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Project Argo Project Argo A Proposal for a Mars Sample Return System J. Cunningham, S. Thompson, C. Ayon, W. Gallagher, E. Gomez, A. Kechejian, A. Miller Pyxis Aerospace, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA AIAA Undergraduate Team Space Transportation Design Competition, 2016 Abstract Pyxis Aerospace at Cal Poly Pomona is pleased to present Project Argo, its proposal for a Mars Sample Return System as requested by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. The goal of Project Argo is to travel to Mars, retrieve a sample collected by a rover on the Martian surface, and return it to Earth. To accomplish this goal, we have designed three vehicles: the Earth Return Vehicle (ERV), the Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), and the Mars Landing Platform (MLP). The three vehicles will launch on July 24, 2020 and travel together as one unit. The MAV and the MLP will be enclosed in a backshell/heat shield similar to previous Mars missions, and the ERV will act as the cruise stage. The vehicles will arrive at Mars Feb 17, 2021. After Mars orbit capture, the MAV/MLP will separate and enter the Martian atmosphere. The MLP, carrying the MAV, will make a precision landing within 5 km of the rover location. After the sample cache has been received and secured, the MAV will launch from the Martian surface and rendezvous with the ERV, which will have been left in a parking orbit. The sample cache will be transferred to the ERV, and the ERV will return to Earth, arriving in May 2025. The ERV will capture into Earth orbit using a combination of propulsive maneuvers and aerobraking to bring it to a suitable orbit, and rendezvous with the ISS. ISS crew will retrieve the sample and the ERV will be secured, thereby completing Project Argo. The total mission estimated cost is FY2020$1.7B. Pyxis Aerospace of Cal Poly Pomona: Project Argo Design Team We, the Project Argo team members, retain copyright ownership of this proposal. We grant an irrevocable license to AIAA to copy, display, publish, and distribute this proposal and to use it for all of AIAA's current and future print and electronic uses. Project Argo AIAA Mars Sample Return System, 2016 2 Nomenclature/Acronyms AIAA – American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ACS - Attitude Control System CAD – Computer Aided Design CDS - Command and Data System CEP – Circular Error Probability EDL – Entry, Decent, and Landing ERV – Earth Return Vehicle EVA – Extravehicular Activity FOM – Figure of Merit FOV – Field of View FRGF – Flight Releasable Grapple Fixture G-FOLD – Guidance for Fuel Optimal Large Diverts GMAT – General Mission Analysis Tool GNC – Guidance, Navigation, and Control IR – Infrared ISRU – In Situ Resource Utilization ISS – International Space Station JPL – Jet Propulsion Laboratory Ksps – Kilo Symbols per Second MAV – Mars Ascent Vehicle MLP – Mars Launch Platform MOI – Moments of Inertia MMH – Monomethylhydrazine Nms – Newton * meter * seconds NPR – NASA Procedural Requirements NTO - Nitrogen Tetroxide RFP – Request for Proposal Project Argo AIAA Mars Sample Return System, 2016 3 SOI – Sphere of Influence SSTO – Single Stage to Orbit TOF – Time of Flight TRN – Terrain Relative Navigation Table of Contents Project Argo Mission Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 7 A. Scientific background and goals ....................................................................................................................... 7 B. AIAA Request For Proposal (RFP) .................................................................................................................. 7 Project Argo Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 8 A. Selecting the Overall Mission Architecture ...................................................................................................... 8 B. Project Argo Concept of Operations Overview .............................................................................................. 10 1. Major Mission Phases ................................................................................................................................ 10 C. Vehicle Description ........................................................................................................................................ 10 D. Overview of Key Vehicle Design Features .................................................................................................... 11 1. Earth Launch Configuration ....................................................................................................................... 11 2. ERV drop tanks .......................................................................................................................................... 11 3. ERV capture cone ...................................................................................................................................... 12 4. MAV sample storage and deploy system ................................................................................................... 12 5. MLP Terrain Relative Navigation system .................................................................................................. 12 E. Design and Analysis Tools ............................................................................................................................. 12 Project Argo Concept of Operations ............................................................................................................................ 14 A. ConOp Phase I: Earth launch, transit, Mars capture ....................................................................................... 14 1. Earth to Mars Trajectory ............................................................................................................................ 14 2. Earth Launch Vehicle ................................................................................................................................. 16 3. Earth-Mars transit ...................................................................................................................................... 17 4. Mars Capture .............................................................................................................................................. 18 B. ConOp Phase II: MAV separation, EDL, sample transfer .............................................................................. 19 1. MAV/MLP Detach and De-Orbit ............................................................................................................... 20 2. Mars Entry Aerothermodynamics .............................................................................................................. 20 3. MAV Landing: Terrain Relative Navigation ............................................................................................. 23 4. Mars Landing: Mars Landing Platform Propulsion System ....................................................................... 24 5. ERV parking orbit ...................................................................................................................................... 25 6. MAV Sample Stow and Transfer Subsystem ............................................................................................. 26 C. ConOp Phase III: MAV Mars launch, ascent, ERV rendezvous and sample transfer .................................... 29 1. MAV Architecture Selection ...................................................................................................................... 29 Project Argo AIAA Mars Sample Return System, 2016 4 2. MAV Launch ............................................................................................................................................. 30 3. ERV/MAV Rendezvous ............................................................................................................................. 32 D. ConOp Phase IV: Mars escape, transit, Earth capture and aerobraking, ISS rendezvous............................... 36 1. ERV Maneuvers in Preparation for Escape ................................................................................................ 36 2. ERV Departs Mars ..................................................................................................................................... 37 3. Mars-Earth Transit ..................................................................................................................................... 37 4. Earth Capture ............................................................................................................................................. 37 5. Earth Aerobraking ...................................................................................................................................... 38 6. ERV/ISS Rendezvous ................................................................................................................................ 40 7. Transfer of the Mars Sample to ISS ........................................................................................................... 41 8. ERV disposal.............................................................................................................................................. 41 Vehicle Design ...........................................................................................................................................................
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