Official Journal of Quran and Etrat Center, The Ministry of Health of Iran
Islamic Fasting or the Right Life Style: Investigating the Biochemical Parameters of the Body Organs
1, * Farideh Zafari Zanganeh
1 The Reproductive Health Research Center of Valiasr, Valiasr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran *Corresponding author : Farideh Zafari Zanganeh, The Reproductive Health Research Center of Valiasr, Valiasr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail: [email protected].
ABSTRACT Context: The history of anthropology suggests that in the past, the human being fasted to satisfy their Gods and request their wishes. Fasting is the ritual activity and is of course a unique pray. “He, who is not alike anything”. Ramadan has the features regarding its time (descent of Quran), worshiping plan, the social effects, individual construction and considering health. Evidence Acquisition: The results of this study suggest that induction of a one-month specific pattern can lead to the body and soul health during a year. Results: The result of this research indicates that fasting in Ramadan is efficient for reaching a right pattern in life style, especially when not only Islam but also other religions emphasize on fasting. Investigating the biochemical parameters and its sufficiency from fasting suggests that balancing the neurotransmitters of brain in fasting persons lead to their tranquility. Hence, the effect of fasting on the other chemical parameters leads to the promotion of fasting persons’ health. Conclusions: Rectifying the life style is one of the most effective factors on the individuals’ health. An important part in the life style of individuals which is related to fasting is sleeping. Early rising, in other words, the optimum time for sleeping is an aspect of fasting and it can be concluded that fasting is meaningful with early rising. Sleeping well and having enough time to sleep for having the boosted memory, the powerful immunity system and daily happiness are essential. Keywords: Ramadan; Fasting; Biochemical Parameters Copyright © 2012, Quran & Etrat Center, The Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Article type: Research Article; Received: 01 Jan 2012; Revised: 14 Feb 2012; Accepted: 02 May 2012; Epub: 26 Apr 2012; Ppub: Spring Downloaded from quranmed.com at 18:22 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 2012 Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Islam , the holy religion has the significant instructions for body and soul health in which the holy household of the prophet of Islam accentuated on it. The body and soul of human have special needs and from the divine point of view, the Soul food and keep- ing its health is at the top of the agenda. Educating fasting along with early rising involves caring the body and soul. The fasting is so important that the holy prophet fasted two days a week. Fasting is recommended by all of the religions and considering it can be easy regarding the publicizing its role. Thus, the health deputy of medical policy should pay attention to this important issue and the researches should be involved in the national media regarding the goal of promoting the fasting. By this way, it can be possible to make people be interested in fasting by motivation of maintaining body and soul health, not the obligation of religion, however; fasting is publicized just in Ramadan. So, promoting the benefits of fasting including the prevention and curing the physical and psychological diseases by the experts is necessary. Please cite this paper as: Zafari Zangeneh F. Islamic Fasting or the Right Life Style: Investigating the Biochemical Parameters of the Body Organs. Quran Med. 2012;1(4): 89-94. DOI: 10.5812/quranmed.9218
Copyright © 2012, Quran & Etrat Center, The Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The Translated Version of: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812.quranmed.9218 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which per- mits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Zafari Zanganeh F Islamic Fasting or the Right Life Style
1. Context on the first days, but on the second decade, it will be the same as what before Ramadan was, and on the thirds “Believers, fasting is decreed for you as it was decreed decade it will increase (8). In Islamic fating in which ade- for those before you; perchance you will be cautious” (1). quate food is eaten on the sunrise (Sahar), the consumed As prophet Mohammad said: “For everything is zakat and food and the glycogen savings and in cases when the fasting is considered as zakat for body” (2). The history of daytime is long, little Gluconeogenesis keep the glucose anthropology suggests that in the past, the human being serum concentration to the normal level. It is obvious fasted to satisfy their Gods and request their wishes. A that the little changes in glucose serum concentration in look at the history of religions indicates that fasting was terms of dietary, metabolism changes and energy adjust- descended before and after Islam and was oblige for Is- ment and the physical activity occur. It is recommended lamic community. “Every work by human is done for him- for the fasting person to eat food on dawn (Sahar), other- self, except fasting which is for me and I gave its reward” wise due to the long times of foodlessness, the Gluconeo- (3, 4). This statement emphasizes that Ramadan is the genesis will occur by the muscle