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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

GEOGRAPHICAL INDIACTIONS JOURNAL NO. 30

SEPTEMBER 16, 2009 / BHADRAPADA 25, SAKA 1931

2 INDEX

Page S.No. Particulars No.

1. Official Notices 4

2. G.I Application Details 8

3. Public Notice 23

4. Sanganeri Hand Block Printings 24

5. Balaramapuram Sarees and Fine Cotton Fabrics 39

6. General Information 50

7. Registration Process 53

3 OFFICIAL NOTICES

Sub: Notice is given under Rule 41(1) of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Rules, 2002.

1. As per the requirement of Rule 41(1) it is informed that the issue of Journal 30 of the Geographical Indications Journal dated 16th September 2009 / 25th Bhadrapada Saka 1931 has been made available to the public from 16th September 2009.

Issue of Registration Certificate

1) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that The Goa Cashew Feni Distillers & Bottlers Association, D3/26, Tivim Industrial Estate, Karaswado Mapusa, Goa - 403 507 and Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Goa, Opposite Saligao Seminary, Saligao, Bardez, Goa - 403 511 are the Registered Proprietor for FENI for the goods Alcoholic Beverages falling in Class 33 under GI Application No. 120 as of date 19th December, 2007.

2) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that (a) The Uppada Handloom Weavers Co- operative Production & Sales Society Ltd., Uppada, U Kothapalli Mandal, East Godhavari Dist, Andhra Pradesh - 533 447; (b) Durga Handloom Weavers Co-operative Production & Sales Society Ltd., Kothapalli, U Kothapalli Mandal, East Godhavari District, Andhra Pradesh – 533 448 and (c) Kothapalli Master Weavers’ Association, Kothapalli, U Kothapalli Mandal, East Godhavari District, Andhra Pradesh – 533 448 are the Registered Proprietor for UPPADA JAMDANI SAREES for the goods Textile and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers falling in Class – 24 and Clothing and Headgear falling in Class - 25 under GI Application No. 122 as of date 10th April, 2008.

4 3) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam, TTD Administrative Building, K.T. Road, Tirupathi – 517 501, is the Registered Proprietor for TIRUPATHI LADDU for the goods LADDUS being preparations made from cereals falling in Class-30 under GI Application No. 121 as of date 31st March, 2008.

4) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that National Horticulture Board, No.-85, Institutional Area, Sector-18, Gurgaon - 122 015 (Haryana), is the Registered Proprietor for MANGO MALIHABADI DUSSEHERI for the goods Mango Horticulture Products Falling in Class-31 under GI Application No. 125 as of date 15th May, 2008.

5) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that Shree Puneri Pagadi Sangh, Jadhav Sansar, 592/93, Narayan Peth, Shivshakti Apt., Ground Floor, Next to Kanya Shala, Pune - 411 030 is the Registered Proprietor for PUNERI PAGADI for the goods Head Gear falling in Class-25 under GI Application No. 128 as of date 10th June, 2008.

6) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that (a) Banaras Bunkar Samiti, Sharma Katra, Rangoli Garden, Chouraha, Near Rangoli Garden, Restaurant Sarnath, Varanasi - 221 007; (b) Human Welfare Association, S-15/116, 2AC, Mawaiya, Sarnath, Varanasi - 221007, U.P; (c) Jt. Director Industries (Eastern Zone), Lahartara Office of GMIDIC, Varanasi, U.P.; (d) Uttar Pradesh Handloom Fabrics Mktg. Co-op Federation Ltd., Jaiswal, Katra Pili Kothi, Varanasi; (e) Eastern U.P. Exporters Association, B-2, Guru Kripa Colony, Nadesar, Varanasi – 221 002; (f) Banarasi Vastra Udyog Sangh, C.K. 23 / 22, Rani Kunwa Chowk, Varanasi - 221 001; (g) Director of Handlooms & Textiles U.P., Rathyatra, Varanasi, (h) Banras Hath Kargha Vikas Samiti, Regd. Off 1/88, Gola Ghat, Ram Nagar, Varanasi – 221 008; and (i) Adarsh Silk Bunkar Sahkari Samiti Ltd., Sahkari Samiti Lrd.,

5 Sahitya Hata, Ramnagar, Varanasi are the Registered Proprietor for BANARAS BROCADES AND SAREES for the goods Silk brocades like Amru Brocades etc., falling in Class-23, Textile good not classified elsewhere i.e., Bed and Table covers, etc., falling in Class-24, Silk Saree, Dress Materials, like Silk Jamdhani, Jangla Sarees, Jamawar Tanchoi Sarees, Tissue Saree, Cut work Saree, Butidar Sarees., etc., falling in Class-25 and Silk Embroidery Sarees, etc., falling in Class - 26 under GI Application No. 99 as of date 4th July, 2007.

7) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that Tangaliya Hastkala Association, At/P.O.- Vastradi, Taluka - Wadhwan, District - Surendranagar, Gujrat, India is the Registered Proprietor for TANGALIYA SHAWL for the goods Textile and Textile Goods falling in class 24, Clothing includes Shawls, Sarees, Stoles including rumals falling in class -25 and Home furnishings, Rugs and Mats falling in class-27 under GI Application No. 127 as of date 9th June, 2008.

8) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that (a) Nadukkara Agro Processing Company Ltd., (NAPCL) Nadukkara, Avoly P.O., Muvattupuzha – 686 677, Kerala; (b) The Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, KAU Post, Thrissur-680656, Kerala; and (c) The Pineapple Farmers Association, Reg.No.ER 95/90, Vazhakulam – 686 670, Muvattupuzha, Kerala are the Registered Proprietor for VAZHAKULAM PINEAPPLE for the goods Pineapple Horticulture Products falling in Class-31 under GI Application No. 130 as of date 27th August, 2008.

9) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that Director of Horticulture, Department of Horticulture, Government of Karnataka, Biotechnology Centre, Hulimavu, P.B.No.7648, Bangalore – 560 076 is the Registered Proprietor for DEVANHALLI POMELLO for the goods Pomello (fruit) Horticulture Products falling in Class - 31 under GI Application No. 131 as of date 4th September, 2008. 10) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that Director of Horticulture, Department of

6 Horticulture, Government of Karnataka, Biotechnology Centre, Hulimavu, P.B.No.7648, Bangalore – 560 076 is the Registered Proprietor for APPEMIDI MANGO for the goods Mango Horticulture products falling in Class - 31 under GI Application No. 132 as of date 4th September, 2008.

11) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that Director of Horticulture, Department of Horticulture, Government of Karnataka, Biotechnology Centre, Hulimavu, P.B.No. 7648, Bangalore - 560 076 is the Registered Proprietor for KAMALAPUR RED BANANA for the goods Banana - Horticulture Products falling in Class - 31 under GI Application No. 133 as of date 4th September, 2008.

12) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that Patent Information Centre, West Bengal State Council of Science & Technology, Department of Science & Technology (DST) 4th Floor, Salt Lake, Kolkata – 700 091, West Bengal is the Registered Proprietor for SANTIPORE SAREE for the goods textile goods falling in Class - 24 under GI Application No. 138 as of date 22nd September, 2008.

13) It is hereby certified that entry has been made in Part A of the Register of Geographical Indications that Cannanore Home Furnishing Products Consortium, North Malabar Chamber Office, Thallesery Road, Kannur, Kerala State, India is the Registered Proprietor for CANNANORE HOME FURNISHINGS for the goods Ropes, String, nets, tents, sacks & Bags (not included in other classes), raw fibrous textile materials falling in Class-22, Yarns & Threads, for Textile use, falling in Class-23, Textile and Textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers falling in Class-24 and Carpets, Rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors; Wall hangings (non-textile) falling in Class-27 under GI Application No. 144 as of date 14th November, 2008.

7 Geographical Indications Applications Details

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G.I. APPLICATION NUMBER – 147

Application is made by Calico Printers Co-operative Society Ltd. (CPCSL), Main Road, Sanganer, Pin Code 302029, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India for registration in Part A of Sanganeri Hand Block Printing under Application No 147 in respect of Textile and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers falling in Class – 24 and Clothing and Headgear falling in Class 25, is hereby advertised as accepted under sub- section (1) of section 13 of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

Applicant : Calico Printers Co-operative Society Ltd. (CPCSL)

Address : Calico Printers Co-operative Society Ltd. Main Road, SANGANER, Pin Code 302029 District Jaipur, Rajasthan Email: [email protected]

Geographical Indication : SANGANERI HAND BLOCK PRINTING

Class : 24 & 25

Goods : Class – 24: Textiles and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers.

Class – 25: Clothing and Headgear.

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(A) Name of the Applicant : Calico Printers Co-operative Society Ltd. (CPCSL)

(B) Address : Calico Printers Co-operative Society Ltd. Main Road, SANGANER, Pin Code 302029 District Jaipur, Rajasthan Email: [email protected]

(C) List of association of persons/ Producers / organization/ authority : To be provided on request

(D) Type of Goods : Class – 24: Textiles and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers.

Class – 25: Clothing and Headgear.

(E) Specification :

• Base colour of Sanganeri Hand Block Printings is white. • Sanganeri Hand Block Printed textile products have delicate floral motifs. • Print design is equally vividly seen on the underside of the cloth. • Printing on cloth is by stamping wooden hand blocks. • Designs on the Textile necessarily are repetitive in nature. • Sanganeri Hand Block Printed products normally have one or more colours. These may overlap or circumscribe by others. • Motifs on Sanganeri Hand Block Prints can be of (a) Flowers, Leaves and Buds (b) Inter-twisted tendrils (c) Figurative designs (d) Geometric designs. • More than hundred Traditional Designs are used for production of Sanganeri Hand Block Printing.

(F) Name of the Geographical Indication :

SANGANERI HAND BLOCK PRINTING

(G) Description of Goods :

Sanganeri Hand Block Printing Textiles are mostly on cotton cloths and sometimes on cotton x silk. A wide range of Made ups, Home furnishings and Garments are produced from Sanganeri Hand Block Printing Cloth. All Sanganeri Hand Block Printings so produced display an extensive variety of Butis and Butas where as dyeing shows a variety of natural colours. It has various traditional sheds of colours and designs created by the skilled Chhipas who only have the expertise of preparing colour mixture using desired ingredients in specific ratios. Colour preparation and printing is a highly skilled job. The creation of rich and wide range of print designs lies in stamping by Hand made wooden blocks. Turners locally known as Kharadiyes posses the skill of producing desired blocks using dried wood of plants like “shisham”, “gurjan”, “mango”, “teak” and “ardu”. Thus it is the skill of Chhipas and Kharadiyes that results in production of well known Sanganeri Hand Block Printing.

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♦ Sarees: Sanganeri Hand Block Printing Sari is a variously dyed and printed cotton or silk or cotton x silk fabric. Special features of these sarees are: - These are printed fully by hand blocks - These have mainly red and black as two main colours with a multiple of shades - yellow, brown, indigo blue, green etc. - These have Sombre colours and fine-lined designs. Designs usually represents a variety of flowers e.g. motifs based on Lotus, Iris, Rose, Poppy, Water Lily, Narcissus, Marigold, Sunflower, Chinese rose, Chrysanthemum, Champa etc. - Saris have usually motifs consisting of flowers, buds and leaves composed in the form of a mango, betel leaf, dagger and Jhumka (earring)

♦ Chintz: Chintz (Chheent) is cotton, cotton x silk, silk Sanganeri Hand Block Printing cloth of various length and width used mainly for Skirts (Ghagharas), and other made-ups for men and women.

♦ Suits and Dupattas: Salwar Suits with Dupattas are predominantly women’s wear printed cotton cloth variously coloured and sometimes value added by silver or gold work on sleeves and neck-line.

