . While this researc s takinwa h g place a Scottis, h water engineer workin Javn gi d an a Sumatra, Edwin Robertson, was finding large numbers of plates which he recognized as Scottish products. The designs they bore were quite unlike anything then known (the majority would registrations)prov O exemplare b PR o et e th f so quantitA . thesf yshippeo s ewa d bac theio kt r homeland, and I was consulted as to their dispersal. I recommended that three museums should share in this find: the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland (as it then was), as this discover f nationao s ywa l importance People'e th ; s Palace Museu mGlasgown i cite th y, where LECTURE SUMMARIE | S112 3

most of the items were made; and the Huntly House Museum in Edinburgh, which had the largest public holdin f Scottisgo h pottery appraisan A . f theso l e ware publishes swa Nationae th y db l Museum's curator in charge of pottery, George Dalgleish (1984), who was able to demonstrate in a subsequent article (1986) that the main element in Bell's Pekin pattern was an actual building in China's capita Temple l Sune citth th y — f . eo combinatioe Th variouf no s strand evidencf so e pointe Ease th to d t Indieprincipa e th s sa l target for Bell's extraordinary patterns, and this set me off on a quest which was to occupy much nexe year x timth y osi tr fm esfo (1991-7) t transpireI . s that full dozeya n Scottish factories were involve supplyinn di g export potter o South-Easyt t Asia, locate Glasgon di w (the principal centre), and also in Kirkcaldy, Bo'ness, Alloa, Pollokshaws and Greenock. Moreover, they were in competition with exporters from Holland, England andlessea o t , r extent, France, Germany Belgiumd an . However virtuy excitins b it , f eo g designs f colour, o marketina bol e d dus an , g policy which geared production to the needs and wishes of people in specific target areas, Scotland may lay claim to the premier position in this remarkable trade. By din f travellino t excesn gi f 50,00so 0 abls mile ascertaio wa et sI n that Scottish export potter widels yprofuselwa d yan y distributed throughou Indonesiae th t n archipelago alsd an o, appeare neighbourinn di g Malaysia, Thailan Philippinese th d dan . Another major export market regioe i nBurmath s nwa , with Scotland dominan neae th ro t exclusio competitorsf no , though maintaining a range of goods quite different from that which was despatched to the East Indies. Having located Scottish pottery in virtually every part of South-East Asia, I determined to mose th seetn i inaccessibl t ki e area withi regione junglee nth th n i centra,f so l Borneo. Kuching in Sarawak seeme dsensibla e base decideI . folloo dt mighte wth y River Lupar thed an ,n tackle three of its tributaries. The Lemenak and the Engkori yielded nothing, but several of the longhouse Sekarane th n so g were hom cacheo et Scottisf so h plates. These treasured items generally belonged to the headman, and it took some persuasive talking befor woule h e d revea prizes hi l d possessions. They were formerly displaye rattan di n holders of the type traditionally used to display the severed heads of enemy tribesmen. Nowadays, they tend to be secreted away and are taken out only on special occasions two or three times a year; they are regarded as heirlooms, imbued with mystical properties. Again, Bell of Glasgow wa principae sth l maker style decoratiof .Th e o strikina s nwa g combinatio polychromf no e hand- painting and sponge-printing, seemingly reserved for the longhouse communities of south-west Borneo. This story has many strands, and drawing them together is a mighty task. Some articles have already sprung from this project (1992; 1995; 1997), w andbooa no s whic n a ,k o m a hI working must confor limia mo 30,00f t o t 0 words, several more article likele sar folloe o yt du wn i course I hop. e other scholars will develo aspecte pth f thiso s fiel f studo d whicn yi hI hav o en step explorinonlt w n i fe ye s y expertisea s alona wa e e gar g th e thi.W s unexpecte fascinatint dye g example of Scotland's capacity for enterprise and ingenuity. Finally I woul, d lik thano et k those organizations whose generous grants enableo t e dm travel so extensively throughout South-East Asia: the Carnegie Trust of the Universities of Scotland, the British Academy, the Scottish International Education Trust, and the Society of Antiquarie Scotlanf so d (Gunning Victoria Jubilee travelling fellowship) I als. o wis expreso ht s my gratitude to my referees: John Simpson of the Department of Scottish History, University of Edinburgh, my tutor and mentor while I studied there; and Professor Charles Thomas, my first lecturer in archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. 112 | 4SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998