protein break on the last month of divine banquet and that all of the people are hours of the day, which is not favorable (9). The best state the guest and the Prophet of Islam has stated about Ra- of fasting is a 12-hour one after which the carbohydrates madan and fasting as was referred to Shabanieh sermon: should be consumed. “Ramadan is a month in which you were invited on behalf of God” (5). Ramadan has the features regarding its time 3. The Effect of Fasting on Lipid Metabolism (descent of Quran), worshiping plan, the social effects, (Fat) individual construction and considering health. Prophet of Islam said about the significance of this month: “If the The concentration of serum cholesterol may decrease at human finds that what Ramadan is and what benefits it the first days (10) and increase at the last days of fasting has, he wishes all the year be Ramadan” and also he said: (11). It seems that the lipid changes in Ramadan are vari- “fast in order to be healthy” (6). This study aims to inves- able and it depends on the quality and quantity of food tigate the findings of the research from Ramadan fasting during sunset (Eftar) or sunrise (Sahar) and the level of which its results can lead to prepare a right pattern for weight changes. In order to prevent gaining weight, it is life style. This is because that not only Islam but also all suggested to decrease the whole calorie and the sutured of the religions consider fasting as an emphatic praying lipid acids during Ramadan (9). Decreasing the received and the research evidences should submit this specific energy and triglycerides in Ramadan and increasing LDL- praying. This investigation can be started by the evidenc- C lead to reducing cholesterol (12, 13) and decreasing the es of biochemical researches. dangerous factors of HDL-C cardiovascular diseases (14). 2. The Effect of Fasting on Biochemical 4. The Effect of Fasting on the Body Organs Parameters Prophet Mohammad said: “Oh, God, We fasted for you The effect of fasting on carbohydrate metabolism (sug- and break the fast with what you bestow .Thus Please ac- ar): first some glucose from the food includes in the body cept it. The thirsty has gone and the vessels were fresh and tissues which following its runnig out, the body has to the bonus remained” (15). Regarding the effect of fasting
Downloaded from quranmed.com at 18:22 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 transfer the glucose to the essential tissues of body like on heart, decrease of heart beat and blood pressure and brain. It means post absorptive period. On the stage after also changes in electrocardiogram during a long fasting the food digest, the metabolism of glucose is 2 miligram is observed, but this issue was not reported during the in per kg/min. In the process of metabolism, glucose does frequent fasting in Ramadan (16). Based on decreasing not decrease significantly, because the glycogen of liver is the level of blood viscosity (17), acute disease of coronary broken down and produces glucose. (It should be consid- in Ramdan decreases significantly (18). Certainly the ered that the savings of liver glycogen is limited). These positive effect of fasting and decrease of blood viscos- interactions are done along with decrease of insulin con- ity on cholesterol level are the factors of preventing and centration and increase of serum glucagon concentra- controlling atherogenic (atherosclerosis or the arteries tion and the aggravation of sympatic activity. The process blockage by the gradual sediment of lipids in the muscu- of making a new glucose which is the major stimulator lar arteries) and cardiovascular diseases (19). Regarding for this cortisol reaction causes the protein of muscles the effect of fasting on the respiratory system, fasting in break. This issue occurs along with decrease of insulin Ramadan does not change the mass activity of lungs and and increase of glucagon which results in the dissection the amount of spirometer (20). But the reduction of body of lipid from the fat tissues and increase of fat free acid of water and the dryness of respiratory mucous may aggra- serum. The fat free acids are the energy-generating ma- vate the Bronchosteno in the athematic patients (7). terials and are used instead of glucose by means of body The effect of fating on digestive system: fasting can be tissues except the brain and erythrocyte (7). During fast- beneficial for whom that suffer from spastic or the other ing in Ramadan, the level of serum glucose may decrease intestinal diseases. Patients with duodenum injuries
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should abstain from fasting; but the patients who are in heart pumping and consequently, the blood pressure rise control and have no symptoms can fast in Ramadan by in case of being stressful, so that the blood transference taking drugs in sunset (Eftar) and sunrise (Sahar) in case to the major organs increases. Hence, the respiration ac- of increasing the stomach acid (9). The effect of fasting on celerates, the perspiration increases, and the digestion the kidneys, osmolality, nitrogen, solid materials and pH decreases. The blood circulation in skin and the entire indicates that the mass of urinary electrolytes remains surface of body will decrease and the blood will transfer normal in Ramadan fasting (21). In Islamic fasting, the to the vital organs of body. Physical activity leads to evac- concentration of sodium and potassium is normal (22). uation of these stress hormones from the blood circula- In patients with chronic renal failure, fasting may have tion system. Stress causes depression, clumsiness, feeling destructive effect on the renal tube (23). Regarding the ef- of being disqualified, pessimism, and dissatisfying. Early fect of fasting on eyes, no change will occur in the eye in the morning, these hormones will increase and then sight and the pressure inside of the eyes, so some physi- decrease from the evening at which the daily work is end- cians don’t allow the patients who have glaucoma, even ing. So releasing of these hormones is ready by round the with no change in consumed drugs, to fast (24). Regard- clock rhythm or circadian or setting the time of biology ing the effect of fasting on psych, the stress in Ramadan of body. In contrast to other clocks which are 12 round, is low compared to other days (25). Even in a research, the biological clock is 24 round. As mentioned before, the suicide reduction is reported (26). Increase of head- this clock is activated by light, in other words, the light ache is reported in Ramadan fasting, this was found in has the role of battery. If we are those people who have 41 % of fasting persons and 8 % of non-fasting ones. 78 % adjusted time of sleeping and go to bed on time and get of headaches are tensile. The most important reason of up on time in the mornings, we should be happy that the increasing the frequency of headache in Ramadan is lack internal clock has done its job well. The fact is that, receiv- of caffeine consumption (27) and thus blood pressure or ing the light and heat from environment in the morning, hypoglycemia (28). The people who have psychological the body clock orders melatonin to secret, which its level problem or the people, who have severe headache, have is low in the morning and will increase gradually and we to consult with the neurologist about the fasting (9). feel asleep at night. In winter, which daytimes are short Regarding the effect of fasting on the endocrine glands, and it’s cold, the state of melatonin secretion is favor- need to mention that the major output of daily activity able and with regard to the long night, it is demanded of these glands is hormones, which after releasing , they to sleep longer than summer. For instance, the winter will enter into the blood circulation and transfer to en- sleeping of animals and the life of eskimos are related tire body and place on the their receivers in the target tis- to this issue. The effect of Ramadan on the round the sues in order to manifest their physiology in body. One clock rhythm of body biology during a moth, along with of these important outputs is stress hormones with the a discipline of diet, sleeping and behaving according to round-the-clock rhythm which, early in the morning by religious pattern can be effective to the type and time of starting the daily activity, release from their instructive food, period of awaking/sleeping (the level of melatonin glands and inter into the blood circulation and reach to secretion), the ethic and most importantly on the tran- the target tissues. For instance, the time of increasing quility and lack of stress in fasting persons. In the verse of the cortisol and testosterone secretion in 24 hours, may 62-64 Yunes sureh, God said: “indeed, there shall be nei-
Downloaded from quranmed.com at 18:22 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 change. Nocturnal increasing of melatonin will decrease ther fear nor sorrow upon the guided by Allah those who and increasing of prolactin will be aggravated in the eve- believe and are cautious. There is for them glad tidings ning. Increasing the amount of diurnal cortisol and re- in this present life and in the everlasting life. The word ducing its nocturnal concentration may be due to disor- of Allah is unchanging, that is the mighty triumph” (31). der in the sleeping plan of fasting persons and reduction This verse annunciates the faithful people that there is no of their physical activity (29, 30). Now it’s time to find out fear for them in this and the other world and they live in about how the relation and role of these stress hormones safety. In Majma-al-Bayan, it is stated that fear is the same can effect on the human behavior by early rising? as fright and moan and the stress results from happen- ing the unpleasant event which its antonym is the safety 5. The Effect of Fasting on the Stress and security. In al-Mizan , it is stated as: the meaning of Hormones and the Round the Clock Quran by the word “Amanoo” (they believed in God) is Rhythm and Releasing These Vital that the holy people were pious before believing in God. Hormones Quran said: “Alathina Amanoo” (someone who believe in God) and then it focused on this expression and “kanoo Today, stress is an inseparable part of life. Urgency of yattaghoon” (they were pious) which is implied that the body physiology can react to these critical conditions. holy people were pious before believing in God. Hence, The hormones responsible for stressful conditions like in verse 183, Bagharah Sureh, God proposes that why adrenalin, noradrenaline and cortisol cause the pace of fasting is obliged for believers, this may proposed in or-
