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Early Modern Catholicism : an Anthology of Primary Sources Early Modern Catholicism makes available in modern spelling and punctuation substantial Catholic contributions to literature, history, political thought, devotion, and theology in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Rather than perpetuate the usual stereotypes and misinformation, it provides a fresh look at Catholic writing long suppressed, marginalized, and ignored. The anthology gives back voices to those silenced by prejudice, exile, persecution, or martyrdom while attention to actual texts challenges conventional beliefs about the period. The anthology is divided into eight sections entitled controversies, lives and deaths, poetry, instructions and devotions, drama, histories, fic- tion, and documents, and includes seventeen black and white illustrations from a variety of Early Modern sources. Amongst the selections are texts which illuminate the role of women in recusant community and in the Church; the rich traditions of prayer and mysticism; the theology and politics of martyrdom; the emergence of the Catholic Baroque in literature and art; and the polemical battles fought within the Church and against its enemies. Early Modern Catholicism also provides a context that redefines the established canons of Early Modern England, including such figures as Edmund Spenser, John Donne, John Milton, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. 1. Durante Alberti, ‘The Martyrs Picture’, 1583. The Blessed Trinity is depicted with two martyrs, St Thomas of Canterbury (1118–70) on the left and St Edmund of East Anglia (849–69) on the right. Christ’s blood falls on the British Isles and erupts in flame. The text is the College motto, Ignem veni mittere in terram (I have come to bring fire to the earth) (Luke 12:49). The painting forms the centrepiece for the martyr frescoes memorialized in Johannes Baptista de Cavalleriis’ Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophaea (1584). Seminarians today still sing the Te Deum around the painting to honour English martyrs. EARLY MODERN CATHOLICISM An Anthology of Primary Sources robert s. miola 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox26dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Robert S. Miola 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham ISBN 978–0–19–925985–4 ISBN 978–0–19–925986–1 (Pbk.) 13579108642 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I record permission to reprint texts and illustrations in the Textual Notes. Thanks first go to Thomas M. McCoog, SJ, who shared with me the resources of the Jesuit archives on Farm Street as well as his rich knowledge of the period; and to David Bevington, who read drafts with shrewd judgement for general concept as well as a sharp eye for detail. I am grateful to many other friends and colleagues who have read selections or discussed the project with me over the years: Arthur Marotti, Peter Milward, SJ, Paul Voss, R. V. Young, Gerard Kilroy, Donna B. Hamilton, Dennis Taylor, Alison Shell, and Phebe Jensen. John W. O’Malley, SJ, Vincent Carey, D. R. Woolf, F. J. Levy, and H. R. Woudhuysen answered queries and made helpful suggestions. Heather Wolfe and Laetitia Yeandle gave expert assistance with manuscript readings; Frank Romer carefully checked my translations of Mariana and Bellarmine. Gen Rafferty transformed early modern texts into modern typefaces. I am also grateful to my teachers (especially John Olin and Paul Memmo at Fordham University) and to my students. The project could not have come to fruition without institutional support, especially from Loyola College of Maryland, its Gerard Manley Hopkins Chair of English, sabba- ticals, summer grants, and library, including a timely investment in digital databases such as Early English Books Online. I am also indebted to the Knott Foundation and the Catholic Studies Program at Loyola (Paul Bagley) for funding a semester’s leave. The National Endowment for the Humanities and the Folger Shakespeare Library also sup- ported research through grants. I am grateful to libraries and