REFERENCES Cruickshank, G D R 1978 'Bell's Oriental links', Scott Pottery Archive News, 3 (1978), 22-3 (illus on following pages). Cruickshank 199R D 2 'ScottisG , h potter Indonesia'n yi Bookn i , Jakartae oth f Highland Gathering, 72-4; reprinted in Himpunan Keramic Indonesia [Ceramic Society of Indonesia]. Cruickshank, G D R 1995 'Crossing cultural frontiers: the Chinese dragons of Scotland and Thailand'jm Thai], Siam Arya [Thai Civilization] (1995)8 ,2 , 84-6. Cruickshank, G D R 1997 'Ceramics in perspective: illustrious eastern past', Artwork, 89 (1997), 7. Dalgleish, G R 1984 'Scottish pottery in South-East Asia', Antique Collector, 4 (1984), 64-7. Dalgleish, 198R G 6 'Scotland's Oriental links: Scottish potter South-Easn yi t Asia' Caldern i , (ed)J , e Th , Enterprising Scot. Edinburgh.

Riding into history: Scotland's common ridings Kennet BoglhR e

The Common Riding or the 'Riding of the Marches' refers to community festivals which take place annuall severan yi l Scottish towns. These festival loosele sar custod ol y a e basef mth o n do ceremonial procession on horseback around the boundary of the burgh common, which was intended to delineate the area and check encroachment upon it by neighbouring landowners. Severa ridinge th f o l s also commemorate events fro Anglo-Scottise mth h wars particulan i , e rth battle of Flodden (1513), while some of the customs and ceremonies suggest that the ridings were associated with pagan summer festivals. The earliest records of the ridings date from the 16th century somin e and ,town histor evensthe beethe has tyof n almost continuous since thenAn . equivalent event in England is known as 'Beating the Bounds'. Burghs across Scotland once rode their marche mattea s sa coursef ro 16te th hn centurI . y ridings took place in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Stirling and Dundee; and also in smaller burghs like Haddington, Rutherglen, Arbroat Invernessd han . Today burgh, w onlfe ya s outside the Borders continue to ride their marches. The most important of these are Linlithgow, where a 'Marches Day takes ha ' n place annually sinc t leasea t 1541; Musselburgh, wher locae eth l riding was first recorde takes ha 168d n i nd plac2an e approximately ever year0 y2 s since then (although from 193annua n towe a als6s th d noha ha l 'Honest Toun' festival) Lanarkd an ; , where 'Lanimer Day' was first recorded in 1570, an event which also boasts an almost uninterrupted history. However, the home of the Scottish ridings is the Borders. All of the Borders towns stage a summer riding of some kind, and these can be divided into two basic categories. First, there are 'genuinee th ' Common Ridings, which have developed fro originae mth l marchesridine th f go . Selkirk Common Riding, wit 'Castins hit Colourse gth ' ceremony probabls i , oldese e yth th f o t Borders ridings, and was first recorded in the early 16th century. Hawick Common Riding may date from the same time, although the earliest record of the event is in 1640. Langholm Common Riding, which Hugh MacDiarmid love attendo dt , dates from 1816, althoug Langhole hth m marches were perambulated before then. Finally, Lauder Common Riding, like many other traditional customs, lapsed in the 19th century but was revived in 1911 to commemorate the coronation of George V. The second group of Borders ridings have a slightly different emphasis from the original Common Ridings, although they retain the element of the town 'riding out'. These festivals were LECTURE SUMMARIES 1125

institute 19te 20td th han hn di centuries takd an ,e plac townn ei st posses whicno d hsdi common lan thereford traditiodo an n d e ha ridinf no marchese gth . Instead, these towns have based their ridin notabln go e event thein si r history r instanceFo . , Galashiels Braw Lads Gathering focuses , amongson t other things grantine th e tow, th nf g o charter. Likewise, Jedburg r Jetharth(o ) Gallants' Festival stage re-enactmensa Raie th Reideswirf df o o t e (1575) Bordera , s skirmisn hi which Jedburgh men played a prominent role. Peebles Beltane Festival revives the tradition of a medieval summer fair, combined with a symbolic riding of the marches. Some towns make formal visits to historic local sites. Melrose and Kelso visit their ruined abbeys, whilst Coldstream stages 'ride-outa Floddee th o t ' n battlefield. Thes festivalw ene sometimee sar s referre 'artificials a o dt ' 'ersatzr o ' festivals. e ridingTh s have many individual features t theibu , r general e briefloutlinb n yca e summarized. Several weeks before the riding, a young native bachelor is chosen to be the symbolic leader of the year's event and to carry the burgh flag on the day itself. The correct nomenclature for this rider is very important and is strictly observed: Hawick, Langholm, Lauder and Peebles appoin Corneta t ; Selkirk Royae Th , l Burgh Standard Bearer; Galashiels Brae (and Th ,w La d Braw Lass); Kelso Laddie; Duns Reiver; The Melrosian; The Coldstreamer; and so on. Preliminary events include practice ride r 'ride-outs'o s ; concert f locao s l songs; schood an l hospital visits; and a civic reception for local emigrants who have returned to the town for the riding ridine .Th g itself begins wit formae hth l presentatio burge th f principalnhe o flath o gt o ,wh then lead mountes shi d supporter day'e th sn so ride . Large number f followerso s take parn i t these events, testifyin theio gt r enduring popularity oldee th rn I .ridings , riders mak esymbolia c inspectio burge th f nho lands, whic includy hma ceremoniaea l turf-cuttin maro gt a site f keth o boundary. Most ridings are accompanied by a programme of horse-races — the Borders is the centre of British 'flapping' or unlicensed racing — and there are also athletic events and a travelling funfair ridine Th . g ends wit reture burge hth th f nho flag, followe dinney a db d an r grand ball. Local peopl vere ear y prou theif do r ridings thesd ,an e events arouse strong emotions. In 1996 bittea , r dispute occurred ove participatioe th r f womeno n rider Hawicn si k Common Riding, which many locals, male and female, saw as a dangerous break with tradition. The depth of feeling arouse thiy db s dispute illustrate underlyine dth g conservatis traditionad man l maleness of these events.