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der to be pious: “believers, fasting is decreed for you as ing the heartbeat, blood pressure, blood sugar, and some it was decreed for those before you; perchance you will reactions to the sympathic activities (37). be cautious” (1). Now by this important result, need to Activity of sympathic system or catecholamine and mention that having a right life style which means filling sleeping: All of the people experience sleeplessness in the hours of activity and relaxing in a disciplined man- their life time. The chronic sleeplessness enters into the ner based on the normal circadian leads to body and soul stage of pathologic which means insomnia. At first, by tranquility and thus one month religion-oriented fasting sleeping bad and in case of its continuing, the patient can insure the other 11 months of year. This tranquility re- may face difficulty while sleeping such as the sleeping sults from decrease of stress hormones during Ramadan difficulty, difficulty in remaining in sleeping state, fre- and imam Mohammad Bagher said: “Fasting and Hajj quently awaking, getting up early in the morning, or heals the hearts “ (32). the combination of these states. Inadequate sleeping, fa- tigue after waking, in other words, not sleeping well can 6. Stress Hormones cause anger, stress, and depression. The studies about the sleepiness diseases suggest that the level of two chemi- 6.1. Cortisol cal materials that are cortisol and noradrenalin are high in these patients and in contrast, melatonin of brain is Cortisol and circadian Rhythm / early rising: Today, it is low and regarding that melatonin is justifier of circadi- proved that the level of blood cortisol reaches to its high- an rhythm, its increase in darkness leads to sleeping. It est point (7-22 microgram per 100 mL). Cortisol is a kind should be considered that in persons who have not sleep- of material which its rhythmic or period secretion is ad- ing difficulty or someone who have disorders in sleeping; justed by suprachiasmatic in hypothalamus and under the level of melatonin is low. The hypnotic drugs can’t control of hypothalamus-Pituitary, adrenal is secreted be effective for these patients, since it causes addiction from the adrenal glands. It is suggested that, cortisol (38). It seems that changing the style can be good, but it plays the role of secondary message sender between the should be considered that (lifestyle) sleeping difficulty is central and environmental clocks and it is significant in serious and changing the lifestyle needs time. One of the synchronization of circadian rhythm (33). This vital mate- best lifestyles is Islamic orientation which the sleeping rial will be increased in case of stress and leads to increas- pattern is justified upon. ing the physical activity and the ratio of blood sugar in Adrenalin and circadian rhythm/early rising: Adrenalin order to provide the necessary energy for body. decreases in Ramadan fasting (25) and increases in per- Cortisol and reaction to sleeping: About 20-30 minutes sons who have sleeping difficulty, that is why the level of after morning awaking, the level of cortisol increases catecholamine in the urine mass suggests that increas- by 50 times. This cortisol reaction, in people who begin ing the sympathic activity can play critical role in pa- working in the morning (4-5.5) is done with more power thology resulting from inadequate sleeping (quality and and longer compared to the people who work later (6-9 quantity) along with the cardiovascular and metabolic A.M) or even at night (11-12 P.M) (34). Of course, this is the problems (39). reaction to daytime stress and sleeping quality before Adrenalin and reaction to awaking: The chronic-ori- beginning to work early (35). The new hypothesis is that ented activities of hypothalamus-pituitary–adrenalin in
Downloaded from quranmed.com at 18:22 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 this increase is due to the activation of memory system people, who have sleeplessness, not only make them be at in hypo camp of brain so that the person recalls his situ- risk of the neurological disorders like stress and depres- ation, place and time. This is because the Hippocampus sion, but also make these people susceptible to diseases is responsible for boosting the long term memory and resulting from the activities of this orientation. Thus after recalling following awaking plays an important role the treatment of sleeplessness is not just improving the in adjusting (36). night sleep and it is necessary to decrease its excitements and stress (40). So the sleeplessness factor causes stress 6.2. Sympathic System or Catecholamine (Adrenalin and like the defected cycle results in emotional and men- and Noradrenalin) tal problems. The current studies suggest that adrenalin and inflammatory markers of Interleukin 6 decreases at Catecholamine or the fright-or-flight hormones re- night sleeping which results from the moral change and lease from adrenal in reaction to the stress and enter stress in the sleep time and it indicates the effectiveness into blood flow and includes three materials like dopa- of both catecholamine or sympathic and the immunity mine, noradrenalin and adrenalin which function as system of circadian rhythm (41, 42). Thus sleeplessness neurotransmitter. Dopamine and noradrenalin plays an can effect on the immunity system. The psychological important role as neuromodulator. The highest amount studies suggest that religion-oriented fasting which goes of these materials is in blood in case of stress. In case of along with early rising can play the role of neuro-im- stress, the body needs the significant changes in physical mune medullary in fasting persons. activity or the fright-or-flight event. For instance, increas- Sleeping and immunity system: during sleeping, our
