DOCSLIB.ORG

Coraje Del Pueblo/The Courage of the People, 1971)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coraje Del Pueblo/The Courage of the People, 1971) This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Revolution and pachakuti : political and indigenous cinema in Bolivia and Colombia Wood, David Michael John The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 1 Revolution and pachakuti Political and indigenous cinema in Bolivia and Colombia A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy David M. J. Wood Department of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies King's College, University of London October 2005 2 Abstract This thesis focuses on cinema and video made by and about indigenous or subaltern people and communities in Bolivia and Colombia, and discusses the interaction between different cultural notions of social change and of aesthetic representation. It centres on the productions of Jorge Sanjines' Bolivian Ukamau Group, and of Marta Rodriguez's Fundaci6n Cine Documental in Colombia. Previous studies of these filmmaking collectives have tended to view them under the banner of either national cinematic traditions; the artistic and political avant-garde often termed as the 'New Latin American Cinema'; or a longer history of indigenous film and media. This thesis is bound by none of these categories, but asks how they overlap, mutually inform and alter one another. By combining close textual analysis with wider contextual and historical accounts of the films' production and distribution, it examines the linkages between aesthetic form, cultural memory and political action. It thus begins with an account of the national and international circulation of militant avant-garde indigenista and revolutionary cinema in the 1960s and 1970s, showing how these groups inserted their work into existing and nascent political and cultural movements, infrastructures and networks. It discusses how the film collectives' early works converted existing national tropes of the primitive into potential subjects of continental revolution. It argues that methodological and textual innovations have increasingly opened films up to the cultural and political expressions of their participants, and converted them into fields of intercultural dialogue and debate. It proposes that even videos made by indigenous people themselves are inevitably mediated by aesthetic, technological and institutional structures, and considers some of the strategies that indigenous intellectuals and video-makers have employed in response. This thesis concludes that the most effective political cinemas have been those that have acknowledged and gained strength from their own status as mediations between different political, cultural and ideological spheres; between European-derived notions of social change (revolution) and Andean ones (pachakuti). 3 Table of contents Acknowledgements 4 Introduction. Revolution and pachakuti 7 Chapter 1. Indigenous cinema across continents 26 The dream o/two continents 36 Textual operations 49 Coproducing identities, contesting national space 61 Chapter 2. Primitive revolutionaries 79 Agarrando Pueblo: Fathoming the madman 80 Chircales: Anthropology in the entrails of the nation 87 Revoluci6n and Ukamau: Indigenismo and the avant-garde 95 Fragmenting the national myth 100 Towards a popular indigenous melodrama 107 Breaking through the text 117 Chapter 3. Class, race and a cinema with the people 120 Testimonies of massacre: Contesting class and ethnicity 127 Realism and reconstruction 140 Revolutionising cinema verite 149 Chapter 4. In search of indigenous narrative form 156 Yawar Mallku and revolutionary unity 163 Challenging modernity in La naci6n clandestina 176 Andean rationalities: Campesinos and Nuestra voz de tierra, memoria y futuro 189 The marvellous and the diglossic: models of cultural interaction 206 Chapter 5. Post-revolutionary indigenismos: from authors to activists 214 From celluloid to new technologies: the limits of the profane 222 The politics oftaste 235 Strategic and Inappropriate Others 253 Conclusion. The radical uses of media 269 References 286 4 Acknowledgements The present work would not have been possible without the generous provision of the School of Humanities Research Studentship at King's College London, which funded me throughout my period of doctoral study. For financial assistance with fieldwork trips to Bolivia, Colombia and Belgium, I am grateful to the University of London Central Research Fund and the Society for Latin American Studies, as well as several Small Grants for Humanities Research from the School of Humanities, and a number of bursaries from the Department of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies, both at King's College London. Those who provided me with assistance, guidance and encouragement during