♦ Home Furnishings: Several Home Furnishing items are produced using Sanganeri Hand Block Printed cotton cloth. The print and colour mosaic varies to a large extent depending on their end use. Common Home Furnishing items are Bedspread, Pillow cover, Quilts, Table Cover, Cushion Cover, Bolster Cover, Curtains, Table Mats, Napkins, Oven Gloves, Tea Cozy etc.

♦ Headgears (Safa): Headgear (Safa) is of white background, black outline and red under line variously printed. It is usually of length 8 mtrs and width 0.9 mtrs. and is printed on fine fabric called ‘Mulmul’.

All Sanganeri Hand Block Printing Textiles will have print designs of buti/ buta/ jhar or a combination of any two or three

(H) Geographical Area of Production and Map as shown in page no. 38:

The Geographical area of Sanganeri Hand Block Printing is mainly Sanganer town and nearby villages. It is 16 kilometers from Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Sanganer Town is the Headquarter of Sanganer Tehsil, District-Jaipur, Rajasthan.

District & State : Jaipur, Rajasthan, Latitude : 26° 49' 0" North Longitude : 75° 47' 0" East

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(I) Proof of Origin (Historical records):

Sanganer, an early 16th century town near Jaipur, developed into a flourishing Textile Production Center and was at its peak in the 19th Century. The art of hand- block printing and design was developed to a high level of sophistication, and this small sixteenth-century village blossomed into one of India’s busiest artisan centers as is evident from several specimens kept in National and Foreign Museums and/or description of this craft and skill given in several books and journals written by Indian and Foreign authors. Major findings inferred from these historical references are being reproduced for the purpose of a cohesive, clear and simplified overview.

¾ Traces of History – Sanganer Hand Block Printing

“A town founded by a Kachhawaha prince Sangaji in the early 16th century, Sanganer developed into a printing centre in later centuries. Sir George Watt wrote in his monumental work Indian Art at Delhi in 1902–03: “The Sanganer town of Jaipur State must, however, be regarded as the very metropolis of the Calico- Printing Craft of India so far as art conceptions and technique are concerned. Besides, being a calico printing centre it was a prosperous town as the Jaipur State records (preserved in the Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner) suggest. Sanganer was known for its bright and fast dyes. A collection of miscellaneous-sayings (dated Vikram Sanwat. 1853 = A.D. 1796), while mentioning characteristics of various objects and places refers to “Colours of Sanganer.”

Dastur-al-amal reports of 1703 gives detailed description of taxes levied on the printed fabrics, so does the rangkhana records of 1727. Though in rangkhana papers the word jaxkbZ (dyeing) is used instead of NikbZ (printing). At this point one should remember that at Jaipur jaxkbZ stands sometimes for printing also. For instance a leaf from rangkhana records (1727) reads, Þegewnh jaxkok us nh cwVS ikeß gave mahmudi for dyeing motifs (to be printed) in fugitive colours.

Therefore, one can safely presume that by the beginning of the 18th century the town was known as a printing centre, otherwise its name would not have appeared in the records of dastur-al-amal and rangkhana (one of the thirty six karkhanas of the royal household). This department looked after the dying and printing of fabrics. Moreover, the above mentioned text- Phutkar kata or miscellaneous sayings- also tells us that Sanganer was known for its colours. This would indicate that Chhippas of this town were already famous in early decades of the 18th century. A dated example in the City Palace collection - a head-dress- also supports this saying. The head-dress, with date V.S. 1856 (A.D. 1799) in a square octroi seal, has a simple leaf pattern arranged closely on the ground along with a twig motif on the pallava. This is a highly finished work produced with fine blocks and sombre colours. It is interesting to know that this leaf motif also appears on an eighteenth century pattern sheet in the same collection. (Dr. Ms. Chandramani Singh, Textiles and Costumes from the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum; Jaipur Printers; 1979, p. XXX and XXXIII)

27 As far as tradition goes, it is said that the great astronomer king-Sawai Jai Singh was responsible for giving impetus to the art of printing. Archival sources confirm the oral tradition that Sawai Jai Singh invited artists and craftsmen from different parts of the country to settle at Jaipur, among whom were zari workers from Surat and printers from Gujarat in general. Presumably he also brought some craftsmen from Malwa because the Sanganer cotton prints show an excellent combination of both of these traditions-the fineness of Malawa, particularly of Sironj, and the lyrical quality of design from Gujarat. John Irwin does not go into details on the problems of migration but feels that, “Gujarat suffered badly during the wars of Auranzeb and later in the plundering raids of the Marathas. Many of the craftsmen migrated to seek more settled employment in Rajasthan and other parts of north- west India. (Dr. Ms. Chandramani Singh, Textiles and Costumes from the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum; Jaipur Printers; 1979, page no. XXX and XXXIII)

Another useful historical evidence about Sanganer Hand Block Printing is given by the famous Textile Designer Ritu Kumar in her Book titled Costumes and Textiles of Royal India: Some excerpts are produced here “In the, Sanganer just 10 miles south of Jaipur, the art of hand-block printing and design was developed to a high level of sophistication, and this small sixteenth-century village blossomed into one of India’s busiest artisan centers. The block-makers were among the most innovative and creative of the royal craftsmen. They understood how to produce texture on cloth and how to enhance the richness of the base cotton fabric. The genius of their print designs lay in their understanding of patterning fabric surfaces and the use of space. The traditional Jaipur buti, usually a floral or animal motif, was carved on to a small square wooden block. The carved block was pressed on to a piece of padded fabric dipped into a vegetable dye and the motif was then printed on to the cloth at carefully measured intervals. The same process was repeated with different blocks and colours, resulting in beautiful geometric patterns of astonishing regularity” (page 134).

“The process of transferring the design on to cloth also requires skill. A piece of fabric is spread over a low bench which is covered with a thick pad made of several layers of heavy cloth. The printer squats in front of this bench with the dye in a pan or earthenware vessel by his side. Inside this vessel is thick cloth pad saturated with dye. The block is pressed on to this pad and motif is then stamped on to the fabric. Different elements in the design require different colouring. For each colour impression the printer will have prepared a separate pan. A design may consist of 10 colours or more, some of which may overlap or be circumscribed by others. A high degree of skill is required both for the placement of the design and even application of pressure. Blocks are also used for applying mordants, wax or any other resist in the same way” (page 317).

“Sanganer, in Rajasthan, became an important block-printing centre in the eighteenth century. The main contributions of Sanganer Printers to the Indian printing industry were fast colours, and well-proportioned lyrical motifs designed for dupattas, odhanis, dress materials, soft furnishing, quilts and upholstery. These motifs had to suit the occasion, location and requirements of the patrons who commissioned the textiles”. (Ritu Kumar, Costumes and Textiles of Royal India; Christie’s Books Ltd; 1999, p. nos. 134 & 317).

28 “Sanganer, a village near Jaipur, became the prestigious work centre for such prints with very elaborate techniques. A special feature of these prints is the use of variety of designs in the same piece of cloth, but beautifully harmonized. Gold and silver effects are also introduced. In the older pieces one sees flower petals worked with gold or silver wires. The present process is after the basic colour printing has been done, the portions to be done in gold or silver are printed with an adhesive which is then allowed to dry while the leaf adheres to it. In the Jaipur Sanganer designs there is more of the flavour of the paintings of the earlier days, like stylized sunflowers, narcissuses, roses and other flowers with luxuriant foliage. The religious textiles consist of pieces in various sizes printed with the deity’s names: a special one used in Shiva worship has the tiny drum (Damru) and the trident forming the cross border and the dhatura flowers distributed in rows”. (Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay; Handicrafts of India; Indian Council for Cultural Relations in 1975; P. No.45)

Gulab Kothari, presently the Chief Editor of Rajasthan Patrika has beautifully described Sanganeri Hand Block Printing and its origin in his book “Colourful Textiles of Rajasthan”. Relevant portion from the book as produced here testimonies the origins of colorful printing at Sanganer in 18th Century. “Ancient and medieval literary texts often mention colourful textile produced in this region but actual example prior to 17th Century are not available in Indian collection with one exception that is Calico Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad; which has acquired to number of small fragments found at A1 Fostat (Egypt). In the beginning of the century French archeologists while excavating at A1 Fostar, old capital of Egypt, found dead bodies wrapped in coarse cotton fabric printed with bright colours. Motifs printed on these were exactly alike to the motifs painted on the costume in Jain miniature painting from Western India Rajasthan and Gujarat. Print with those motifs is being printed even today. This finding brought tremendous change in ideas and scholars started believing that India was producing colourful printed fabric in 14-15th C. Which was exported to European and African Countries? Old folk songs and popular proverbs often refer to Chhint – printed fabric of Pali and bright colours of Sanganer. A number of headgears, safas and pagaris and material printed in the 18th C. Sanganer are preserved in private and public collections”. (Gulab Kothari, Colourful Textiles of Rajasthan; Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd.; p. nos. 41- 42)

“As far as the aesthetic imagination and technique is concerned the town of Sanganer in Jaipur may be considered the capital of the art of textile printing in India”. This is true even today. Sanganer has earned a name not only in Rajasthan but in Europe, America and Japan also. Fabric printing is done by Hindu Chhipa families while most of the Muslim families make handmade paper. Fabric printing factories dominate the suburbs of Sanganer. The fabrics printed here are exported to several countries. The exports include various types of dress materials, readymade garments, bed sheets, pillow covers, curtain, cloth, dupattas, veils, sarees and quilts etc. The Chhipas adept in traditional art have kept alike the rich heritage of hand printing with the choice designs of various classes and communities. The rich gentry prefer dark yellow, green and pink colours and natural designs of wild flowers and leaves, creepers and plants and groves whereas the local people prefer red and black prints. (Kamlesh Mathur, Crafts and Craftsmen; Pointer Publisher, 2004, p. no. 59)

29 The Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. XXI Oxford 1908 “The dyeing and stamping of cotton cloths is carried on largely in several states, particularly at Sanganer in Jaipur. The chintzes are printed in colours by hand blocks, but the industry is decaying owing to machine competition.”

Popularity of Sanganeri Hand Block Printings have caught the interest of music composers. One of the love songs mentions Sanganeri Hand Block Printing as favorite item to be brought by the lover to the fiancé.

1- lkyw Fks ykbZtks lkaxkusj jks Egkjk jkt pwMyks Fks ykbZ tks gfLr nkar dks lkyw jks dksj] nsjk; tks rksjs vko tks A

2. „½ãÀãÌã ºã¶ãã •ããè ÔããÊãî ©ãñ Êãã¾ããè •ããñ ÔããâØãã¶ãñÀ Àãñ

¼¡ãù. vãÍãã ¼ãØã¦ã, Àã•ãÔ©ãã¶ã, Øãì•ãÀã¦ã †Ìã⠽㣾ã¹ãƪñÍã ‡ãŠãè œ¹ããƒÃ ‡ãŠÊãã ‡ãŠã ÔãÌãñâàã¥ã Àã£ãã ¹ããäºÊã‡ãŠñÍãâÔã ¶ãƒÃ ªÊÊããè ý ¹ãñ•ã ¶ãâ . 13-14)

This further confirms that Sanganer was a highly popular textile printing centre during 18th century

“The block printed cottons of Sanganer, near Jaipur has been renowned for their precious pattern and colouring for at least two hundred and fifty years” Handcrafted Indian Textiles, (Martand Singh, Rta Kapur Chisti & Rahul Jain, Handcrafted Indian Textiles; Luster Press Roli Books, 2000, p. no. 79)

Sanganeri Printed costumes preserved and Displayed in M. S. Man Singh II Museum, Jaipur

The textile collection of Maharaja Shri Man Singh II Museum includes costumes of kings, queens, their employees and children in the royal household. It is a treasure house for the study of social and cultural life of 17-19th century northern India. The Museum has a comprehensive collection of dupattas, which are pieces of cotton material of different sizes, with printed borders and pallava. These were to put over the shoulders or sometimes to wrap round the upper part of the body of the priests. It was an important part of a Brahman’s costume. Though people in the royal household never wore dupattas, the museum has a large collection of them which were received as gifts from the priests on different occasions such as festivals and birthdays. It was customary for a priest of a temple to present a dupatta and sweets (Prasad) to the Maharaja. Every year, hundreds of such dupattas were received, which form this collection. A number of them were printed at Sanganer and are still displayed in Museum. The year of production of these Dupatas is evident by the octroi stamp on these dupattas. Description of some of these dupattas is given below: -

• Dupatta, cotton, white, printed in red and black- lhrkjke in red, narrow border in red and black, pallava has floral butas in red and black, octroi seal has date- V.S. 1963 (A.D. 1906) Sanganer L. 292 X W. 170 cm.