A new investigation into the Clava Cairns Richard Bradley

The Clava Cairna distinctiv e ar s e feature prehistorth f o e f northero y n Scotlane ar d an d distributed between Strath easGle e d Speth an t n o y t Urquhar weste th .o t The y consis botf o t h passage grave rind san g cairns monumente Th . definee sar gradey db d kerbs, whic lowee har r toward north-ease sth highe d south-weste tan th o rt . The enclosee yar d within free-standing stone circles which follo samwthe e convention. Clava Cairns are not located at conspicuous points in the landscape and tend to be associated with valleys, springs, basin aread san productivf so e agricultural soil thin I . s respect they differ from their neighbours, the Cromarty Cairns. Field survey conducted between the southern flank of Strath Nairn and the shore of the Moray Firth shows that the Clava Cairns 112 | 6SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998

were closely integrated into the wider pattern of settlement, as reflected by the distribution of worked flint and quartz. cairne Th Stratn si h Nairn large e tenb o dt r tha othere nth includd san cemeteries o etw . monumenthesf e o th e s ei On t Balnuaraa t Clavf no statn i a whicew carno s hei ('guardianship'). Excavatio field nan d survey carrie thert dou e between 199 199d 4an 7 suggested tha cemetere tth y originally consisted of eight monuments, five them substantial structures built along the course of gravea lpassag o terracetw e e Th .grave s were aligne midwintee th n do r sunset, while fouth f o r mound r cairnso orientatew s ro wermidsumme e a th n ei n laidt o dou r sunrise. These opposing alignments were reflected in the structure of the monuments through the selection of stones accordin coloursizgd o t ean . t seemI s tha Balnuarae tth n cemeter maio buils tw n y n wa phasesi t largee .Th r monuments probably date from the Early Bronze Age (2100-1700 BC); these dates overlap with those from rine th g cairn t Newtosa Pettf no Raigmored yan , which fall between about 230 200d 0an 0 BC. Each monumen t Balnuaraa t buils nwa t accordin prescribea o gt d plan therevidencd o n an , s ei e fo prolongea r d perio constructionf do platforme Th . stond san e circles surroundin passage gth e graves were built immediately after those monuments were erected. The same is true of the central ring cairn, wher enigmatie eth c 'rays fory mma ' par longef o t r alignments linkin innee gd th an r outer kerbs to monoliths in the stone circle. The Balnuaran cemetery was-reused between about 1250 and 800 BC. One small ring cairn was built at this time, and two other monuments may also have been added to the cemetery. Both the older passage graves were reused at this time. There is similar evidence from Newton of Petty. Balnuarae Th n cemeter probabls ywa y buillandscapa n i t e thaalreadd ha t y see t leasna t one episode of clearance, cultivation and settlement. The evidence from Raigmore suggests that this may have been the case at other sites. Perhaps the settlements of the living were replaced directl stone-buily yb t monument deade th o .st That hypothesis might explai presence nth f eo reused building stone in the cairns and would also be consistent with the results of field survey in the wider landscape. Clave Th a Cairns combine architectural elements from passage grave Sutherlandn si , Ross- shir Caithnessd ean , which were being reusetimee th t ,da wit h others stonfoune th en di circles and related monuments of north-east Scotland. Their construction may result from an attempt to forge links with traditiobeliefw practicefacd ne e f sth an e o n i s originatin southe th gn i .