my research periods in Bolivia and Colombia are too numerous to list here in full, and I am much indebted to them all. I would, though, like to give special mention to a number of individuals and institutions. The range and depth of material I consulted would have been far poorer and narrower had it not been for the hard and valuable work of the staff at the Fundaci6n Cinemateca Boliviana in La Paz and the Patrimonio Filmico Colombiano in Bogota, as well as the Cinemateca Distrital in Bogota, the Escuela de Cine y Televisi6n at the Universidad Nacional in Bogota, and the Centro Colombo­ Americano in Medellin. I would particularly like to thank Elizabeth Carrasco at the Cinemateca Boliviana and Alejandra Orozco at the Patrimonio Filmico for sharing with me their encyclopaedic knowledge of the materials they hold, for attending to me always with patience, good humour and enthusiasm, and for showing me friendship throughout my stays in La Paz and Bogota. lowe much to all those in both countries who make and write about films, and who kindly gave up their valuable time to offer me both advice and access to materials. 5 In Bolivia, I am especially grateful to Veronica Cordova, Mela Marquez, Maria Eugenia Mufioz, Gustavo Portocarrero, Ivan Sanjines and Juan Pablo Urioste; in Colombia, to Carlos Bernal, Juan Diego Caicedo, Marta Rodriguez and Mady Samper. All of those people have inspired me by showing genuine interest in my work, providing me with stimulating ideas and providing signposts and contacts, helping me to find my way around unfamiliar territory. Special thanks must also go to Pablo Franssens, who shared with me his fascinating tales of distributing Latin American films in Europe during my brief visit to Bevrijdingsfilms in Leuven, Belgium in April 2004, relating his experiences to me with a rare enthusiasm late into the night, and allowing me to occupy his studio to view rare 16mm copies of a number of the Ukamau Group's films. Back in the UK, I would like to thank Carlos Osorio for his kind assistance in helping me to access films from Colombia in the early stages of my project. F or her unstinting belief, support and encouragement over the last three years I must thank Catherine Boyle, whose guiding hand has been instrumental in helping me to define and refine this project, and in seeing it through to its end. David Rodowick's advice and confidence in my work have also proved invaluable. I would like to express my gratitude to Freya Schiwy and Mark Betz, as well as to two anonymous reviewers for the Bulletin of Latin American Research (BLAR), for their extremely thorough readings of and helpful comments on drafts of parts of this work. A version of part of Chapter 2 will be published in a forthcoming number of BLAR. Last but by no means least, I cannot overstate the importance of Ariadna Acevedo's contributions to the completion of this thesis. Her tireless proofreading and editing have been crucial in improving the coherence, accessibility and accuracy of this work, while her faith, wise words and calming influence have consistently helped me to see the light at the end of the tunnel. Any errors or omissions are, of course, entirely my own responsibility. 6 A note on translations: In direct quotations from films and texts, where no English verSIOn is cited all translations from Spanish and French are my own. Similarly, English release titles have been used wherever subtitled versions are available; all other English film titles are my own translations. 96,693 words. I declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own and it has not been submitted for a degree at another university. -. ---------------------------------
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rativo De Las Coaliciones Democráticas En Bolivia (1952 Y 1985) María Teresa Pinto Las Élites Y El Pueblo, Sus Alianzas Y Sus Divi- Siones
    Las élites y el pueblo, sus alianzas y sus divisiones. Estudio comparativo de las coaliciones democráticas en Bolivia (1952 y 1985) María Teresa Pinto Las élites y el pueblo, sus alianzas y sus divi- siones. Estudio compa- rativo de las coaliciones democráticas en Bolivia (1952 y 1985)* **María Teresa Pinto RESUMEN Bolivia es el único país de América del Sur que ha vivido una revolución popular de dimensiones políticas y sociales importantes. Tuvo una de las dictaduras más severas y represivas de la región andina y, en la actualidad, ha encontrado una estabilidad democrática. ¿Qué factores nos explican esta trayectoria? Y, más específicamente, ¿qué factores han contribuido a establecer los períodos democráticos en este país? El presente artículo pretende comparar dichos procesos democráticos a través de puntos de encuentro que permitan responder estas preguntas, además de conocer las condiciones que favorecen las alianzas de gobierno y la estabilidad democrática, y no la