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Police Deviancy: an Exploration of Issues and Ideas Moving Forward

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Police Deviancy: an Exploration of Issues and Ideas Moving Forward Murray State's Digital Commons Integrated Studies Center for Adult and Regional Education Fall 2020 Police Deviancy: An Exploration of Issues and Ideas Moving Forward Jason A. Lutz Murray State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/bis437 Recommended Citation Lutz, Jason A., "Police Deviancy: An Exploration of Issues and Ideas Moving Forward" (2020). Integrated Studies. 289. https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/bis437/289 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Adult and Regional Education at Murray State's Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Integrated Studies by an authorized administrator of Murray State's Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Police Deviancy: An Exploration of Issues and Ideas Moving Forward By Jason Lutz Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Integrated Studies Degree Murray State University October 24, 2020 i Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine one of history’s most horrific offenses carried out by police. This being their participation in the Holocaust. By examining previous research in the field, it was determined the factors that led to their participation still exist in policing today. Factors such as implicit bias and police deviancy along with the absence of ethics-based police training are all contributing factors. An examination was conducted in regard to the existence of the “us versus them mentality” that police possess in order to understand factors that cause it. The research also acknowledges the existence of the “code of silence” used to protect officer’s deviancy and ethical violations from being exposed. The research was conducted because of current events and the necessity of understanding the complicated culture that exists in policing. Now more than ever, law enforcement departments throughout the United States should be focused on building legitimacy and public trust. The research found that a clear emphasis to accomplish this should be a focus on the positive mentoring of new recruits and continual ethics training throughout an officer’s entire career. Keywords: Police Ethics, Code of Silence, Us versus Them, Ethics Based Police Training, Police, Holocaust, Police Deviancy, ii Acknowledgment As a twenty-year veteran of law enforcement, I want to acknowledge all the hardworking men and women across the world who protect and serve their communities every day. I understand the hardships and adversity your face. I also understand the scars you will live with for the rest of your life. I also want to remember the 20,267 names on the police memorial wall in Washington D.C. Officers who never made it home. My intention in writing this paper is to assist all of us in repairing the broken relationships we may have with our citizenry. We must acknowledge that issues exist and need to be resolved. In the days ahead we must understand that we have a responsibility to assist in resolving those issues. iii Table of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Introduction 1 Literature Review 3 History of Policing 3 The Role of German Police During the Holocaust 5 Implicit Bias 9 President Barack Obama’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing 12 The Need to Build Trust and Legitimacy 13 Police Deviancy 16 Leader’s Responsibility in Ethics Training 23 Assessment of Ethics Training in Law Enforcement and Best Practices 26 Higher Education in Law Enforcement 30 Findings 34 Discussion 39 Recommendations 48 Conclusion 51 References 53 Appendix 58 1 Introduction On May 25, 2020, 46-year-old Black American George Floyd was killed in Minneapolis Minnesota during his arrest by members of the Minneapolis Police Department. Media outlets across the country played footage of Floyd pleading for his life as officers knelt on his legs, back and neck. Floyd’s death sparked outrage and reignited a long-standing feud between the citizenry of this country and law enforcement. Emotional crowds called for police to be defunded while others called them to be abolished. On September 8, 2020, prominent black civil right leader Rev. Al Sharpton stated: “We need to re-imagine how we do policing… to take all policing off is something a latte liberal may go for as they sit around the Hamptons discussing this as an academic problem. But people living on the ground need proper policing. (Garger, 2020, p. 1)” What Rev. Sharpton realizes is that law enforcement is an integral part of our culture and the democracy of this country. Law enforcement agencies and officers must acknowledge and embrace the role they play in both. They must step back and look at how they conduct business and how they serve their communities. It is their responsibility to accept prior misdeeds and determine how to move forward. The purpose of this study is to examine one of history’s most horrific offenses carried out by police. This being their participation in the Holocaust. This examination will help break down and determine the factors that led to their participation and expose how some of those factors still exist in policing today. We will also look at factors such as implicit bias and police deviancy along with the absence of ethics-based police training. We will examine the existence of the “us versus them mentality” that police possess and try to understand factors that cause it. 2 This research is important because of the existence of the “code of silence” among some police officers (Kaariainen et al., 2008). This code of silence is used to protect officer’s deviancy and ethical violations from being exposed. It is even believed that the code of silence is so powerful that it may be difficult, if not impossible, to study police misconduct (Kaariainen et al., 2008). We must work to understand the complicated culture that exists in policing. Now more than ever, law enforcement departments throughout the United States should be focused on building legitimacy and public trust. The primary emphasis to accomplish this should be a focus on positive mentoring and continual ethics training throughout an officer’s career. 3 Literature Review The History of Policing Sir Robert Peel formed the first Modern Day Police department in London in 1829 (Jones, 2004). As part of this development, Peel thought long and hard on developing policing so that it could be separate from a military force and formed it based on nine principles. Those 9 principals are as follows (Jones, 2004): • Principle 1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. • Principle 2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. • Principle 3. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. • Principal 4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force. • Principal 5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to the public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. • Principal 6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be sufficient. • Principal 7. Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to the duties which are incumbent in every citizen in the interests of the community welfare and existence. 4 • Principle 8. Police should always direct their action strictly towards their function and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. • Principal 9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. The media is filled with examples today which show some agencies, and especially some individual officers, have strayed far from that vision. However, there is some contradiction on what some believe police officers should be. President Barak Obama's Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015) determined that law enforcement should understand that they are guardians, not warriors. It states that this guardian mindset will help lend legitimacy to police and help build public trust (Final Report, The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 2015). Conti and Nolan (2005) suggested during their experience with cadets that police see themselves as warriors. Well known author and law enforcement influencer Lt. Col Dave Grossman, U.S Army retired, declares that police should be sheepdogs. In his book On Combat, he describes ordinary citizens and members of society as sheep. He then describes the bad guys, criminals, or violent members of society as the wolves. Grossman expounds by declaring police officers are sheepdogs. He explains that it is their job to protect the sheep from the wolves (Grossman. 2008. pp. 180-181). Yarmey (1999) stated that police officers and departments both find public expectations, reactions to peacekeeping, crime fighting, and community service roles inconsistent (as cited in Mink, 2000). Police are exposure to both the stresses and pressures of serving the public every day and often only seeing the worst in humanity. Overtime, police officers develop an us versus them mentality. Us being the police against them the public. In training, police are consistently being subjected to three ideologies. You are going die, you are going be sued, and there is always the 5 potential to use force against some members of the public every day.
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