Bodies, faces and teeth lain MacLeod

Archaeolog abous yi tmostls peoplha d ye an concerne d itself wit relice artefacthd th san e th f so past onls i t yI . relatively recently that scientific stud bees yha n applie remaine th o d t peoplf so e themselves. The human remains most often found in an archaeological context are skeletal. A lot can be learned from these, such as sex, height and age. The latter in particular can be assessed from the development and wear of the teeth. One frequently asked question is 'Can the cause of death be ascertained from the skeleton?' The answer is usually no, unless the disease process involved the bones. Certainly injury and trauma to the bones can be detected, as can disease processes LECTURE SUMMARIES 1127

affectin bonese gth , suc arthritis ha neoplasiad san . More recent studies, usinextracteA gDN d from bones, has provided insights into relationships between individuals and also into the origins of certain disease processes. Examining skeletal material alone doe t reveasno l what individual havy sma e looked like during life. The concept of using the skull as a frame for the face is not new; artists for many years have been fascinated by this concept. Facial reconstruction is based upon the predictable relationship betwee s overlyinit e skuld nth an l g soft tissues. This relationshi notes d pwa dan studied by the anatomist His in the 1860s and a number of further studies were made by other workers during the course of the next 50 years. All were endeavouring to demonstrate that a face built upon a skull would, or would not, be broadly similar to the face which covered the skull in life. This technique attempts to make recognizable that which is unrecognizable, and plays a valuable role todafiele forensif th d o n yi c identification. The two principal techniques of facial reconstruction are onlaid terracotta, on a plaster skulle copcomputer-generated th f an y,o d reconstruction base scannea n do d imagskulle th f e.o difficulte Th applyinn yi g these technique archaeologicao st l materia thas i l t ther usualls ei o yn contemporary portrait or bust with which to compare the reconstruction. Consequently, it is essential to attempt reconstructions of individuals for whom such information is available, as this allows assessmen accurace th techniquese f o tth f yo . George Buchanan (1506-1653) tutos founde d Jame,wa o r'Tounit e an th I f sV o r s College' of Edinburgh (Universit Edinburgh)f yo . Afte deats rhi skuls presentes hhi lwa Universitye th o dt . Numerous portraits are identified as George Buchanan. Some of these appear to show a different individual, though this shoulparticularle b t dno y surprisin name th relativels s egi a y commonn I . this instanc role efaciaf th e o l reconstructio t onl no asseso yt s validite n wa techniquese th th f yo , t als assesbu o t s whicrivae th lf ho portrait moss si representatiota likele b o yt George th f no e Buchanan whose skull is now in the University's anatomy museum. There were technical difficulties with this project, owing to loss of the lower jaw, teeth and extensive damage to the right cheek bone correctioe Th . thesf no e problems require hele dspecialistth f p o s from various disciplines to enable a suitable plaster framework to be produced for the reconstruction. The end result revealed tha portraia t t ownee Royath y db l Society, possibly painte Adriay db n Keij, show markesa d similarit buste th ,o y t attestin boto g t authenticit e hth portraie th f alsyd o an ot the validity of the reconstruction technique. In many instances the skull is either inaccessible, as in the case of wrapped Egyptian mummies, or too delicate to allow a straightforward impression-based copy to be made. Recent technology using computerized tomographic X-ray images has been used to create accurate models. Although originally designe industriar dfo l purposes, these techniques have been applied in medicin particulan i d an e cranio-facian i r l surgery. This technolog n als e useyca ob o dt reproduce skulls and, subsequently, to allow facial reconstruction. One example of this work involved scannin n Egyptiaga n mummy, dating from aroun 120d currentlD an dA ,e th n i y possessio Royae th f no l Museu Scotlandmf o importance .Th thif eo s wor tha s cartonage ktwa th e contained a portrait of the deceased, showing an incredibly lifelike image. But how much of a likeness was this portrait to the deceased? Using computerized radiographic technology, a plastic skul e reproducedcops th f wa ly o ; this acte templata s da faciar efo l reconstruction outcome Th . e reveale dstrikina g similarity betwee portraite th buse d nth an t, thus underlinin t onle gno y th methodvalue th f eo t als accurace ,bu o th portraite th f yo . It would be simplistic to claim that such work can reproduce the face of the deceased, as ther obviousle ear y element facee th f , so suc chees ha k fatness, scar minod san r skin blemishes,f o which we can have no real knowledge. The intention, therefore, is to reproduce a face of the 112 | 8SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998