30 • Dupatta, cotton, white, printed in red and black, ground-Nagri letters Jh gjhgj in black and floral stripes in two reds; border has narrow floral stripes; pallava-narrow border, stylized lotus flower butas an single flower butas, all printed in two reds. First quarter of 19th century, Sanganer L. 295 X W. 149 cm.

• Dupatta, cotton, white, printed in red and black, ground-benediction to shiva in Nagri letters: ue% f’kok; in black, stripes in red ; both sides have border with damaru and dhatura pattern printed in two reds; pallava-stripes consisting of dhatura, damaru, trident and belpatra ka jhar motif. First quarter of 19th century, Sanganer L. 243 X W. 111.5 cm.

• Dupatta, cotton, white, printed in red and black- floral stripes on ground, narrow border and pallava with butas. A faded square octroi seal reads “lokbh tSiqj laor 1910” Swai Jaipur samvat 1910 (A.D. 1853) Sanganer. L. 257 X W. 144 cm. Damaged.

• Dupatta, cotton, white, printed in red and black; ground has black patterned stripes; border-jhar buits in red, peacock motif in black, creeper design. Description: - Cotton white printed in black leaf motif on ground pallava with lotus missing. Octroi seal: - Swai Jaipur Sanwat 1856 “Sanganer”

Rajasthan State Archives, Government of Rajasthan, Bikaner: Some leaves from Rangkhana Records A.D. 1729 as preserved shows year of manufacturing and stamping.

Thus it becomes quite clear that Textile industry existed and was in full swing at Sanganer from 18th century.

Based on all the above citing of historical evidences, documents and general belief of Chhipas and other inhabitants of the area, the fact remains that Sanganeri Hand Block Printing was a traditional craft at Sanganer since as late as 18th century and the production and marketing of Sanganeri Hand Block Printed cloth and made ups continues till today. At present there are three hundred and fifteen production units and more than twenty exporting units in Sanganer.

(J) Method of Production:

Manufacture of Sanganeri Hand Block Print still continues to adopt traditional method for preparation of dye mixtures, pre and post treatment of the cloth for printing and finishing. Various steps involved and details of traditional process these are as given below:

31 ™ Production Process:

a. Scouring – locally called “Hari Sarana” The fabric that comes from mills or handloom sector contains natural and added impurities such as starch, oil and dust. To get good and even penetration of colours, the fabric is boiled with soap and de–sizing agents. Traditionally cow dung was used for scouring. Cow dung and water are mixed together and the cloth is then left dipped in that paste overnight. The process of washing is a long one, generally carried out by the ladies. The next day, the clothes are washed and spread on large open grounds. Before the clothes dry completely, more water is sprinkled on them and thus they are made wet again. This process of sprinkling water and drying is repeated 5–6 times a day. This procedure is carried out until the cloth becomes white and bright. Generally, this process requires 3 to 6 days. After this the cloth is washed with pure water. Since it is tedious and time consuming, soaps have replaced cow dung now a day.

b. Tannin – locally called ‘Peela Karana’ of ‘Harda’ Washed fabric is treated with myrobalan (harda) which contains tannic acid. Tannic acid attracts the mordants, which are applied with hand wood – block. ‘Harda’ powder is mixed with water, and the cloth is submerged in it, squeezed and dried flat on the ground. Once the fabric is dried, it is folded and beaten with a wooden mallet to remove excess ‘harda’ powder and open up the fiber to accept the dye. This process is known as ‘peela karna’. The tannic acid of myrobalam (harda) forms black colour with ferrous (syahee) which is traditionally made by reaction of old rusted horse shoe nails with jiggery.

c. Printing (mordanting) – locally called ‘chapai’ This is the process of transferring the design to the cloth and requires high level of skill. “A piece of fabric is spread over a low bench covered with a thick pad made of several layers of heavy cloth. The printer squats in front of this bench with the dye in a pan or earthenware vessel by his side. Inside this vessel is thick cloth pad saturated with dye. The block is pressed on to this pad and motif is then stamped on to the fabric. Different elements in the design require different colourings. For each colour impression the printer has to prepare a separate pan. The fabric is printed with two mordant–ferrous (‘syahee’) made out of rusted horse shoe nails, and aluminum sulphate (‘beggar’). Usually ferrous is printed with the outline block (‘rekh’). As it immediately shows a black impression, it is easy for another printer to place the filler block (‘datta’) with beggar some times the background block is applied before the outline block.

d. Ageing – locally called ‘Sukhai’ The printed fabric is left for at least three-four days so that the print (mordant paste) penetrates into the fiber structure. Longer the ageing better is the result.

e. Washing – locally called ‘Dhulai’ The printed fabric is washed in running water to remove excess mordants.

32 f. Dying (fixing of colour) locally called ‘Ghan Rangai’ Dyeing is a process in which the dye reacts with two mordants at two different locations on the same print giving two different shades of colours. Alizarin is used as the dye throughout Rajasthan. The colours obtained in conjunction with the two mordants are red (with alum) and black (with ferrous). Dyeing is carried out in large copper vessels (‘tambri’) which are heated by wood fire. Alizarin is filled in small cloth–bags (‘potali’) and dipped in the vessel. The quantity of alizarin dye is calculated by the experienced dyer. ‘Dhawadi phool’, a local flower is boiled along with alizarin to avoid patches and staining. Once the dyed fabric is ready (usually it takes half a day), it is taken out of the copper vessel and left on the ground for drying. g. Sun – bleaching – locally called ‘Tapai’ Alizarin often “over dyes” the sun printed area giving an off-white or yellow tinge all over the fabric which makes the print look dull. In order to make the ground look white, again the fabric is sun-bleached. In this process the fabric is laid flat on a river bed, A mild solution of cow dung and water is sprinkled over the fabric. This process is repeated again when the fabric is drying. The interaction of alkali (of cow dung) and thermal heat (sun ray) bleach the ground colour making it look white again. h. Resist printing locally called ‘Dhabu Datai’ The special resist paste (clay-lime-gum-insect eaten wheat mixture) technique, a specialty of traditional printing of Rajasthan, is commonly known as ‘dhabu’. Dhabu acts as mechanical resist and prevents the penetration of dye during dyeing on areas covered with ‘dhabu’. This technique is used only for creating patterns with indigo blue. Since the resist paste ‘dhabu’ is thick and sticky no sharp definitions are achieved. It is applied with wooden block on the fabric and saw dust is sprinkled over it. Saw dust has two major functions at this stage-first to absorb water from the Dhabu paste and give additional layers of resist. After printing, the fabric is left outside in the sun for drying before dipping in indigo tanks. The art of making ‘dhabu’ paste is kept secret and every family has its own recipe to make the paste. i. Indigo dyeing locally called ‘Neel rangai’ It is the most interesting process of coloring the fabric blue. Indigo dyeing is done throughout Rajasthan. The process to start a new indigo tank is tedious and complicated but once the vat is ready for use, it is kept ‘alive’ by constant addition of indigo lime and jaggery. An expert indigo dyer can tell the state of dye by the colour of the vat. He adds the exact quantity of every ingredient required, having learnt it by experience. There is no written recipe with the indigo dyer and every family has its own way of handling indigo. The printed cloth is folded neatly like saree pleats and lowered gently into the indigo tank. When the cloth is totally submerged in the tank, the dyer still holding it under the liquid dye, opens each pleat to allow the fabric to have the indigo dye evenly. Since indigo does not react in the presence of air, any air trapped in the folds or pleats will give “patchy” dyeing. An experienced dyer always unfold the pleats neatly and gently to avoid cracking of ‘Dhabu’. The fabric is then taken out of tank, gently squeezed and opened out to react with the atmospheric oxygen and turn the reduced indigo into oxidized indigo. Indigo

33 has poor affinity to the fabric in the presence of water, so the first ‘dip’ gives a pale sky blue shade. In order to get darker indigo blue, the fabric is again dipped in the tank, pulled out and oxidized. This process is repeated till the desired dark shade is achieved. The fabric is finally dried flat on the ground. Care is taken that while dyeing or drying; ‘dhabu’ does not get broken or cracked. For turning the fabric green it is taken for further process of yellow dyeing but before this it is printed with dhabu to retain some blue areas. j. Yellow dyeing – locally called ‘Haldi naspal putai’ The fabric is again printed with dhabu and taken out in an open area. Four persons hold it at each corner and fifth person dips a loose-woven woolen fabric which acts as a sponge in the dye extracted out of haldi (turmeric) and naspal (pomegranate rinds) and rubs it gently all over the cloth to be dyed. The application of the yellow dye is like mopping the floor but is done gently so that the ‘dhabu’ does not come off. The idea of using loose woven fabric in the process of dyeing is to retain enough dye while applying it. Once the fabric is dyed evenly, it is taken for post mordanting or fixing of yellow dye.

k. Post mordanting with alum – locally known as ‘Fitkari Rangari’ The dye extracted from turmeric and pomegranate peals is very fugitive and in order to make it fast, post mordanting is done with alum (fitkari). In this process the fabric is dipped in a big copper vessel filled with water and diluted alum. After leaving it for a few minutes (long period of time will cause the dhabu to come off) it is taken out, gently squeezed and dried flat on the ground. When it is completely dry it is folded and stored in dark places for at least 3 to 4 days so that the yellow dye sets in. Finally it is taken out for washing. l. Washing locally called ‘Dhulai’ Washing of the fabric is done in order to take out resist paste and excess or unattached dye from the surface. In this process the fabric is left in big tanks for at lest 3 to 4 hours till the resist paste becomes smooth. The fabric is then beaten over a flat stone slab to remove the resist paste and excess dye. The beating of the cloth is generally done where there is a flow of water.

m. Effluent Treatment Small capacity Sanganeri Hand Block Printing Units generate 1-2 M3 of effluent per day. Medium and large scale units generate 20-100 M3 of per day. Effluent is primarily treated to remove suspended solids, acidity/ alkalinity. Treated effluent is free from pollutants. The Calico Printers Co-operative Society Ltd., under the directives of Government of Rajasthan is setting up a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (C.E.T.P.) to treat effluent of all printing units to render it reusable and to comply standards set by Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board. C.E.T.P. will be set up on a collaborative mechanism in which contribution from Central Government, State Government and Association of Producers will be in the ratio of 40:30:30.