estabili- dad autoritaria. La autora utiliza la aproximación metodológica de Yashar, que propone analizar las coaliciones favorables al establecimiento de la democracia en un país determinado. Palabras claves: élites, alianzas, Bolivia. [88] The elites and the people, their alliances and divisions. A comparative study of the democratic coalitions in Bolivia (1952 and 1985) SUMMARY Bolivia is the only country of South America which has gone through a popular revolution of important political and social dimensions. It had to support one of the most severe and repressive dictatorships of the Andean region and at present has encountered democratic stability. Which factors help to explain this trajectory? And, furthermore, what factors have contributed to establish the democratic periods in this country? This article attempts to compare such democratic processes through points of encounter which permit to respond these questions, besides knowing the conditions which favor the government alliances and democratic stability and not authoritarian stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Dictaduras En América Latina Y Su Influencia En Los Movimientos De
    Revista Ratio Juris Vol. 16 N.º 32, 2021, pp. 17-50 © UNAULA EDITORIAL DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THEIR INFLUENCE OF RIGHT AND LEFT MOVEMENTS SINCE THE 20TH CENTURY* LAS DICTADURAS EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y SU INFLUENCIA EN LOS MOVIMIENTOS DE DERECHA E IZQUIERDA DESDE EL SIGLO xx Juan Carlos Beltrán López José Fernando Valencia Grajales** Mayda Soraya Marín Galeano*** Recibido: 30 de noviembre de 2020 - Aceptado: 30 de mayo de 2021 - Publicado: 30 de junio de 2021 DOI: 10.24142/raju.v16n32a1 * El presente artículo es derivado de la línea Constitucionalismo Crítico y Género que hace parte del programa de investigación con código 2019 29-000029 de la línea denominada Dinámicas Urbano-Regionales, Economía Solidaria y Construcción de Paz Territorial en Antioquia, que a su vez tiene como sublíneas de trabajo las siguientes: Construcción del Sujeto Político, Ciudadanía y Transformación Social; Constitucionalismo Crítico y Género; Globalización, Derechos Humanos y Políticas Públicas, y Conflicto Territorio y Paz e Investigación Formativa. ** Docente investigador Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana (UNAULA); Abogado, Universidad de Antioquia; Politólogo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín; Especialista en Cultu- ra Política: Pedagogía de los Derechos Humanos, Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana (UNAU- LA); Magíster en Estudios Urbano Regionales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín; estudiante del Doctorado en Conocimiento y Cultura en América Latina, Instituto Pensamiento y Cultura en América Latina, A. C.; editor de la revista Kavilando y Revista Ratio Juris (UNAULA), Medellín, Colombia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8128-4903; Google Scholar: https://scho- lar.google.es/citations?user=mlzFu8sAAAAJ&hl=es. Correo electrónico: [email protected] *** Directora de la Maestría en Derecho y docente investigadora de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, investigadora de la revista Kavilando.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Santa Cruz Marxism
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MARXISM AND CONSTITUENT POWER IN LATIN AMERICA: THEORY AND HISTORY FROM THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY THROUGH THE PINK TIDE A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS with an emphasis in POLITICS by Robert Cavooris December 2019 The dissertation of Robert Cavooris is approved: _______________________________________ Robert Meister, Chair _______________________________________ Guillermo Delgado-P. _______________________________________ Juan Poblete _______________________________________ Megan Thomas _________________________________________ Quentin Williams Acting Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Robert Cavooris, 2019. All rights reserved. Table of Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements and Dedication vi Preface x Introduction 1 Chapter 1 41 Intellectuals and Political Strategy: Hegemony, Posthegemony, and Post-Marxist Theory in Latin America Chapter 2 83 Constituent Power and Capitalism in the Works of René Zavaleta Mercado Chapter 3 137 Bolivian Insurgency and the Early Work of Comuna Chapter 4 204 Potentials and Limitations of the Bolivian ‘Process of Change’ Conclusions 261 Appendix: List of Major Works by Comuna (1999–2011) 266 Bibliography 271 iii Abstract Marxism and Constituent Power in Latin America: Theory and History from the Mid-Twentieth Century through The Pink Tide Robert Cavooris Throughout the history of Marxist theory and practice in Latin America, certain questions recur. What is the relationship between political and social revolution? How can state institutions serve as tools for political change? What is the basis for mass collective political agency? And how can intellectual work contribute to broader emancipatory political movements? Through textual and historical analysis, this dissertation examines how Latin American intellectuals and political actors have reframed and answered these questions in changing historical circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • Not for Publication Institute of Current World Affairs
    NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT WRITER'S CONSENT INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS WLM- 21 November 1988 La Paz, BOLIVIA Peter Bird Martin Executive Director Institute of Current World Affairs Wheelock House 4 West Wheelock Street Hanover, Ntt 03755 Dear Peter, Bolivian Minister of Foreign Relations and Culture Guillermo Luis Bedregal Gutierrez took the time to see me on Saturday morning in his private office of the Ministry that sits on the corner of the Plaza Murillo in downtown La Paz. He wore a silk ascot and sportcoat in lieu of the formal club tie and flannel suit in which have seen him on other occasions. Indeed, was lucky to get the interview during one of the Minister's rare moments of relaxation. Foreign Minister Bedregal had Oust returned from the Organization of American States summit held in San Salvador, E1 Salvador, last Thursday, and he is on his way to Vienna, Austria, today to preside over the United Nations sponsored Conference of Plenipotentiaries to discuss the illicit traffic of drugs around the world. Guillermo Bedregal's curriculum vitae would make an appropriate entry for an edition of Who's Who in Bolivian Politics if such a book existed. The holder of a doctorate in law from the Central University of Madrid, Bedregal also graduated from Spain's prestigious Diplomatic Academy before taking yet another degree, this time in economics, from the Universitat Ruprecht Karl in Heidelberg, Germany. Guillermo Bedregal's education has served him well. He first gained enduring fame in Bolivian politics as President of the Corporaci6n Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) during Victor Paz Estenssoro's second administration, 1960-64.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Banks and Microfinance in Bolivia
    POOLING VERSUS SEPARATING REGULATION: THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKS AND MICROFINANCE IN BOLIVIA UNDER SYSTEMIC SHOCKS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marcelo Villafani‐Ibarnegaray ***** The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Claudio Gonzalez‐Vega, Adviser Professor Mario Miranda Adviser Graduate Program in Professor Joseph Kaboski Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics i ABSTRACT Bank superintendents implement prudential regulation that simultaneously seeks protection of the stability and solvency of financial intermediaries and several dimensions of financial deepening. If they use only one instrument, a given level of safety is achieved at the expense of some intermediation. The question addressed by this dissertation are the excessive losses of intermediation efficiency from a single, uniform (pooling) regulation, which treated loan portfolios built with a traditional banking technology or with a microfinance technology as if they carried the same risk profile. Given significant differences between the two lending technologies, in their ability to match their clienteles and to recognize different risks, a differentiated (separating) set of prudential norms would contribute more to the dual goals of stability as well as financial deepening and breadth of outreach. This task is specially challenging in developing countries exposed to frequent systemic shocks. The dissertation develops a simple theoretical framework to guide regulators about the welfare shortcomings of pooling regulation, compared to separating regulation. If the risk profiles of the portfolios are different, different prudential norms should be applied. The problem for the regulator, however, is incomplete information ii about these risk profiles and the high costs of overcoming the information imperfections about their characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Bolivia 1980-1981: the Political System in Crisis