correct proportions thud an ,likeness a s which woul recognizable db someony eb kneo e ewwh th decease lifedn i . Edinburgh has an impressive collection of anatomical material, collected over many hundreds of years, housed both by the Medical School and the Royal College of Surgeons. Many famou somd san e infamous individual representee sar thin di s collection, includin gplastea r cast skule o fth Roberf lo Bruce tth e (1274-1329). Bruc subjeca s ei legendf o t , with many books and, laterally, films of his exploits. Although much is known about his colourful life, there is little contemporary record about the man himself. It has been recorded that for many years he suffered from a progressive illness, which often left him debilitated, and from which he seemed to recover struce onlb o yt k agai latea t na r time contentioue On . s possibilite issuth s ei y tha sufferee h t d from leprosy. Ther onls ereliabli e yon e contemporary suggestio f thisno descriptioa , s hi f no suffering from 'la grosse maladie', which was often used as a synonym for leprosy. Certainly leprosy was rife in the Western World at the time. Robert the Bruce himself had a considerable interest in the subject and was responsible for procuring various leper beds. Despite these hints, the record does not indicate any attempt to isolate him, as would have been the case for a known leper, eve nkinga . buries wa Dunfermlinn d i an 5 Rober5 f o Bruc e e tth e ag Abbey ee dieth t da . Surprisingly, exace th t whereabout toms forgottens hi f bwa so , rediscoveree onlb o yt d accidentally during renovation works in 1818. The tomb certainly appeared to match a description of the site of his burial, and the skeletal remains it contained included a sternum (chest bone) which had been split dow middlee nth keepinn i , g wit post-mortee hth m remova hearte th f o .l Various bit f clotso h found wit remaine hth s also suggeste dhigh-rankina g individual. The remains were examined by a group of medical men, including the young Robert Listen, who was later to become famous as the first surgeon in the United Kingdom to operate under general anaesthesia. Listen's report on the skeletal remains was published in 1821 and it is face th t e thaprobabl ow thasculptor a tm e hi tw o yt , William Scoular employes wa , make_o dt a plaster copy of the skull prior to the reinterment of the bones within the tomb. The original cast of the skull is currently housed in Edinburgh Medical School; several copies also exist. Examinatio plastee th f no r skull reveals many feature interestf so . Ther damags ei e th o et cheed an e klef boneey t ; this occurred some time durin would lifs gean hi d have resulte somn di e disfigurement of this part of the face. The upper front teeth are missing and, in particular, the upper central incisors were lost some time prio deatho rt peculiaA . r erosion around this region, and additional blunting of the bone margins around the nose, are features all highly suggestive of leprosy. Thi bees sha n commente man y directle b b n yn do expertca y fiel e d compareth d an n si d to specimens from people known to have died of the condition. This adds weight to the likelihood that Bruce suffered from leprosy, although some experts suggest that the condition may not have been particularly noticeable in the scarred and weatherbeaten face of a warrior king. The general bone structure indicateconsiderablf o n ma sa y muscular build. Despit tha eall know is t n abou tman Brucethe y lateand , r portrait statuesand himsof , thercontemporaro n s ei y descriptio appearances hi f no firse Th .t facial reconstruction basen do tissue-depth measurements was undertaken by the Edinburgh sculptor C Pilkington-Jackson in 1958, in collaboration with the then Professor of Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh, Professor Romanes. Although based on tissue-depth measurements, the end result of this bust still includes sculptor'muce th f ho s interpretatio featurese th f no . More recently appliee w , o dtw independent forensic techniques to a copy of the skull: one using onlaid terracotta and the other, by Professor Peter Vanezis, in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Glasgow, using a computer-generated image. The three reconstructions were then compared by scanning LECTURE SUMMARIES 1129

the images int computeoa produco rt e transparent 'masks' which could the overlaide nb thao s , t the image of one face was visible through the others. This investigation demonstrated that the three reconstructions were very similar and can therefore be regarded as close approximations of the face of Robert the Bruce. Further studie Robern o s Bruce th t e using evidence from various medica palaeod an l - pathological experts have allowed us to undertake a further reconstruction, this time including e variouth s possible medical features affectin s facehi g . Althoug s recognizedwa t hi that this undertaking required an amount of artistic licence, it was considered a reasonable undertaking nonetheless. Furthermore projece th , allowes ha t assessmenn da 'deata f o t h mask' identifies da Bruce (though there is no reliable provenance for this). The 'mask' is in fact carved in stone and forms part of the richly decorated interior of Rosslyn Chapel, in Midlothian. It certainly shows many of the features determined from the skull, in particular the unusual appearance of the left face eyed th sidan e .f eo Thes featuree ear s which would hardly have been incorporatea y db sculptor carving suc famouha s person without some direct knowledg faces hi f .eo The use of modern medical and forensic technology is moving forward with leaps and bounds. Work which was considered futuristic only a few years ago is now becoming relatively common, and possible future developments are most exciting. From a personal point of view, all the work that we have undertaken has been done with the help of many experts within their own onls i t yi field througd san h them tha wore bees tth kha n possible. firse tTh Glasgow Town House, 1737-60 Hugh Cheape