34 ™ Raw Materials:

a) Fabric: All possible Natural fabric (like cotton, silk, wool etc) and man made fibers like rayon, poly-cotton etc.

b) Dyes: Natural and/or Synthetic (Azofree) dyes are mostly used. Common names are:

Name of Dyes Source (Name of Plants) Local Name Flatting yellow Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Dhak, Palas Taub Golden yellow Carthamus Tinctorium L Safflower Yellow Curcuma longa L Haldi Blue Indigofera tinctoria L Neel Yellow Morinda citrifolia L All Orange-brown Nyctanthus arbortristis Linn. Harsinghar Red (Alizarine) Oldenlandia umbellata Linn. Indian Madar Light yellow Punica granatum L. Naspal Deep yellow Terminalia chebula Rstz Harad

Red colouring dye can be Indian Madar or Synthetic Alizarine.

Blue colouring dye can be prepared using Indigo Blue extracted from nil plant or synthetic Indigo granules.

c) Tools: (i) Tables: - Two kinds of tables used in block printing i.e. (i) Patia - Size 2’x 3’x 4’ (ii) Table – Size 5’x 20’x 3.5’ (ii) Trolly: - Used for movement of colour mixture. Size 18’ x 18’ x 3.6’. (iii) Colour Container: - These are small rectangular containers 12’ x 18’x 3” to fill the colour for printing. Inside the colour container a frame and layers of jute and cotton fabric is placed to spread the colour evenly for block printing. These layers make a pad for colour impression. (iv) Bunta: - These are wooden hand-printing blocks of different shapes and types with motifs engraved on their bottom faces. The different shapes are rectangular, square, circular, oval, segmental etc. The segmental block is called ‘chand’ and is generally one fourth of a circle. To the upper side of the bunta is fixed a wooden handle with which the block is held and over which the printer strikes, to transfer the impression of the motif to the cloth. The types of buntas are gad, rekh and data. (v) Kalams: - These are steel chisels of different widths and cutting surfaces used by kharaudis, for engraving the motifs on the wooden printing blocks (vi) Mogri: - A wooden mallet used in some cases to beat the folds of the moist finished cloth pieces.

35

d) Emulsions & Pastes: (i) Telkhar Emulsion: - It is an emulsion for oiling and alkaline treatment used to desize and partially bleach the grey cloth. (ii) Pila Karana Solution: - This is used to give creamish yellow colour to the fabric. It is made of harda powder. (iii) Begar Paste: - This is the mordant alum which in combination with alizarine develops a rich red colour. (iv) Syahi Paste: - Syahi is essentially a fermented solution of iron and fermenting agent molasses (jiggery, gur) and gum. Syahi in combination with harda develops into a deep black colour. (v) Dabu (Resist Paste): - Resist paste is applied on those parts of printed motifs whose colour is saught to be protected and sealed off from the effects of further treatment that the cloth undergoes in subsequent process. Dabu paste is prepared by mixing “Kali mitti”, lime (Bidhan) wheat flour and gum. These are mixed in specific ratio depending upon type of Dabu paste needed. (vi) Alizarine Bath: - This is red colouring dye bath prepared by using vegetable dyes like maddar (Rubia tinctoria, Rubia manjista) which contains substances called alizarine and purpurin. Nowadays synthetic alizarine is used due to shortage of vegetable alizarine. Alizarine and “dhawai ka phool” (Dhawai Flower Wood Fordia Floribunda) are mixed in specific ratios in water and mixture kept for required hours to get required reddish hue. (vii) Indigo Blue: - Indigo blue (nil) is a blue colouring matter extracted from nil plants (Indigofera tinctoria). Nowadays synthetic indigo granules available in market are used.

(K) Uniqueness:

• The base colour of Sanganeri Hand Block Printing is white. • Sanganeri Hand Block Printings are known for specific appearance and wide range of delicate floral sprays. • The print design is equally vividly seen on the underside of the cloth. • Sanganeri Hand Block Printing is done by using a Stamp or Wooden Block’s and by no other device. • The production of Sanganeri Hand Block Printing requires a high level of judgment and coordination of eyes and hands of the artisans. • Sanganeri Hand Block Printing has softer tone and aesthetic appeal. • The design forms of the textile are known in terms of one or more of four terms i.e. Butis, Butas, Jhar and Border. • The design on the Sanganeri Hand Block Printing necessarily is repetitive. • The Motifs are generally based on natural forms mostly of flowers, petals, fruits or leaves of plants. • The Art and Skill for production of Sanganeri Hand Block Printing is limited to a community known as Chhipas who have acquired this skill from their parents and grandparents through generations.

36 • Sanganer had and still has very conducive geographical and climatic conditions necessary for the production of desired shades of colours and fine designs. • The production process involves a process non as Tapai or Sun Bleaching which is typical and unique in the production of Sanganeri Hand Block Printing.

(L) Inspection Body:

Calico Printers Co-operative Society Limited, (CPCSL) has decided that Inspection would be entrusted to independent Inspection Team of five members. A Stamp or hand block engraved with CPCSL, Sanganeri Hand Block Printing and an Identification Number of the production unit user will be issued to every production units. The Society will make it compulsory for every unit to put this Stamp on their finished products before sale. Inspection Members would be requested for random checking to ensure that every production unit stamps a special wooden seal issued to it by CPCSL.

In the event of any dispute if and when arises about the quality and consistency of the product than matter will be resolved by Inspection Committee.

(M) Other:

The production of Sanganeri Hand Block Printing involves number of processes, which require high level of skill, patience and concentration, but all the stakeholders involved in the production are carrying on their age-old traditional craft and passing on the skill to their new generation.

37

38 G.I. APPLICATION NUMBER – 152

Application is made by The Director, Directorate of Handlooms and Textiles, Government of Kerala, “Vikas Bhavan”, 4th floor, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 033 Kerala, India for registration in Part A of Balaramapuram Sarees and Fine Cotton Fabrics under Application No 152 in respect of Textile and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers falling in Class – 24 and Clothing falling in Class 25, is hereby advertised as accepted under sub-section (1) of section 13 of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

Applicant : The Director, Directorate of Handlooms and Textiles, Government of Kerala

Address : The Director, Directorate of Handlooms and Textiles, Government of Kerala, “Vikas Bhavan”, 4th floor, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 033 Kerala.

Geographical Indication : BALARAMAPURAM SAREES AND FINE COTTON FABRICS

Class : 24 & 25

Goods : Class – 24: Textiles and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers.

Class – 25: Clothing.

39 (A) Name of the Applicant : The Director, Directorate of Handlooms and Textiles, Government of Kerala

(B) Address : The Director, Directorate of Handlooms and Textiles, Government of Kerala, “Vikas Bhavan”, 4th floor, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 033, Kerala.

(C) List of association of persons/ Producers / organization/ authority : To be provided on request

(D) Type of Goods : Class – 24: Textiles and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers.

Class – 25: Clothing.

(E) Specification :

The major items manufactured from Balaramapuram are Grey Saree, Dhoti (also known as Veshti or Mundu), Set Mundu (Pudava & Kavani or Mumdum Neriyathum) and Ladies Dress Material (Punjabi Dress).

Sl. Product Specification Specification No 1 Grey Saree or Yarn: Cotton Grey Picks/inch: 82-86s/ Balaramapuram Warp x Weft: 80s x 80s 96-100s Saree 100s x 100s 100-110s 80s x 100s Border: Pure zari/ half- fine 100 x 80s zari / dyed yarn Length: 5.5 mts.+ 90 cm Cross Border: Pure zari / for blouse half- fine zari / dyed yarn Width: 48 / 46 inches Designs: Hand laced designs Reed: 88s /96s /100s with pure zari / half-fine zari/ dyed yarn. 2 Set Mundu or Pudava Picks/inch: 82-86s/ Pudava & Yarn: Cotton Grey 96-100s Kavani or Warp x Weft: 80s x 80s 100-110s Mundum 100s x 100s Border: Pure zari/ half- fine Neriyathum 80s x 100s zari / dyed yarn 100s x 80s Cross Border: Pure zari/ half- Length: 2.5 mts. fine zari / dyed yarn Width: 50 inches Reed: 88s /96s /100s Kavani Yarn: Cotton Grey Picks/inch: 82-86s/ Warp x Weft: 80s x 80s 96-100s 100s x 100s 100-110s 80s x 100s Border: Pure zari/ half- fine 100s x 80s zari / dyed yarn Length: 2.5 mts. Cross Border: Pure zari/ half- Width: 42 inches fine zari / dyed yarn. Reed: 88s /96s /100s

40 3 Double Dhoti or Yarn: Cotton Grey Picks/inch: 82-86s/ Mundu Warp x Weft: 80s x 80s 96-100s 100s x 100s 100-110s 80s x 100s Border: Pure zari/ half- fine 100s x 80s zari / dyed yarn Length: 3.65/ 3.85/4 mts. Cross Border: Pure zari/ half- Width: 52 inches fine zari / dyed yarn Reed: 88s /96s /100s

4 Kavani or Yarn: Cotton Grey Picks/inch: 82-86s/ Neriyathu Warp x Weft: 80s x 80s 96-100s 100s x 100s 100-110s 80s x 100s Border: Pure zari/ half- 100s x 80s fine zari / dyed yarn Length: 2.5 mts. Cross Border: Pure zari/ half- Width: 42 inches fine zari / dyed yarn Reed: 88s /96s /100s 5 Ladies Dress Yarn: Cotton Grey Picks/inch: 82-86s/ Material Warp x Weft: 2/80s x 2/80s Border: pure zari/ half- 2/60s x 2/60s fine zari / dyed yarn Length: 2.5 mts. Cross Border: Pure zari / Width: 48 inches half- fine zari / dyed yarn Reed: 80s /88s

Shawl Yarn: Cotton Grey Picks/inch: 82-86s/ Warp x Weft: 80s x 80s Border: Pure zari/ half- fine 100s x 100s zari / dyed yarn 80s x 100s Cross Border: Pure zari/ half- 100s x 80s fine zari / dyed yarn Length: 2.5 mts. Width: 40 inches Reed: 80s /88s

(G) Name of the Geographical Indication :

BALARAMAPURAM SAREES AND FINE COTTON FABRICS

(G) Description of Goods :

The major items manufactured from Balaramapuram are Grey Saree, Dhoti (also known as Veshti or Mundu), Set Mundu (Pudava & Kavani or Mumdum Neriyathum) and Ladies Dress Material (Punjabi Dress). These traditional products are woven with kora white cotton yarn (grey or unbleached or non-dyed yarn) of finer counts. The combination of Dhoti and shirt is the traditional outerwear of the adult male in Kerala. The traditional outerwear of the women folk is called Set mundu, a combination of Dhoti for covering the lower part of the body and Kavani (or Neriyathu) to wrap around the upper portion of the body like dupatta. Pudava and Kavani is the traditional wedding dress of the brides in the southern part of the state. The Set Mundu has been replaced with Grey Saree and Ladies Dress Material.

41 (H) Geographical Area of Production and Map as shown in page no. 49:

Balaramapuram, in Thiruvananthapuram district is the most historically important place for handloom fabrics in Kerala. Balaramapuram is located along the National Highway-47 at a distance of 15 km south-east of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), the capital city of Kerala and 25 km north of Kaliyikkavila, the southern boundary of the State. Balaramapuram lies 80 25! 60 North Latitude and 770 2! 60 East Longitudes.

The technique of weaving the superfine fabrics has spread from Balaramapuram to the surrounding areas and now the Balaramapuram traditional products are manufactured in many villages/panchayaths of the district. Now the Balaramapuram Sarees and fine cotton fabrics are manufactured in seven blocks namely Nemom, Athiyannoor, Parassala, Perinkadavila, Kazhakkoottom, Vamanapuram and Chirayinkeezh which includes Balaramapuram and parts of three municipalities of Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala namely, Neyyattinkara, Attingal and Nedumangad.