    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES WORKING PAPERS Bolivia 1980-1981: the Political System in Crisis James Dunkerley Bolivia 1980-1981: the Political System in Crisis by James Dunkerley University of London Institute of Latin American Studies 31 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9HA Editorial Committee Dr. George Philip Dr. Leslie Bethell Miss Daphne Rodger ISBN 0 901145 49 1 ISSN 0142-1875 Bolivia 1980-1981: the Political System in Crisis There can be little doubt that the Bolivian political system is in deep crisis. Over the last four years the country has witnessed no less than three elections, ten presidents and eight coups (both failed and successful). What is noteworthy, indeed remarkable, about this chaos is that it has continued through two periods of highly distinct and polarised forms of government: the 'democratic experiment1 of 1978 to July 1980 and the military regimes born of the harsh coup of 17 July 1980. For some months after the coup commentators sought explanations of the failure to establish a stable civil regime in the extreme weakness of the country's parliamentary tradition, the inepti- tude of the civilian political elite and the historical tendency of the armed forces to take direct control in periods when they possess the institutional capacity so to do. The radicalism of the coup, the clear intention of its leaders to emulate the examples of Chile (1973), Uruguay (1973) and Argentina (1976), and the manifest failure of the large political formations to win an unambiguous popular mandate for their parliamentary project were all construed as constituting a de- cisive end of an era.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Protest and State Repression in Bolivian Political Culture: Putting the Gas War and the 2019 Crisis in Perspective
    Mass Protest and State Repression in Bolivian Political Culture: Putting the Gas War and the 2019 Crisis in Perspective Carwil Bjork-James Research Working Paper Series May 2020 HRP 20-003 The views expressed in the HRP Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Harvard Law School or of Harvard University. Research Working Papers have not undergone formal review and approval. Such papers are included in this series to elicit feedback and to encourage debate on important public policy challenges. Copyright belongs to the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. www.hrp.law.harvard.edu Mass Protest and State Repression in Bolivian Political Culture: Putting the Gas War and the 2019 Crisis in Perspective — Carwil Bjork-James Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University Confrontations between large-scale protest movements and the governments they challenge are critical events in contemporary politics. Such events—like Bolivia’s 2003 Gas War protests—can be both pinnacle moments in the life of social movements and the crime scenes for severe human rights violations. Over six weeks in September and October 2003, the country experienced both an unprecedented scale of political participation and the deadliest period out of four decades of democratic rule. One in seven Bolivians joined protests demanding the end of neoliberal economic policies, the nationalization of gas resources, a new constitution, and political inclusion of the country’s indigenous majority. However, President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada moved to criminalize longstanding forms of protest, and orchestrated a military response that killed at least 59 civilians.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CREATION and SUSTAINABILITY of AUTONOMOUS OVERSIGHT AGENCIES in a POLITICIZED BUREAUCRACY the Case of Bolivia
    TESI DOCTORAL FRAGILE MIRACLES: THE CREATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF AUTONOMOUS OVERSIGHT AGENCIES IN A POLITICIZED BUREAUCRACY The case of Bolivia Suzanne Dove Director: Dr. Ricard Gomà Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Ciències Polítiques i de l’Administració 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While writing this dissertation, I started doing a lot of bicycling as a way to get out of the house and refresh my brain and my body. A lot of people describe writing a dissertation as an endurance test; I think of it as similar to a long-distance bike ride. There is the long process of finding a topic, which in my case was a difficult uphill battle. The excitement of doing original research in the field is incomparable, but it reminds me a little bit of how much I enjoy exploring new routes on my bike, never sure what I will find ahead. The writing process has its ups and downs, like the rolling hills of the countryside where I enjoy biking. Sometimes I wondered when, or indeed if, I would ever complete this project. The will to finish came from within, but it would not have survived without nourishment from several groups of people in different parts of the world. In Barcelona, where I began this long ride, I received the initial push from my dissertation adviser, Ricard Gomà. Ricard agreed to direct my thesis even though I was not able to tell him exactly what I wanted to study. When I moved to Washington, DC in the early stages of my work, Ricard continued to provide guidance via e-mail, reading the chapters I sent him and providing rapid and supportive responses.