The first Glasgow Town House no longer exists. The structure of that name which stood at the Glasgow Cros badls swa y damage fir y 191d n b ei the d 1an n demolished detaileo N . d surver yo plans were buildine mad th time e f e o th regrette e t g.b a Thio t s si d since undoubtedlthis swa ya most distinguished piece of civic architecture occupying a city-centre site. It had been universally admired since its erection in the early 18th century and even Glasgow anecdote and folklore demonstrates how generations of Glaswegians were sentimentally attached to it. In 1990 Nationae th , l Museum Scotlanf so d acquire architecturan da l modefa9ade th f o le of a formal and imposing neoclassical building which turned out to be a representation of the first Glasgow Town House (NMS regno A. 1990.116) meano n y . b This s certai time swa th et n a and , before acquisition, researc undertakes hwa establiso nt identitys hit t onl thid No .y di s reveal that the model itself could be dated to the mid-18th century (which is ipso facto important since early architectural model rare sScotlandar n e i t alsi t o )providebu d tangible evidenc remarkabla f eo e phas urbaf eo n development whic bees hha n largely obliterate rapie th dy d b growt Glasgof ho w e 19td 20tinth han h centuries e modeTh . l points inter e influenc th alia o t f Palladioo e s a , interpreted in the Banqueting House in Whitehall and in Somerset House New Gallery. It is suggested that the maker of the model had before him the plates of the Inigo Jones work as published in Colen Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus. The Shawfield Mansion of 1711 to the desig f Campbelno comparabla s i l e contemporary exampl f thieo s remarkable, dynamid can largely unsung period of urban development and Neoclassicism in Scotland. 1130 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998

modele Th woon i , probabld— y mahogan formy— rectangla s e approximatelm c 0 y10 highm c t showI 0 s wealt. 6 lonit y n i f gb scarve ho d detai a three-storel y rang a well f o e- proportioned, 10-ba arcaded yan d frontag whicn ei uppee hth r storey linkee giansar a y db t order of Ionic pilasters standing on a substantial plinth above the continuous arcade. A moulded cornice carrie balustradsa e topped with urns designThe . , wit elementhits pilasterssof , arcading and the rustication, with deeply sunk chamfered joints, is based on a formula generally attributed to Inigo Jones and his successor, John Webb. Other design signatures are the windows on the principal floor having alternate triangula segmentad ran l pediments qualite Th . workmanshif yo p in carving, detail and finish is remarkable, and the model seems to represent in the fullest sense what was considered to be the most distinguished building in 18th-century Glasgow. Detailed research, especially in the records of Glasgow Town Council, suggests that the model was made about workshop175the 7in Allaof s n Dreghorn (1706-64), Glasgoof w 'wrightman and ' business probabls wa t I . y mad carefun e undeow s l hi rdirectio persuado nt bailiee eth d an s magistrate virtuee th f so s eviden schema n ti e which extende existine dth g Town House building from a five-bay into a 10-bay frontage. Dreghorn's architectural work is otherwise represented in the distinguished and sculptural St Andrew's Church (1739-57) in the city centre. Towe Th n House mann i s a ,y other Scottish burghsmedievas it d ha , l precursoe th n i r Tolbooth, whiccase Glasgof th eo n hi w survive ssteeple onlth n yi e isolate traffia s da c islant da Crosse th Tolboote Th . rebuils earle hth wa yn i t 17th centur lata n eyi Renaissanc earld ean y Classical style, and was extended in stages during the extensive rebuilding which followed the wholesale destruction of the city centre by fires in the 1650s and 1670s. The Town Council minutes record in considerable detail the stages of building and rebuilding of Glasgow in this period, and most significantl regulatine yth f streego t frontages, roof lines, building styles, proportiond san materials to be used within the city's bounds. In 1737 the first major extension to the Tolbooth was begun, addin 'toww ne nga house three-storea n i ' y Classical bloc institutind kan arcadede gth piazza which serveExchange th merchane s da th r efo t community. Between 175 d 17607an a , further five bays were added to the west in matching style, with added ornamentation to contain Assembln a y Room. modee Towe th Th f no l House offers vivid evidenc thif eo s early exercis Classicisn ei d man of Glasgow's pre-eminenc 'Classicaa s ea l City comparativela t a ' y early date. This distinctios ni clearly to be inferred from the comments of contemporary observers in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, but these comments may have been too often repeated to be taken seriously and a prodigious distinction obscured by the later emergence of Glasgow as the 'Second City of the Empire'. The model serves both social and architectural history in that it provides, on the one hand, an insight into the city's mercantile class, with its own brand of prosperity and energy, and records e otheth n r o ,hand e evolutio th structure,w ne f no d urba an s n forms, e linketh o dt emergenc classew commerciad ne f sean o l processe patternw ne d behaviourf san o . LECTURE SUMMARIE I S113 1