(I) Proof of Origin (Historical records):

The handloom weaving in Balaramapuram dates back to this era of the Travancore history (about 200 years ago) and is associated with the royal family of Travancore (or Thiruvithamkur in Malayalam). The then princely state of Travancore with its capital at Thiruvananthapuram (now known as Trivandrum or Thiruvananthapuram) comprised of most of the southern parts of the present Kerala and the modern Nagarcoil and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu. Shri. Ummini Thampi, the Dewan of the then Maharaja, His Highness Maharaja Balarama Varma (from 1798 to 1810), brought weaving families from Valliyoor, in Tirunalveli District of the present Tamilnadu state. They belonged to the Shalia or Chalia community and were brought to weave and supply cloths to the members of the royal family. The King allotted separate streets to them and gave financial assistance initially to start the business.

Subsequently, Maharaja Balarama Varma, on the advice of his Dewan, Shri. Ummini Thampi, converted Balaramapuram and its surrounding places into an agro-based industrial belt with various traditional industries such as handicrafts, handloom weaving, oil extraction, etc. Separate streets were formed at identified places with better infrastructure for development. The length and width of these streets are well designed and constructed to facilitate warping and sizing in the street itself. Market places were also opened at convenient locations to market the products conveniently. It is due to the earnest and sincere efforts made by His Highness Maharaja Balarama Varma by whose name the place Balaramapuram is presently known; the handloom weaving has become popular and developed into an important industry.

The handloom industry in Balaramapuram today provide jobs to thousands of families belonging to different castes and communities like Ezhava, Nadar, Nair, Mukkuva, and others, mostly belonging to the weaker sections of the society.

42 (J) Method of Production:

The hand woven sarees and fabrics are the major products in the cluster. The activities in the production process are summarised below:

™ Raw Material

The basic raw material of the cluster is cotton yarn, procured in the form of hank by the co-operative societies/weavers / master weavers from the local yarn dealers or through the yarn bank or from state level agencies like The Kerala State Handloom Weavers Co-operative Society Ltd. (HANTEX) and Kerala State Handloom Development Corporation (HANVEEV). Nowadays cotton yarn is procured in the form of sized beam also. Besides cotton yarn, the cluster also uses golden or half- fine zari for designing and for border and cross-border. In some cases, coloured yarn (dyed yarn) is also used for border and cross-border. The cotton combed yarn procured are of 100S, 80S etc. Cotton yarn of count 120S is also used in the cluster.

™ Curing & Washing

The first and the foremost activity in the production process of the handloom products in the cluster is to cure the yarn meant for the warp in water to remove the impurities and cleaning the same. This will help them to carry out the subsequent processes without any hindrance. The same is again get washed in normal water and dried in sunlight before taking up for further processes. In most of the cases, the weft yarn does not undergo the process of curing.

™ Winding

Winding is a process of transferring yarn from one type of package to another hank to bobbin. The yarns for the warp and for the weft are separately taken up for winding. The yarn is normally received by the weavers in the hank form. The yarn in the hank form is converted into bobbins by the winding process. In case of warp yarns, the manual process has been replaced by a motorized machine. Once the winding is over, the yarn in the bobbin form is taken up for further processes. On the other hand, the yarn which is used in the weft does not require any further processing and hence it is wound into a pirn with the help of a small, hand-driven charkha and is called pirn winding. Pirn winding is the process of transferring the yarns from the hanks into bobbin/pirn in the shuttle used in the weft while weaving. The yarn in the form of pirn or the zari, wherever is required, is used in the weft while weaving. For ‘Kara’ (border or cross-border), dyed yarn is also widely used as a substitute for pure zari / half-fine zari. These dyed yarn, for weft, is purchased from the local market or get it dyed themselves.

™ Warping

The warping is a process of making desired length and width of warp sheet by combining many small packages called bobbins/spools. There are various types of warping by which yarns from a large number of warper’s bobbins are collected together and made into a suitable form of package. The process of warping used in Balaramapuram is known as vertical sectional warping. Vertical sectional warping

43 process is carried on a wooden drum from a wooden peg creel. A suitable frame called bobbin creel to hold the required number of bobbins in such a way that the yarns from them can be drawn separately without touching each other. The bobbins are put on the creel and the required number of yarn is then drawn through a comb to the wooden drum. The warped yarn is then taken to the next process called sizing.

™ Sizing

Sizing is a process where starch (sago or boiled Rice or Khoi or Kanji) is coated on the warp yarns for imparting strength; enhance abrasion resistance to withstand the stress and strains exerted during weaving process. In Balaramapuram, the traditional method of ‘street warping’ and ‘brush sizing’ is practiced. Natural materials such as rice starch, coconut oil and rice gruel form the important ingredients for sizing. Sizing is required for cotton yarn for imparting strength by using the residue after rice preparation called “Kanji” in local language with the help of a sizing brush. The sizing is normally done in the streets earmarked for it. The process of sizing reduces the yarn breakage and improves quality and efficiency of weaving.

Although the yarn is sized and dried in the sheet form, in which the individual threads are lying in a parallel condition, the threads are not free from sticking to one another. To rectify this defect, dividing rods, i.e. lease rods are used to effect separation of the threads. A brush is used to brush the yarn during the process of sizing.

™ Beaming & Preparation of Loom

The process of transferring warp sheet to a weavers beam to mount on loom is called beaming. In most of the cases, all these processes are carried out by manually without using power.

The process of beaming is followed by looming, which finally prepares the loom beam for weaving. Preparation of loom is broadly classified into two categories of work, known as Drafting and Denting. Drafting is the process of passing the warp yarn through the healds of the loom as per the design. This helps to keep the warp yarn in parallel form over the width of the loom and in locating a broken yarn during the process of weaving. In the case of denting, the warp yarns are passed through the reeds and the healds. The warp threads are then joined with the old warp threads with a local method of twisting by hands.

™ Weaving

Pit looms are the most widely used handlooms in Balaramapuram cluster for producing the traditional varieties. These are of two types; throw shuttle pit looms and fly shuttle pit looms. The Balaramapuram pit loom is of simple construction and there is no wooden super structure to support its parts. The sley is of light construction with provision to hold bamboo reeds. The shuttle used is peculiar and is made of bamboo instead of horn or wood. The finest varieties of fabrics, known for their beautiful designs and textures with pure zari are produced on throw shuttle

44 pit looms. As the name implies, the loom stands over a pit and the process of picking is done by throwing the shuttle across the shed by hand and beaten by suspended sley. Since there is no beatings involved in the weaving in throw shuttle looms, it is the most suitable looms for products with pure zari. Besides, these types of looms are also suitable for using lace-weaving technique, a technique for creating designs in the fabric with extra warp or weft. The fly shuttle pit looms are also popular in this cluster. But this looms are not used for finer counts of yarn and also products with pure zari. Though the productivity of the fly shuttle looms are 3 to 4 times more than that of an ordinary throw shuttle loom, but is unable to produce intricate extra weft figured patterns without the help of dobbies and jacquards. For products other than the traditional varieties in fine cotton fabrics, the weavers are using frame looms in this cluster.

™ Quality Checking & Packing

The quality of the woven products are checked thoroughly and taken up for packing. First it is folded properly and then packed according to the specification. Women are mostly employed for these activities.

(K) Uniqueness:

The traditional handloom products of Balaramapuram are well known for its simplicity, use of natural materials and exquisite designs with unrivalled craftsmanship. The materials used for the weaving are cotton and Zari (Kasavu) or dyed yarn. The cotton required for the manufacture of these items is procured from the local market as well as from the neighbouring Tamilnadu and the Kasavu from Surat, in the State of Gujarat. The quality of the cotton and the comfort one enjoys by wearing these products are the major attractions of “Balaramapuram” products. Since the equipment they use for weaving is different from others the weavers could identify the duplicates of their products at a mere glance. The uniqueness of the traditional Balaramapuram products are listed below:

™ Raw material

• Balaramapuram cluster has the unique reputation of having the weaving facility for manufacturing finer count cotton yarn of count 80S to 120S. These traditional handloom products of Balaramapuram are made out of the finest cotton yarn of counts 80s and 100s (Super combed cotton yarn of counts 80s and 100s). In some cases, even finer yarn of count 120s is also used.

• Usage of Pure Zari (locally known as Kasavu in Malayalam) in the border, cross-border or pallav of the traditional products. That is, Pure zari is used for extra warp, extra weft and for motifs in the fabric. But due to the exorbitant rise in the price of the pure zari, some of the weavers are using other kinds of zari, known as half- fine zari, powder guilt etc. Coloured yarn is also used as an alternative to the pure zari in the border and cross border of the products.

45 • No bleaching or dyeing is involved in the process except for the dyed yarn used in the weft for the border or cross-border. This coloured yarn is used as a substitute for the pure zari or the half-fine zari. Otherwise, the yarn used is of natural coloured grey cotton yarn. Thus the products are eco-friendly and cause no harm to the body of the user.

™ Technology

• The types of looms, installed in the cluster are (i) Pit looms (two types) - (a) Throw shuttle pit looms, (b) Fly Shuttle pit looms; and (ii) Frame looms. Even though all these looms are in use for the production of handloom products of the cluster/district, the weavers use primitive type throw-shuttle pit-looms for the production of exclusive traditional products with pure zari. In those cases where there is no usage of pure zari, the weavers are opting for fly-shuttle pit looms for weaving. The usage of frame looms for the production of traditional products with counts 80s and above are rare due to technical difficulties.

• Another specialty in the technology used in Balaramapuram is the “Reeds” used in the weaving looms which are made out of bamboo pieces. This, according to the traditional weavers, helps them to adjust the gap between yarns, which is very narrow when compared to the clothes manufactured using metal reeds. Another reason for the use of bamboo reeds is that the pure gold zari, which is coated with pure gold, would get damaged due to the contact while weaving if metal reeds are used in the looms. The sley is of light construction with provision to hold bamboo reeds. The shuttle used is peculiar and is made of bamboo instead of horn or wood. It is through these techniques of hand weaving and the particular nature of the looms used by the traditional weavers that makes the product look very fine and comfortable for use.

™ Process

• Sizing is also done differently in the Balaramapuram cluster from most of the other handloom clusters. Sizing is a process by which a solution is applied to warps to strengthen the yarn in order to protect it from abrasion in the healds and reeds of the loom. In this cluster, the traditional method of ‘street warping’ and ‘brush sizing’ is practiced. Natural materials such as rice starch, coconut oil and rice gruel form the important ingredients for the sizing material. The street warping and sizing is carried out in separate streets designated for this purpose.

™ Weavers’ Skill

• The Weavers normally avoid any type of improved appliances such as Dobby, Jacquard, Jala, etc. for making designs in the cloth. The weavers use a unique technique by which each end is separately controlled by hand to interlace with the weft wound in small pirns

46 known as lace weaving. But the Butta and larger type extra weft designs are woven on the motif/pattern printed with wooden blocks using easily washable vegetable colours. The design is first etched on wooden blocks and then colour is introduced into it. While the cloth is being woven, prints are made on it with the wooden blocks on it. Then, each motif has to be threaded individually by lace weaving by skilled weavers. This kind of work is easily distinguished from Jacquard/ jala designs as both sides of the fabric will have the same design and not merely an outline on the inner side of the fabric in case of lace weaving. The speciality of the lace weaving is that identical appearance of designs, including warp and weft stripes on the face and backside of the fabric is obtained by this technique of weaving. The designs with zari or coloured yarn, using the age-old technique still has an unparallel appeal which can attract even the most sophisticated customers. The identical appearance of the design on the face and backside of the fabric makes it unique and exclusive. This technique of laced weaving is practiced only at Balaramapuram and its surrounding places.