    [Show full text]
  • Ven Sumisión En La Justicia Por Favorecer a Evo Y 3 Exministros
    Depósito legal nº 2-3-182-85 año LXXVI nº 18.405 Edición de 24 páginas Precio único Bs 5 Resto del País Bs 5.50 Cochabamba, Lunes 2 de Noviembre de 2020 Covid-19 en Bolivia Casos de ayer Decesos de ayer Deportes Mundo PÁGINA 19 PÁGINA 13 76 6 Total de Total Total casos recuperados muertos El Rojo en buen estado Elecciones en EEUU 141.833 111.848 8.731 Wilster mostró su excelente Cochabamba 13.977 Oruro 6.018 Potosí 9.105 Trump lanza frenética campaña Beni 7.289 La Paz 34.995 Santa Cruz 44.018 nivel al golear en amistoso a para revertir encuesta en contra. Chuquisaca 7.823 Tarija 16.232 Pando 2.376 Cochabamba F.C. por 13-0 TODO S SANTOS Murillo: “Deberían condecorarnos por salvar vidas” En sus últimos días como ministro de Gobier- no, Arturo Murillo dijo que le tocó ejercer el cargo en “el peor momento de la historia de- mocrática”. En entrevista con Los Tiempos aseguró que recurrirá a instancias internacio- nales porque no confía en la justicia boliviana en caso de que lo procesen. Pág. 5 Periodistas piden garantías ante violencia de la RJC FOTO: DANIEL JAMES “Exhortamos a respetar el trabajo de la pren- Los hogares de Cochabamba recibieron ayer a “las almas” con mast’akus sa y garantizar su labor. Pedimos a las autori- Cálida recepción llenos de t’antawawas, bizcochos, dulces, flores, bebidas y alimentos. dades hacer cumplir las leyes”, dice el comu- El objetivo de esta tradición es fortalecer la unidad familiar. Hoy está nicado de los trabajadores de la prensa, luego prevista la visita a los cementerios.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Civil Resistance in Bolivia's 1977-1982 Pro
    Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies, 2018 Vol. 2, No. 1, 51-67 The Role of Civil Resistance in Bolivia’s 1977-1982 Pro-Democracy Struggle Stephen Zunes Department of Politics University of San Francisco [email protected] Despite being the poorest and least developed country in South America, Bolivia was the first to emerge from the period of military dictatorships that dominated the continent from the mid-1960s into the 1980s. This article examines the role of civil resistance in that country’s seemingly improbable early end to military rule, noting how a broad coalition of unions, intellectuals, the Catholic Church, and opposition parties succeeded in bringing down a series of military leaders, eventually ushering in elected civilian governance. Despite the pro- democracy movement’s successful defeat of the dictatorship of Hugo Banzer in 1978, it took more than four years, three general elections, five presidents and several coups d’état before full electoral democracy was restored. This article responds to questions of how the movement was able to persist, grow, and maintain largely nonviolent discipline in the face of severe repression, shifting alliances, and internal divisions, and how the movement helped lay the groundwork for more recent radical changes in Bolivian politics. The article illustrates other critical factors in the movement’s success: the willingness to avoid armed struggle, the country’s rich tradition of mass-based civil resistance and defiance of central authority, and grassroots democratic relations. Keywords: Bolivia; nonviolent action; civil resistance; democratization; authoritarianism; social movements Introduction With South America’s lowest levels of economic development and literacy, along with relatively strong indicators of inequality and pronounced divisions among social groups, Bolivia lacks many of the structural characteristics that are designated by Robert A.