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immunity system releases proteins called cytokinins (47). and these materials increases with factors like infection, inflammation, and stress. The increased cytokinins are 7. Conclusions needed for fighting against the infection, and adjusting Although our brain is the most powerful computer on the deep sleep. So our body needs sleeping to be able to the earth, it can make errors. We, as humans, spend our fight against the infectious diseases. Now how much time times on cramming the useless things in our brain. For is needed to meet this need? The optimal rate of sleep- instance, 90 % of the data which saves in our brain dis- ing for adults is between seven and eight hours and for appears. The powerfulness of our brain is not important, children, up to ten hours is enough. It should be consid- what is significant is that we should know that this mem- ered that in adults, the sleeping time more than 10 hours ber needs to revive itself to keep its ability. Researchers causes weight gain, heart problems, heart attack, sleep- propose different methods for supercharging and in- ing disorders, depression and other diseases (43, 44). In creasing the efficiency of brain which in this article; Ramadan, the sleeping of fasting persons is defined as, the easiest method is sleeping well. Sleeping well and prophet Mohammad said, the sleeping of fasting persons having enough time for sleeping are essential to have is praying and his breath is praising. In other words, the boosted memory, powerful immunity system and daily sleeping of fasting person leads to improving the immu- happiness. Studies suggest that the long term memory nity system in Ramadan (45). The question is that does the improves by replaying photos experienced in daytime fasting person have sleeplessness due to getting up and during sleeping. Lack of sleeping causes debilitation of praying early in the morning or not? The answer to this immunity system. According to imam Ali; the sleeping of question is: the sun rises because of the sun, Ramadan, fasting person is pray, his silence is praise, his prayer is the abstaining month comes with self-discipline; thus accepted and his good act is multiplied and the praying the disciplined fasting person will not suffer from lack of of fasting person is no failed by God (48). This statement sleeping so as the lack of water and food ,which the above is meaningful, because following the morning praying, mentioned statement completed this question. sleep is considered as pray. 6.3. Opioid System in the Body or Endorphins Acknowledgements Endorphins and the circadian rhythm/early rising, en- None declared. dorphins and reaction to awaking, endorphins or body morphine are of brain neuropeptide and the body organ Authors’ contribution which in fasting period, its level is high in the morning (46). Mrs. Farideh Zafari Zanganeh was responsible for writ- ing all parts of this article. 6.4. Opioid System of Body Financial Disclosure Endogenous Opioid System, the chemical material, is created in the nerve cells of brain and in most organs. None declared. Its major feature is analgesic which functions the same
Downloaded from quranmed.com at 18:22 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 as opium and alkaloids. These endogenous neural prod- Funding Support ucts cause tranquility and have positive effect on moral. None declared. Alkaloids in the opium extracted from the opium pop- py, cause euphoria or ecstasy. This good feeling leads to References forgetting the problems and inclination to this opium Quran-e-Karim Translated by Qarib. which consequently result in the addiction. The addicted 1. Verses 183 & 255, Al-Baqara. ; Available from: http://www.parsquran.com/data/show.php?sur person needs to use this opium in order to get this good a=2&ayat=%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B3&user=far&lang=eng&tran=1. Asoul-Al-Kafi. and ecstatic feeling and his opioid system of body will be 2. Koleini Razi AJ. ;Volume 4. p. 62, Hadith 3. Begar-Al-Anvar. 3. Majlessi MB. Valume 96. p. 49. inactivated due to abusing, stop to do activity and the en- Kenz-al-ommal 4. Ala-oddin A. ;Hadith 23612. dogenous Opioid System of body will be blocked. Studies Oyoon-Al-Akhbar-Alreza 5. ;Volume 1. p. 295. Aayan-Al-Shia suggest that early rising causes happiness and tranquil- 6. Jabal Ameli SM. ;Volume 1. p. 316. ity which one of its reasons is increasing beta-endorphins 7. Hasselbalch SG, Knudsen GM, Jakobsen J, Hageman LP, Holm S, Paulson OB. Blood-brain barrier permeability of glucose and or endogenous opioid that the family of endogenous opi- Am J ketone bodies during short-term starvation in humans. Physiol. 268 um or opioids. Beta-endorphins, is a neuropeptide from 1995; (6 Pt 1):E1161-6. the opium family with the beneficial effects like improv- 8. Azizi F, Rasouli HA. Serum glucose, bilirubin, calcium, phos- phorus, protein and albumin concentrations during Ramadan. ing the immunity system, well–being, increasing the feel- MJIRI. 1 1987; (1):38-41. ing of relaxing, decreasing the growth of cancer cells or Iranian J Endocrinol Metab 9. Azizi F. Fasting and Health. . 11 analgesic with the power 60 times more than morphine 2009; (2):109-120
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