• As already stated, the technique to weave with Pure Zari in the border or cross-border or pallav (extra warp or extra weft) is one of the specialties or skills acquired by the weavers in this cluster. While weaving zari in the cross border of the fabric, the weavers create a rib weave effect in it with the help of the treadle connected with extra cords. Due to this weave, there is a series of horizontal ribs (cross bar effect) in the cross border of the products woven with zari. ‘Balaramapuram’ became the synonym for the above type of handloom fabrics.

• Another speciality of the weaving in this cluster is the ‘temple border’ or ‘puliyilakkara’ designs weaved into the fabric especially to the Dhoti and Set Mundu.

(L) Inspection Body:

The Department of Handlooms & Textiles, Government of Kerala, and Development Commissioner (Handlooms), Govt of India are supporting the weavers in quality control of the products. Besides the master weavers in the entrepreneurial sector and weaving master in the co-operative societies have their own quality control mechanism. During the process of production like winding & warping, creation of motifs, weaving, etc., these master weavers/ weaving masters use to inspect the different predetermined parameters and the quality before permitting final/finishing stage of production. However, providing the specification of the quality inspection of the master artisans is difficult as it varies from one master weaver to another. Textiles Committee, a statutory body under the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, known all over the country for quality inspection and testing of different textiles and clothing products is also actively participating in educating the weavers and other stakeholders about maintaining the quality and its importance, marketing strategies, brand building of the product, and other

47 development activities relating to the stakeholders of Balaramapuram Sarees & Fine Cotton Fabrics.

Even the traders and exporters involved in the marketing of the unique traditional products are also specifying specific quality while placing orders to the manufacturers on the basis of demand patterns in the market and subsequently inspect the various stages of production & final product before procurement. But in the present scenario, it has been decided that the Textiles Committee, Government of India, Mumbai having Regional office at Kannur along with the master weavers and the Department of Handlooms, Government of Kerala will provide inspection mechanism for maintaining quality of the product in the post-GI registration scenario.

(M) Other:

The Balaramapuram Sarees and other traditional products are socio-culturally associated with the people of Kerala especially to the Travancore region due to its confluence with the religious and other festivities of the region. From time immemorial, the entire cloth requirements of the Travancore Royal family are woven by weavers of this production centre. Hence, the textile cluster of this area is as old as the history of the Travancore dynasty in Kerala and bears generational legacy.

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INDEX la[;k HkkSxksfyd min'kZu vkosnu ¹ãðÓŸ Ôãâ

1 vkf/kdkfjd lwpuk,¡ 56

2 HkkSxksfyd min'kZu vkosnu fooj.k 59

3 lkoZtfud lwpuk 80

4 la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ 81

5 cyjkeiqje lkM+h vkSj ckjhd lwrh oL= 99

6 Ôãã£ããÀ¥ã ÔãîÞã¶ãã 110

7 ¹ãâ•ããè‡ãŠÀ¥ã ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆãä‡ãŠ¾ãã 113

55 vkf/kdkfjd lwpuk,¡ fo"k; % HkkSxksfyd min'kZu eky ¼iathdj.k vkSj laj{k.k½ fu;e 2002 ds fu;e 41¼1½ ds v/khu ;g lwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA

1- fu;e 41¼1½ ds vko';drk ds vuqlkj] ;g lqfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd flrEcj 16 2009@& ¼ããªÆ¹ãª 25 'kd 1931 fnukafdr HkkSxksfyd min'kZu if=dk dk laLdj.k la[;k 30] 16 flrEcj] 2009 ls turk dks miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA

Iakthdj.k izek.ki= dks tkjh djuk

1½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd xksok ds dktw dk Qsuh 'kjkc vkSj cksry la?k ] Mh 3@26] fVfoe baMfLVª;y ,LVsV] djLokMks ekikSlk] xksok& 403 507 vkSj foKku foHkkx] rduhd vkSj okrkoj.k] xksok ljdkj] 403511 fnukad 19 fnlacj 2007 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 120 ds oxZ 33 ds varxZr vkus okys 'kjkck mRikn ds Qsuh dss fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

2½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd mIiM+ gLrf'kYi cqudj lgdkjh mRikn vkSj fodz; lfefr fyfeVsM ] mIiMk] ;w dksFkiYyh eaMy] iwohZ xksnkojh ftyk] vka/zkizns'k & 533 447( [k½ nqxkZ gLrf'kYi gLrf'kYi cqudj lgdkjh mRikn vkSj fodz; lfefr fyfeVsM dksFkiYyh] ;w dksFkiYyh eaMy] iwohZ xksnkojh ftyk] vka/zkizns'k & 533 448( x½ dksFkk iYyh ekLVj cqudj la?k] ;w dksFkiYyh eaMy] iwohZ xksnkojh ftyk] vka/zkizns'k & 533 447( fnukad 10 vizSy 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 122 ds oxZ 24 varZxr rS;kj mRikn oL= eky ftls fdlh vU; oxhZdj.k esa 'kkkfey ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls fcLrj vkSj Vscy doj ( oxZ 25 ds varxZr vkus okys oL= vkSj ixM+h ds mIiM+k tkenkuh lkM+h dss fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

3½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd fr#eyS fr#ifr nsoLFkku] Vh- Vh- Mh iz'kklfud bekjr] ds- Mh jksM] fr#irh&517 501] fnukad 31 ekpZ 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 121 ds oxZ 30 ds varxZr vkus okys okxokuh mRikn eky larjs ds fr#irh yìq ds fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

4½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd jk"Vªh; ckxokuh cksMZ ] ua- & 85] baflV;w'kuy {ks=] lsDVj & 122 015 fnukad 15 ebZ 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 125 ds oxZ 31 ds varxZr vkus okys vke d`f"k mRikn Qy ds vke efygkcknh n'kgjh ds fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

5½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd Jh iqUusjh ixM+h la?k] ;kno lalkj] 592@93] ukjk;.k isB] f'ko'kDrh vikVZesaV] fupyh eafty] dU;k 'kkyk ds cxy] iwuk&411 030] fnukad 10 twu 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 128 ds oxZ 25 ds varxZr vkus okys Öñ¡ ãäØã¾ãÀ ds ¹ãì¸ãñãäÀ ¹ãØã¡ãè ds fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

56 6½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd d½ cukjl cqudj lfefr] 'kekZ d=k] jaxksyh ckx] pkSjkgk] jaxksyh xkMZu ds cxy] jsLVksjsaV lkjukFk] okjk.klh & 221007( [k½ ekuo dY;k.k la?k] ,l-&15@116] 2,lh] ekfo;k] lkjukFk] okjk.klh & 221007] m- iz- ( x½ la;qDr funs'kd m|ksx ¼iwohZ t+ksu½] fxfefMd dk ygjrkjk dk;kZy;] okjk.klh] m- iz-( ?k½ mÙj izns'k gLFkf'kYi oL= cktkj lgdkjh la?k fyfeVsM-] ts;Loky] d=k ihyh dksBh] okjk.kl( M+ ½ iwohZ m- iz- fu;kZrd la?k] ch&2] xq: d`ik dkWyksuh] uMslj] okjk.klh &221001( p½ cukjlh oL= m|ksx la?k] lh-ds- 23@22] jkuh dqukok pkSsd] okjk.klh] N½ gLrf'kYi vkSj oL= ds funs'kd m- iz- jFk;k=k] okjk.klh] t½ cukjl gkFk dj?kk fodkl lfefr iath dk;kZy; 1@88] dkssdk ?kkV] jke uxj] okjk.klh 221008( vkSj >½ vknZ'k js'eh cqudj lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsM] lkfgR; gkFk] jkeuxj] okjk.klh fnukad 4 tqykbZ 2007 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 99 ds oxZ 23 ds varxZr vkus okys flYd czksdsM tSls ve# czksdsM oxZ 24 varZxr rS;kj mRikn oL= eky ftls fdlh vU; oxhZdj.k esa 'kkkfey ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls fcLrj vkSj Vscy doj vkfn] oxZ 25 ds varxZr vkus okys rS;kj eky esa js'eh lkM+h] Mªsl efVfj;y] tSls fd flYd tkenkuh] taxyk lkM+h]taxyk lkM+h] tkeokj VsadksbZ lkM+h] fV''kw lkM+h] dV odZ lkM+h cwfVnkj lkM+h] oxZ 26 ds varxZr vkus okys rS;kj eky js'eh d

7½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd raxkfy;k gLrdyk la?k] vV@ih- vks-& oL=knh ] rkywdk& ok/koku] ftyk&lqjsanzuxj] xqtjkr] ] Hkkjr] fnukad 9 twuZ 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 127 ds oxZ 24 ds varxZr vkus okys oL= vkSj oL= eky] oxZ 25 lkM+h] LVksy] vkSj lkFk gh :eky] oxZ 27 ds varxZr vkus okys ?kj ds QuhZpj] jx vkSj pVkbZ] ds raxkfy;k 'kky ds fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

8½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd unqdkjk d`f"k izfdz;k daiuh fyfeVsM-] unqdkjk] voksyh ih- vks- eqorqiqyk&686 677] dsjyk] [k½ dsjyk d`f"k fo'ofo|ky;] osYyfudkjk] ds , ;q iksLV] f=lwj&680656] x½ vukj fdlku la?k] iath la[;k bvkj 95@90] oykdqye&686670] eqoÙqiyk dsjyk] fnukad 27 vxLr 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 130 ds oxZ 31 ds varxZr vkus okys d`f"k mRikn Qy eky ds oykdqye vukj dss fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

9½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd ckxokuh funs'kd] ckxokuh foHkkx] dukZVd ljdkj] thorduhfd dsanz]gqfyeko] iksLV ckWDl la-7648] csaxywj&560 076 fnukad 4 flracj 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 131 ds oxZ 31 ds varxZr vkus okys d`f"k mRikn Qy eky ds nsoukfgyh ikWesyks dss fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

10½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd ckxokuh funs'kd] ckxokuh foHkkx] dukZVd ljdkj] thorduhfd dsanz]gqfyeko] iksLV ckWDl la-7648] csaxywj&560 076 fnukad 4 flracj 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 132 ds oxZ 31 ds varxZr vkus okys d`f"k mRikn Qy eky ds visfefM vke dss fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

57 11½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd ckxokuh funs'kd] ckxokuh foHkkx] dukZVd ljdkj] thorduhfd dsanz]gqfyeko] iksLV ckWDl la-7648] csaxywj&560 076 fnukad 4 flracj 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 133 ds oxZ 31 ds varxZr vkus okys d`f"k mRikn Qy eky ds dekyiwj yky dsyk dss fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

12½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd isVsaV lwpuk dsanz] foKku vkSj rduhfd if'pe caxky jkT; dkamfly ] foKku vkSj rduhfd foHkkx] pkSFkh eafty] lkYV ysd] dksydkrk&700091] if'pe caxky] fnukad 22 flracj 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 138 ds oxZ 24 ds varxZr vkus okys oL= vkSj oL= eky ds 'kafriqj lkM+h ds fy, iathd`r Lokeh gS A

13½ ;g izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd HkkSxksfyd „¹ãªÍãöã ds Àãä•ãÔ›ÈÀ ds Hkkx v esa iathdj.k fd;k x;k gS fd dUuksj gkse QuhZf'kax mRikn dulksjfV;e] mÙj ekykckj psacj dk;kZy;k] rkyklsjh jskM dUuwj] dsjy jkT;] Hkkjr] fnukad 14 uoacj 2008 ds th- vkbZ- vkosnu la[;k 144 ds jksi] rkj] tky] Ôãù‡ã‹Ôã vkSj cSx ¼fdlh vU; oxZ esa 'kkfey ugha gSa½] oxZ 22 ds varZxr vkus okys oL= esa iz;qDr gksus okys /kkxs] oxZ 23 ds varZXkr vkus okys oL= vkSj oL= eky ¼fdlh vU; oxZ esa 'kkfey ugha gS] fcLrj vkSj est iks'k] oxZ 24 ds varxZr vkus okys dkisZV] jx] esV vkSj esfVax] ykbuksfy;e vkSj tehu ds