    [Show full text]
  • Víctor Paz Estenssoro (Ángel Víctorpaz Estenssoro)
    Víctor Paz Estenssoro (Ángel VíctorPaz Estenssoro) Bolivia, Presidente de la República (1952-1956, 1960-1964, 1985-1989) Duración del mandato: 06 de Agosto de 1985 - de de Nacimiento: Tarija, provincia de Cercado, departamento de Tarija, 02 de Octubre de 1907 Defunción: Tarija, provincia de Cercado, departamento de Tarija, 07 de Junio de 2001</p> Partido político: Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) Profesión : Abogado y funcionario de justicia Resumen http://www.cidob.org 1 of 12 Biografía 1. Político de extracción burguesa con aspiraciones de regeneración nacional 2. Del golpe de 1943 a la Revolución de 1952 3. Primera presidencia (1952-1956): las grandes reformas del sistema boliviano 4. Segunda presidencia (1960-1964): moderación ideológica y derrocamiento militar 5. Estrategias políticas cambiantes y anclaje en el conservadurismo 6. Tercera presidencia (1985-1989): la Nueva Política Económica 7. Una jubilación tranquila 1. Político de extracción burguesa con aspiraciones de regeneración nacional Nacido en el seno de una familia acomodada que por parte del padre era de ascendencia argentina, comenzó el bachillerato en el Colegio Nacional San Luis de Tarija y lo terminó en 1921 en Oruro, ciudad situada al noroeste del departamento más meridional de Bolivia, a la que el padre se había trasladado por cuestiones de negocios en la industria minera. En 1927 se licenció en Derecho por la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés sita de la capital, La Paz, y empezó a ejercer la profesión jurídica en la Caja de Seguro y Ahorro Obrero, aunque pronto se especializó en las cuestiones administrativas y contables. En julio de 1932 trabajaba como funcionario de la Contraloría General de la República cuando estalló la guerra con Paraguay a causa del litigio territorial del Chaco Boreal y, como miles de jóvenes, acudió al reclamo de movilización.
    [Show full text]
  • ¿Fue Golpe? [email protected] Universidad Iberoamericana Pulsando El Debate Sobre La Supuesta Fascistización De Bolivia De Puebla México
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidad Nacional de Salta: Open Journal Systems Rafael Archondo ¿Fue golpe? [email protected] Universidad Iberoamericana Pulsando el debate sobre la supuesta fascistización de Bolivia de Puebla México Recibido: 16/01/2019 Aprobado: 18/02/2020 Resumen El 10 de noviembre de 2019, Evo Morales, presidente de Bolivia durante los últimos 14 años, entregaba su carta de renuncia después de un largo período de protestas iniciado después de las elecciones generales del 20 de octubre, atravesadas por acusaciones de fraude. Dejaba a Bolivia sumida en un vacío de poder que tardó dos días en ser llenado con la conformación de un gobierno transitoriodescrita por la prensa como un golpe de Estado a la democracia. ¿Fue un golpe? El presente artículo evalúa minuciosamente las dos argumentaciones, hace un seguimiento de los cambios de gobierno en Bolivia du- rante los últimos 87 años y cataloga los hechos ocurridos en 2019 desde una perspectiva comparada. El objetivo es tratar de etender si democracia boliviana está en agonía o res- tablecida y si las tendencias hacia la fascistización del país son una realidad o un mito. Palabras clave Fascistización, Bolivia, Evo Morales, Golpe de Estado. Abstract In November 10th, 2019, Evo Morales, Bolivian president for the last 14 years, resigned to power after a long period of protests launched after the general elections (October 20th), the target of many fraud accusations. Bolivia was left in a difficult situation of power vacuum, which was filled by a constitutional succession, described by the press as a coup against democracy.
    [Show full text]