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Downloaded at My Home PC and Then Uploaded to a Personal Password-Protected Online Drive City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Plaza, P. (2016). ‘Oil that harvests culture’: state, oil and culture in petrosocialism (Venezuela, 2007-2013). (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/18390/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] ‘Oil that Harvests Culture’: State, Oil and Culture in Petrosocialism (Venezuela, 2007-2013) Penélope Plaza-Azuaje Thesis submitted to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cultural Policy and Management City University of London Department of Sociology September 2016 1 Table of Contents Diagrams ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Illustrations ................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Narratives of the Venezuelan Petrostate: From Sowing Oil to the New Magical State ............................. 11 Interfaces of State Space, Bureaucratic Power and Culture as a Resource .................................................. 14 Chapter outline ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Brief Historical Context: PDVSA, Hugo Chávez and Petrosocialism .............................................................. 22 Chapter one: State Space, Bureaucratic Power, City and Culture ...................................................................... 29 Space ........................................................................................................................................................................ 29 State Space as Territory ........................................................................................................................................ 35 Bureaucratic Power ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Petrostate: Rentier State Theory ..................................................................................................................... 45 City, Culture and Oil ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Oil In and Within Culture .................................................................................................................................... 56 Culture as a Resource in Petrosocialism: Culture-as-mineral-deposit ...................................................... 59 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................. 63 Chapter two: Fieldwork, Ethics and Data Collection in a Politically Polarised Petrostate ............................ 65 Research Settings ................................................................................................................................................... 66 Political Setting: Petrosocialism and the Transition Towards the Socialist State ................................... 66 Geographical Setting: Caracas, the Capital City of Venezuela ................................................................... 67 Institutional Setting: PDVSA and PDVSA La Estancia ............................................................................. 68 Research Design: Case Study Approach ............................................................................................................ 70 Case Study Selection: PDVSA La Estancia .................................................................................................. 71 The Ethics of Doing Fieldwork in the Midst of Extreme Political Polarisation ......................................... 72 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................................................... 78 Elite Interviews ................................................................................................................................................. 79 Interview sample ............................................................................................................................................... 82 Documentary Research: Policy Instruments, Speeches, Photographs and Adverts ............................... 84 Analysis Methods ................................................................................................................................................... 87 Critical Discourse Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 87 Visual Semiotics ................................................................................................................................................ 91 Charles S. Peirce’s Semiosis ............................................................................................................................. 92 Roland Barthes Mythologies ........................................................................................................................... 94 2 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 97 Chapter three: from Rentier Republic to the New Magical State ....................................................................... 98 Post-colonial Bureaucratisation and Modernity in Latin America ................................................................. 98 Oil and Modernity in the Genesis of the Venezuelan Petrostate ........................................................... 103 Sowing Oil: Modernity and Culture in Venezuela ......................................................................................... 104 The Magical State: Oil, Land and the Illusion of Modernity ....................................................................... 112 PDVSA: Instrument of the New Magical State ........................................................................................ 116 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................... 123 Chapter four: Fault Lines of Bureaucratic Power and Parallel State Spaces .................................................. 125 Contradictions in Hugo Chávez’s Discursive Construction of Petrosocialism ........................................ 126 Elites’ Perspectives on the Effect of Hugo Chávez’s Bureaucratic Power on the City .......................... 132 Overlaps and Vacuums in the Production of the Socialist State Space ..................................................... 137 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................... 150 Chapter five: PDVSA La Estancia as an instrument of ‘Sowing Oil’ that ‘Harvests Culture’ .................... 152 PDVSA as an Agent of Revolutionary Change ............................................................................................. 153 Elites’ Perspectives on PDVSA, Oil Wealth and the City ........................................................................... 158 PDVSA La Estancia is ‘Another Form of Sowing Oil’ ................................................................................ 167 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................... 173 Chapter six: Relative-Spaces of Representation of Culture-as-mineral-deposit ............................................ 175 Profile of the Campaign ‘We Transform Oil Into A Renewable Resource For You’ ............................. 176 Visual Semiotics: Giant Oil Workers and the Myth of ‘Renewable
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