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80 th-vkbZ-&vkosnu la[;k & 147

;g vthZ dfydks NikbZ lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsM] esbu jksM] la?kusj] fiudksM 302029] t;iqj jktLFkku] Hkkjr us Hksth gS A la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ ds iath ds Hkkx ^v* esa vkSj ml iath ds vthZ vad 147 esa iathd`r djus ds fy, vthZ Hksth xbZ gS A oxZ 24 ds varxZr vkus okys oL= vkSj oL= eky] ftls fdlh vU; Js.kh esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS( fcLrj vkSj est iks'k] vkSj oxZ 25 ds varxZr vkus okys oL= vkfn HkkSxksfyd eky min'kZu ¼¹ãâ•ããè‡ãŠ À ¥ã vkSj ÔãâÀàã¥ã ½ ‚ããä£ããä¶ã¾ ã½ã] 1999 ds Hkkx 13 ds miHkkx ¼1½ esa Lohdkj djus gsrq foKkiu ;gk¡ fn;k x;k gS A

vkosnd dk uke dfydks NikbZ lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsM]

irk % dfydks NikbZ lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsM] esbu jksM] la?kusj] fiudksM 302029] t;iqj jktLFkku] Hkkjr

HkkSxksfyd min'kZu % la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ oxZ % 24 vkSj 25

eky% oxZ & 24% oL= vkSj oL= eky] ftls fdlh vU; Js.kh esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS( fcLrj vkSj est iks'k] oxZ & 25% oL= vkSj ixM+h

81 d½ vkosnd dk uke dfydks NikbZ lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsM]

[k½ irk % dfydks NikbZ lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsM] esbu jksM] la?kusj] fiudksM 302029] t;iqj jktLFkku] Hkkjr Email : calico,[email protected] ¼x½ O;fä /mRiknd/ laxBu / ekaxs tkus ij fn;s tk;sxk izkf/kdkj la?k dh lwfp% ¼?k½ ekyksa dk oxZ oxZ & 24% oL= vkSj oL= eky] ftls fdlh vU; Js.kh esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS( fcLrj vkSj est iks'k] oxZ & 25% oL= ¼M+½ fufnZfûdj.k % • Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax dk vk/kkj jax lQsn gksrk gS A • Lak?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax ds mRikn esa ‡ãŠ ãñ ½ãÊã Qwyksa ds fMtkbu gksrs gS A • diM+s ds Hkhrjh Hkkx esa Hkh fizaV dk fMtkbu fn[k iM+rk gS A • ydM+h ds gkFk ds CykWd ls LVkai yxkdj diM+s esa fizaV cuk;k tkrk gS A • oL= ds fMtkbu nqgjk;s tkrs gSa A • la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizaV mRikn esa lk/kkj.kr% ,d ;k vf/kd jax gksrs gSa ] tks ,d nwljs ij p<+ tkrk gS A • la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazV dh vkd`fr d½ Qwyksa ] ifÙ;ksa vkSj dfy;ksa [k½ ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, VsafMªy x½ vkd`fr;aks ds fMtkbu ?k½ ¼ãìãä½ããä¦ã¾ã fMtkbu • la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax ds fy, 100 ls Hkh T;knk ikjaifjd fMtkbuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A

¼p½ HkkSxksfyd min'kZu ds uke la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ ¼N½ fooj.k % la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax vf/kdrj lwrh ds diM+ks ij rFkk dHkh dHkh lwrhùjs'eh ij fd;k tkrk gS A cgqr vf/kd ek=k es esMvi] ?kjsyw QuhZpj vkSj oL= la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ diM+s ls cuk;s tkrs gSa A lHkh la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax dks bl rjg mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS A blesa cgqr rjg dh cwVh vkSj cwVk vk tkrs gSa tcfd jaxkbZ cgqr rjg ds jaxksa dks n'kkZrk gS A blesa cgqr rjg dh ikjaifjd 'ksM ds jax vkSj fMtkbu gS tks dq'ky fNIikvksa }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS tks dsoy fof'k"V vuqikr esa bfPNr midj.ksak dk mi;ksx dj jaxksa dk feJ.k cukus esa ekfgj gks A jax cukuk vkSj Nkiuk cgqr gh dq'kyrk dk dke gS A LVkai djus esa mÙe

82 rFkk cgqr ek=k esa fiazV fMtkbu cukus dk dke gkFk ls cus ydM+h ds CykWd ls gh fd;k tkrk gS A VuZj ftls LFkkuh; yksx [kkjkfM;k ds :Ik esa tkurs gSa ] ls bfPNr CykWd mRiUu djus esa cgqr gh dq'kyrk dh vko';drk gS ftlds fy, 'kh'ke] xqtZu] vke] Vhd vkSj vMwW vkfn dh lw[kh ydfM+;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS Avr% ;g fNIivksa vkSj [kkjkfM;ksa dh dq'kyrk dk gh ifj.kke gS cgq izpfyr la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax gS lkfM+;ksa la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax vf/kdrj lwrh ds diM+ks ij rFkk dHkh dHkh lwrhùjs'eh ij fd;k tkrk gS Abu lkfM+;ksa dh fo'ks"k cukoV % budks iwjh rjg gkFk Nkik tkrk gS A buesa nks gh eq[; jax yky vkSj dkys gksrs gS ftuds vusd 'ksM gksrs gSa tSls ihyk] dRFkk] uhyk gjk bR;kfn A buds vusd jax vkSj ckjhd fMtkbu gksrk gS A fMtkbu lk/kkj.kr% fofHkUu rjg ds Qwyksa ds gksrs gSa os gS dey] vkbfjl] xqykc] ikWih] ikuh dk dey] xqynkmnh dk Qwy paik vkfn lkfM+;ksa esa lk/kkj.kr% dqN vkd`fr;ka Qwyksa ] dfy;ksa vkSj iÙksa vke ] vkSj iku ds iÙs] Mkxj vkSj >qed ds :Ik esa gksrs gSa A fdat+ % fdat+ lwrh] lwrhùjs'eh] js'eh la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizaV diM+s fofHkUu yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ ds ?kk?kjs rFkk vkSjr vkSj vkneh ds vU; oL= ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa A lwV vkSj nqiêk nqiêk ds lkFk lyokj lwV fofHkUu jaxksa esa jaxk rFkk NikbZ fd;k lwrh dk oL= gS A dHkh dHkh pkanh vkSj lksus dk dke djds gkFk vkSj xys dk ykbu cuk;k tkrk gS A ?kj dk QuhZpj la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax dk iz;ksx djds ?kj ds cgqr ls ltkus ds leku cuk;s tkrs gSa A fizaV vkSj jax dh cukoV cgqr vPNh gksrh gS tsk mlds vafre iz;ksx ij fuHkZj djrk gS A lk/kkj.kr% ?kj dh ltkus okyh oLrqvksa esa fcLrj rfd;k dk [kksy] pknj] est iks'k] dq'ku doj] cksYLVj doj ] inkZ ] est dk esV ] usifdu] vksou dk Xyol~] pk; dkst+h vkfn A ixM+h lkQ lQsn csdxkzmaM ] dkys vkmVykbu vkSj yky vaMj ykbu dk vusd rjg dk fizaV fd;k gqvk gksrk gS A bldh yackbZ lk/kkj.kr% 8eh- vkSj pkSM+kbZ 9 eh- gksrh gS vkSj ;g ckjhd oL= ftls eyey dgk tkrk gS ij cuk;k tkrk gS A

83 lHkh la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax oL=ksa esa cwVh@cwVk@>kj ;k nksuksa ;k rhuks ds esy dk gksrk gS A

¼t½ mRifr dk HkkSxksfyd {sk= vkSj uD'kk % la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax dk HkkSxksfyd {ks= la?kusj 'kgj vkSj mlds vkl ikl ds xkao gS A ;g jktLFkku dh jkt/kkuh t;iqj ls 16 fdykseh- nwj gS A la?kusj 'kgj la?kusj rsglhy ] t;iqj ftyk] jktLFkku ftyk vkSj jkT; % t;iqj ] jktLFkku v{kka'k % 26 º 49' 0" mÙj ns'kkarj % 75 º 47' 0" iwoZ ¼>½ mRifr dk lcwr ¼,sfrgkfld½ % Lka?kusj 16 oha lnh ds vkjaHk esa Qyus Qwyus okys oL= mRiknu dsanz ds :i esa fodflr gqvk vkSj 19oha lnh esa vius pje ij Fkk A gkFk CykWd fizafVax vkSj fMtkbu ,d mÙe Lrj dk feJ.k gS vkSj NskVk lk 16oha lnh dk xkao Hkkjr dk ,d O;Lr dyk dsanz ds :Ik esa iqf"Ikr gqvk A tSls fd jk"Vªh; vkSj fons'kh laxzgky; ds uewuksa esa vkSj @;k f'kYi ds fooj.k vkSj fofHkUu fdrkcsak mldh dq'kyrk ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS vkSj Hkkjrh; fons'kh ys[kdksa }kjk fy[kh xbZ if=dkvkas esa fn;k x;k gS A bl ,frgkfld funsZ'kksa ls izkIr cgqr lh ckrksa dks lkQ vkSj vklkuh ls le>us ds fy, fQj ls fy[kk x;k gS A bfrgkl dk lzksr & la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizafVax 16oha lnh esa dNokgk ds jktk la?kth ds }kjk ,d 'kgj dk fuekZ.k gqvk A ckn dh lnh esa la?kujh ,d NikbZ dasnz ds :Ik esa fodflr gqvk A lj tkWtZ okV ds Lej.k j[kus okys dk;Z esa bafM;u vkVZ vV Msyh esa 1902&03 dgk x;k gS fd tgka rd dyk dh ladYiUkk vkSj rduhd dk loky gS t;iqj dk la?kusj 'kgj dks dkfydks fizafVx f'kYi dsanz dk egkuxj dgk tkrk gS A blds vykok t;iqj jkT; ds fjdkMZ ¼jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[k] fcdkusj esa laxzfgr djds j[kk x;k gS A½ ds vuqlkj dkfydks NikbZ dk dsanz gksus ds lkFk lkFk ;g t;iqj dk /kuh 'kgj gS A la?kusj vius fVdkÅ rFkk pVdhys jaxksa dsfy, tkuk tkrk gS A fofo/kkvksa ds laxzg ¼fodze laor 1853 bZiw 1796½] esa tc fofHkUu oLrqvksa vkSj LFkkuksa dk ftdz fd;k x;k rks mlesa la?kusj ds jax dk Hkh ftdz Fkk A 1703 esa nLrwj &vy&vey ds fjiksZV ds vuqlkj Nis gq, oL= ds fy, dj olwyk x;k A vkSj blh rjg 1727 ds jax[kkuk fjdkMZ esa Hkh fn;k x;k gS A jax[kkuk isij esa jaxkbZ ds