Romantie Th c interior Walter :Si r Scot Abbotsford tan d Clive Wainwright

Though an analysis of the remarkable interiors which survive at Abbotsford formed the core of this lecture I also attempted to place the house in the context of the wider Romantic Movement. concludine Th g section dealt wit internationae hth l influenc Scotf eo Abbotsfordd an t . The Romantic interior I have denned as one in which most of the objects are medieval or Renaissance ones collected especiall earle th furniso yt y n I Britis . it h h example collectore sth s who created them frequently acquired objects of similar date but from a range of countries. Thus French medieval glass could coexist in one interior with Flemish carved panelling, Tudor furniture and German metalwork. The best early documented example is Strawberry Hill, created by Horace Walpol yeare0 ove5 e s rth followin purchass ghi originae th f eo l hous 1747n ei . Though most of the rooms contained objects from several countries, some had a more nationalistic air. The Holbein Chamber is the best example, furnished with objects relating to the Tudor dynasty, including Holbein miniatures, Wolsey's Cardinal' s furnitured somhi an f o et ha s . Scots wa t interested by Walpole and Strawberry Hill and in 1821 he wrote a perceptive introduction to a new edition of Walpole's Gothic novel The Castle ofOtranto. e rediscoverTh f nationao y l identitie y countrieb s s throughout Europ s greatlwa e y stimulate Romantie th y db c Movement Scotlann ;i poeme dth Ossiaf so n made their appearance and Walpole's friend Gray wrote his ode 'The Bard' in praise of the Welsh people. The works of European literary and artistic figures like Chateaubriand, Goethe, Schiller, Schinkel and Caspar David Friedrich all aided this process. Indeed, Scott was much inspired by the German authors. He was also closely associated with the British Romantics; he knew Byron and wrote an interesting review of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Abbotsford, both inside and out, is a key example of a national style in the making. Scott rejected several setground e planf so th n so s that they Englis e werth n ei h Gothic style, whereas he 'Ole th wanted n i Scotc characteristicy house e b ke dth o o ht e Style'tw e f thiTh .o s e h s perceptively identified as crow-stepped gables and bartizans, thus playing an important part in launchin Scottise gth h Baronial style house creates Th . ewa d aroun collections dhi t thougbu , h one might expec interiore th tcrammee b o t s d with objects like thos f Jonathao e n Oldbuck, brilliantly describe Antiquary,e Scoty Th db n i t facn Abbotsfore i th t d interior vere ar s y well ordered. The arms and armour in the Hall and Armoury are hung on the wall and the rooms are not over-furnished. Many of the objects, like Rob Roy's sword and gun, are connected with celebrated Scottish heroes, though some continental objects likFrence eth h armour froe mth battlefield at Waterloo, are displayed with them. The Study and the Library where Scott did his research and wrote his novels are arranged in a practical manner. It is a tribute to the Scott family, who have cherished the house for so long, that it still survives with its contents to give us such a clear impression of Scott's character both as a man and as a collector. The international influence of Scott's literary works and of Abbotsford was very widespread castle th Rosenaf n eo I . Coburgn ui , whic buils Princy hwa b t e Albert's fathere th , library is decorated with paintings after Scott's poems. At Aloupka in the Crimea the Russian Prince Woronzof even employed Scott's friend Edward Blor desigo et nwina interiord gan s based upon Abbotsford for his largely Arab-style house. As far away as Bohemia, the library of Schloss Hradec contains Scott's works in both Czech and French editions. 1132 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998

Scottish crannogs: construction, collapse and conflation Sandsb HendersoRo n ,Jo Annn& e Crone

Summary of a paper given at the Wetlands Archaeology (WARP) conference in Dublin, July 1998. Presentation Sands JohnRob and paper by the Henderson — of supported was a Young — by Fellows Bursary granted by the Society.