their staffs, again the Folger Shakespeare Library (Gail Kern Paster, Richard Kuhta, and Betsy Walsh), The New York Public Library, the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, the Venerable English College, Rome (Sister Mary Joseph), the Bodleian at Oxford, and the British Library. Other institutions, associations, and gracious individuals provided opportunities to speak and collegial forums: the Lancaster Shakespeare Conference (Richard Dutton), Wheaton College (Beatrice Batson), St Peter’s College (James Loughran, SJ), Cornell University (Carol Kaske), the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Gary Taylor), the University of Massa- chusetts at Amherst (Arthur Kinney), the Centro di Alti Studi di San Bruno, Segni (Sister Maria del Fiat), the International Shakespeare Conference in Stratford (Peter Holland), vi acknowledgements the Recusant Society, The Renaissance Society of America, the Shakespeare Association of America, and Villa Le Balze, Florence (Michael Collins and Georgetown University). Steven Miola gave expert technical help with the illustrations. Diligent student assistants worked well over the years: Rachel Miola, Kate Barker, Ashley St Thomas, and John Wixted. The personal debts are beyond telling, especially those to my daughters at home, Rose, Karen, and Michele, and my son Daniel. If it were appropriate to dedicate an anthology, this one would belong to Timothy S. Healy, SJ, whose edition of Donne’s Ignatius his Conclave first started me thinking about these issues; the memory of his voice, laughing and growling, has been a constant companion. I hope this book is worthy of him and its many benefactors. CONTENTS List of Illustrations xi introduction 1 controversies Desiderius Erasmus, On the New Testament, 1516 41 On Free Will, 1524 46 Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, 1529 49 Edmund Plowden, A Treatise on Mary, Queen of Scots, 1566 55 Nicholas Sander, A Treatise of the Images of Christ and of his Saints, 1566 58 Edmund Campion, A Letter to the Privy Council, 1580 63 The Tower Debates, 1581 67 Alban Langdale, Reasons why Catholics may go to Church, 1580 71 William Allen, A True, Sincere, and Modest Defence of English Catholics, 1584 75 A Declaration of the Sentence and Deposition of Elizabeth, 1588 77 Henry Garnet, Of Indulgences or Pardons, 1592–681 A Treatise of Equivocation, c.1598 86 Juan de Mariana, On the King and the Education of the King, 1599 87 Robert Bellarmine, On the Authority of the Pope against William Barclay, 1610 91 Jane Owen, An Antidote against Purgatory, 1634 96 lives and deaths Augustine of Hippo (354–430) 106 Teresa of A´vila (1515–82) 114 Thomas More (c.1477–1535) 121 Edmund Campion (1540–81) 130 viii contents Margaret Clitherow (1556?–86) 137 William Weston (1550–1615) 145 Alexander Rawlins (1555?–95) and Henry Walpole (1558–95) 150 Toby Matthew (1577–1655) 154 Mary Ward (1585–1645) 160 poetry A Lament and Some Ballads 172 Chidiock Tichborne (1558?–86) 180 Francis Tregian (1548–1608) 181 Thomas Pounde (1538–1613) 184 Henry Constable (1562–1613) 187 Robert Southwell (1561–95) 192 Anthony Copley (1567–1609?) 204 Richard Verstegan (1548–1636) 210 William Alabaster (1567–1640) 212 Toby Matthew (1577–1665) 216 John Donne (1572–1631) 216 Ben Jonson (1572–1637) 227 John Beaumont (1584–1627) 237 William Habington (1605–54) 246 Gertrude More (1604–33) 250 Richard Crashaw (1612–49) 254 instructions and devotions Prayers and Hymns, eleventh to sixteenth centuries 271 Robert, Prior of Shrewsbury, The Life of Saint Winifred, 1130 282 Thomas a` Kempis, The Imitation of Christ, 1420–7 285 Ignatius Loyola, The Spiritual Exercises, 1521–2 289 Consolations (John Fisher, Thomas More, Robert Southwell), 1534, 1588 296 Meditations (Luis de Granada, John Bucke), 1582, 1589 302 Roger Martin, Memories of Long Melford, c.1590 309 William Byrd, Gradualia, 1605 312 contents ix Francis de Sales, An Introduction to a Devout Life, 1613 313 Henry Hawkins, Partheneia Sacra, 1633 317 Augustine Baker, Sancta Sophia, 1657 324 drama (Dates record composition or first performance.) John Heywood,
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