Crannogs have an extremely wide distribution in Scotland and, with over 400 references, can be considered one of the most ubiquitous site types. Their importance, particularly in terms of preserving organic material s lonha ,g been recognized. Despite this, Scottish archaeologs yha been slow to fully integrate crannogs into general settlement or period- based discussions. Over the past 10 years there has been an increase in the survey of crannogs but this has done little more tha t furthenpu r dot mapsn so generaln I . , ther bees eha lacna problem-orientatef ko d research, particularly in terms of modern excavation and absolute dating. Even within the wider archaeological community, the limitations of our knowledge about the function, construction appearancd an f Scottiseo h crannog t fullno ye acknowledgedar s . Ther efalsa seeme eb o t s impression, particularly in general works, that crannogs represent a homogenous group of sites about which a great deal is already known. However, the term crannog need not imply any chronological, socia functionar lo l similarity between these sites. Report f crannogso e 19tth hf o beginnine centurs th d towar 20te d en th ye an h f dth go century increased awarenes t offef these typo sno th f detairo o e e d sitet l thabu s t modern archaeological procedures require for effective interpretation. During the last 50 years only six sites have been investigate excavationy db : Eadarloch, Highland (Ritchie 1942), Loch Glashan, Argyllshire (Scott 1960); Milton Loch, Dumfriesshire (Piggott 1953); Oakbank, Perthshire^ (Dixon 1984); Buiston, Ayrshire (Barbe Cron& r e 1993; Crone forthcoming Redcastld an ) e (Hale 1996). Of these, only at Buiston and Oakbank has excavation proceeded below the uppermost layers. Similarly dateo t , , only three mainland e lochth n so potentiaa f ,o l 31,000, have been surveyed in their entirety: Loch Awe (McArdle et al 1973); Loch Tay (Dixon 1982); and the Lake of Menteith, Stirlingshire (Henderson, this vol). Consequently, all our theories about these sites ultimately res thin o t s very restricted database. Commentarie crannogn so s have tende preseno dt t their for functiod man knows na a n— single, round, defensive homestead on a platform surrounded by water. The paper presented by two of the writers at the WARP conference, in Dublin, explored this imagery and discussed whether it provided a useful base for furthering archaeological interpretations. The paper went on to explore the theoretical dynamics of the construction, use, collapse and decay of these monument contributioa s a s understandino nt t leasga t taphonomie somth f eo c processeo st which they have been subject serieA . modelf so proposes logicae swa th d ld an archaeologica l consequences of the models discussed in the light of findings from the most recent excavations of crannog structures. writerse th s i t I ' opinion tha database th t stils sparseo i mose to lth t attempo et bu y an t general interpretation chronologye th f so , cultural affinitie r functiono s f theso s e sites (Crone 1993; Henderson 199 thid 8s an past vol.)e th ,n .sitI e assemblages have been use datdo t e crannogs and to determine their social context and function. However, in the absence of a clear understandin e taphonomith f go c processes that for matrie mth r thesxfo e assemblagesy an , interpretation of date or function based upon them is of questionable value. A clear consideration LECTURE SUMMARIES | 1133 crannow ofho g site actualle sar y formed mus essentia n seee a b t s na l prerequisit interpretino et g them.

REFERENCES BarberCrone& 199A W B J ,3 'Crannogs diminishin;A g resource surve?A south-wesf yo t Scotland dan excavations at Buiston Crannog', Antiquity, 67, 520-33. Crone 199A B ,3 'Crannog chronologies'd san , Proc Antiqc So Scot, (1993)3 12 , 245-54 Dixon,TN 1982 'A survey of crannogs in Loch f&y', Proc Antiqc So Scot, 112(1982), 17-38. Dixon 198N ,T 4 Scottish Crannogs: underwater excavatio artificiaf no l island wits— h specific referenco et Oakbank Crannog, Loch Tay. Unpub thesisD lPh . Universit Edinburghf yo . Henderson, J C 1998 'Islets through time: the definition, dating and distribution of Scottish crannogs', Oxford JArchaeol, 27(2), 227-44. Henderson, J C this vol 'A survey of crannogs in the Lake of Menteith, Stirlingshire, Scotland'. McArdle , McArdleC , Morrison& D , I 197, 3 'Scottish lake-dwellings survey: archaeolog geomorphd yan - olog Locn yi h Awe, Argyllshire', Internal NauticalJ Archaeol, (2)2 , 381-2. Piggott 195M 3,C 'Milton Loch Cranno NativA : gI e Hous secone th f eo d century A Kirkcudbrightshire'Dn i , Proc Prehist Soc, 87 (1953), 134-52. Ritchie 194J , 2 'The lake dwellin crannor go Eadarloch'n gi , Proc Antiqc So Scot, (1942)6 7 , 8-78. Scott, J G 1960 'Loch Glashan', Discovery Excav in Scot 1960, 8-9.