84 fy, fizaV ds ctk; jax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A bl fcanq esa gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk gS t;iqj ------esa dHkh dHkh NikbZ ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, jax[kkuk fjdkMZ ds vuqlkj jax[kkuk ds iÙs fofHkUu jaxksa esa jaxus okys vkd`fr ¼fizaV fd;k tkuk okyk½ egeqMh nsrk gS A blfy, vklkuh ls vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd 18oha lnh ds vkjaHk esa gh 'kgj dks fizafVax lsaVj ds :Ik esa tku fy;k x;k Fkk ugha rks bldk uke nLrwj vy vEy vkSj jax[kkuk ¼mPp oxZ ds ?kjsyw phtksa ds 30 dkj[kkuksa esa ls ,d½ds fjdkMZ esa ugha vkrk A ;g foHkkx oL= ds jaxkbZ vkSj NikbZ ij fuHkZj Fkk A lkFkh mijksDr ys[k &Qqrdj dFkk Hkh ;g dgrh gS fd la?kusj vius jaxksa ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS A ;g bl ckr dks n'kkZrk gS fd bl 'kgj ds fNIikl 18oha ds nkSjku igys ls gh cgqr izfl) gSa A 'kgj ds egy ds laxzgky; esa bldk mnkgj.k gS & ,d flj dk diM+k & Hkh bl ckr dk leFkZu djrk gS A flj dk diM+kk ch-,e- 1856 ¼1799 bZiw-½ ds lkFk gS A tks oxhZ;k vkWDVksjk; LVkai esa gS A ftlesa lk/kkj.k iÙh isVuZ iwjs 'kjhj esa vkSj iYyw es Vohx vkd`fr ds lkFk gksrk gS A ckjhd CykWd vkSj xgjs jaxksa ds lkFk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS A;g tkudkj vkSj vPNk yxk fd ;g iÙh vkd`fr mlh laxzg ds 18oha lnh ds isVuZ 'khV esa feyrh gS A¼MkW Jherh panzkuh flag] egkjkt lko; ekuk flag nk E;wft;e ] t;iqj fizaVj ] 1979 i`"B la[;k xxx & xxxiii ½ tgka rd ijaijk tkrh gS] ;g dgk tkrk gS fd egku T;ksfrf"kd jktk lkobZ t; flag blds izsj.kklzksr Fks A ;g bl ckr dks n'kkZrk gS fd bl 'kgj ds fNIik igys ls gh cgqr izfl) Fks A vfHkys[kksa ds lzksr bl dh iqf"V djrk gS fd lkok; flag us ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls dykdkj vkSj f'kYidkjksa dks vkeaf=r djds ;gka clk;k gS A ftuesa lwjr ls tjh ds dkjhxj vkSj xqtjkr ls NikbZ djus okys vkfn gSA izdYiuk gS fd os Lo;a Hkh dqN f'kYidkjksa dks ekyok ls yk;s D;ksafd la?kusj lwrh fizaV ekyok dh ckjhdh fo'ks"kdj f'kjkt dh rFkk xqtjkr ls fMtkbu dh xhrkRed xq.koÙk nksaukasa ds ikjaifjd esy dks n'kkZ;k gS A tkWu bjfou izokl dh leL;k ij xgjkbZ esa ugha x;s gSa ysfdu os ;g vuqHko djrs gSa fd vkSjaxtsc ds ;q) rFkk ckn esa ejkBksa ds ywV ls xqtjkr cqjh rjg izHkkfor gqvk A cgqr ls f'kYidkj vPNh ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa jktLFkku rFkk mÙj iwoZ Hkkjr ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa cl x;s A la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ dk ,d vkSj mi;ksxh ,sfrgkfld lcwr iz[;kr oL= fMtkbu fjrq dqekj ds fdrkc ftldk uke gS dkWfLV;qe ,aM VsDlVkby vkWQ jkW;y bafM;k % dqN ekfgj

85 O;fDr ;gha iSnk gq, A^^ la?kusj esa tks t;iqj ds nf{k.k esa 10 ehy nwj gkFk CykWd fizafVax vkSj fMtkbu ,d mÙe Lrj dk feJ.k gS vkSj NskVk lk 16oha lnh dk xkao Hkkjr dk ,d O;Lr dyk dsanz ds :Ik esa iqf"Ikr gqvk A mPp f'kYidkjksa esa CykWd cukus okys cgqr gh u;k rjg dk cukus okys dykdkjksa esa ,d gSa A os le> pqds Fks fd diM+ksa ij fdl rjg fMtkmu mRiUu djs vkSj vk/kkj diM+s dh mÙerk ;k [kqclwjrh dsk dSlk c<+k;k tk; A muds fiazM fMtkbu dh dq'kyrk muds }kjk oL= ds lrg ds isVuZ dks le>us vkSj muds e/; ds txg dks mfpr iz;ksx djus esa gS A ikjaifjd t;iqj dh cwVh ] lk/kkj.kr% Qwyksa ;k tkuojksa dh vkd`fr NksVs oxhZ; ydM+h CykWd ij x<+h tkrh Fkh A uDdk'kh CykWd dks lfCt;aksa ds jax esa Mwcs gq, oL=ksa ds VqdM+ksa ds iSM esa nck;k tkrk gS vkSj vkd`fr dks oL= ij /;kuiwoZd ukis x;s nwjh ij Nkik tkrk gS A ogh izfdz;k nwljs CykWd ;k jax ls dh tkrh gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:Ik T;fefR;d isVuZ dk peRdkjiw.kZ fMtkbu izkIr gksrk gS A** ¼i`"B la[;k 134½ fMtkbu dks diM+s esa cukus dh izfdz;k ds fy, fuiq.krk dh vko';drk gS A ;g NksVs ls VqdM+s esa NksVs csap esa fcNk;k tkrk gS A eksVs isSM ls tks eksVs diM+s ds cgqr lh ijr dk cuk gksrk gS A fizVaj dk vklu est ds lkeus gksrk gS vkSj mlds ,d rjQ cÙZu ;k feêh esa j[kk tkrk gS bl cÙZu ds vanj eksVk diM+s dk isM jax esa ?kqyk gksrk gS A CykWd dks ml isSM esa nck;k tkrk gS A mlds ckn vkd`fr dks oL= ij nck;k x;k A fMtkbu ds izR;sd oLrq ds fy, fofHkUu jax dh vko';drk gksrh gS A izR;sd jax dh Nki ds fy, fizVaj vyx vyx iSM rS;kj djrk gS A ,d fMtkbu esa 10 jax gks ldrs gSa A ftlesa dqN ;k rks ,d nwljs ij p<+ tkrs gSa ;k nwljksa ds }kjk muds o`r esa [khap fy;s tkrs gSA fMtkbu cukus rFkk ncko Mkyus ds fy, cgqr vf/kd dq'kyrk dh vko';drk gS A eksjMsaV ] eksVk rFkk fdlh vU; izfrjks/kd dk yxkus ds fy, blh rjg ds CykWd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A ¼i`"B la[;k 317½ 18 oha lnh esa jktLFkku dk la?kusj CykWd NikbZ dk eq[;k dsanz cu x;k A Hkkjr ds NikbZ m|ksx dks la?kusj NikbZ dk eq[;k ;ksxnku gS mldk iDdk jax vkSj mfpr vuqikr esa xhrkRed vkd`fr dk fMtkbu] tks nqiêk] vks

86 Lka?kusj] t;iqj ds ikl dk ,d xkao] cgqr gh cM+h rduhd ds lkFk ,sls fizaVksa dk lEEkkuuh; dk;Z dsanz cu x;k gS A bl NikbZ dh fo'ks"k cukoV ;g gS fd ,d gh diM+s ds VqdM+s esa cgqr fMtkbu cuk;k tkrk gS A ysfdu cgqr [kqclwjrh ls fd;k tkrk gS A lksus vkSj pkanh ds izHkko dks Hkh blesa Mkyk tkrk gS A iqjkus VqdM+s esa Qwy ds ia[kqfM+;ksa dks lksus vkSj pkanh ds rkjksa ls cuk ns[kk x;k gS A oÙZeku izfdz;k esa igys ewy jax dh NikbZ dh tkrh gS vkSj mlds dqN Hkkx esa tgka lksus ;k pkanh dk dke djuk gks ml Hkkx ij fpifpis inkFkZ ls fizaV fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lw[kus dsfy, NksM+k tkrk gSA tc rd dh iÙh blesa fpid u tk;s A t;iqj ds la?kusj fMtkbu eas iqjkus tekus esa cgqr rjg dh fp=dkjh gksrh Fkh A tSls uqdhyh] lqjteq[kh ] tqgh] xqykc vkSj vU; Qwy ifÙ;ka yrkvksa ds leku QSys gksrs Fks A ¼Hkxoku ds uke ds fizaV ds lkFk ½/kkfeZd oL= fofHkUu vkdkj ds VqdM+ksa esa gksrs Fks A ftlesa f'ko dh iwtk djus okys fo'ks"k pht Mªe ;k Me: dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj f='kwy dk dzksl ckMZj cukrs gSa vkSj os /krwjs dh drkj ds :Ik esa fc[kjs gksrs gSa A¼deyknsoh pêksi/;k;] gsfMdzkQVl vkWQ bafM;k] 1975 esa lkaLd`frd laca/k ds fy, Hkkjrh; dmafly ] i`"B la[;k 45½ Xkqykc dksBkjh tks vHkh jkTkLFkku if=dk ds eq[; laiknd gSa us la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizaV vkSj mlds mRifÙ dks viuh fdrkc esa cgqr vPNh rjg ls fpf=r fd;k gS A ^dyjQqy VsDlVkby vkWQ jktLFkku* fdrkc esa blls lacaf/kr 18 oha lnh esa bl jaxhu NikbZ dh mRifÙ dk izek.k i= izLrqr djrk gS A vkfndkyhu rFkk e/;dkyhu lkfgfR;d ys[ku vDlj bl {ks= esa jaxhu oL= ds mRiknu dk ftdz fd;k gS ysfdu 17oha lnh ds igys dk mnkgj.k Hkkjr ds laxzg esa ugha feyrk gS ]dsoy ,d viokn gS fd og dkfydks E;wft;e vkWQ VsDLkVkby] vgenkckn esa gS A ftlus crk;k gS fd ,1 QkWLVkV ¼bftIr½ esa dqN NskVs QzsxesaVksa esa ik;s x;s gSa A bl lnh ds vkjaHk esa Qzsap vfHkys[kkdkj ,1 QkWLVj bftIV dh iqjkuh jkt/kkuh dh [kqnkbZ djrs mUgsa le dkslZ lwrh oL= fizaV tks pVdhyk jax dk Fkk] esa fyiVh gqbZ yk'k feyh A blesa Nih gqbZ vkd`fr tSu fefu;spj isbafVax ds if'pe Hkkjr ds xqtjkr vkSj jktLFkku ds iks'kkd ls feyrh gS A mu vkd`fr ls fd;s x;s fizaV vkt Hkh fd;s tkrs gSa A bl [kkst us fopkj esa cgqr cnyko yk;k vkSj iafMr vkSj Kkuh fo'okl djus yxs fd 14&15oha lnh esa Hkkjr jaxhu oL= dk mRiknu dj jgk Fkk] ftldk fu;kZr ;wjksih; vkSj vQzhdk esa djrs Fksa A iqjkus yksd xhr vkSj iz[;kr dgkor vDlj fNar &ikyh ds Nis oL= esa la?kusj ds pVdhys jaxksa dk ftdz feyrk gS A flj dk diM+k ] lkQk

87 vkSj ixM+h vkSj iks'kkd dh NikbZ 18oha lnh esa gqbZ A la?kusj dks futh vkSj lkoZtfud laxzgksa esa lgstdj j[kk x;k gS A ¼xqykc dksBkjh] dyjQqy VsDlVkby vkWQ jktLFkku* t;iqj fiazVjl izkbosV fyfeVsM ( i`"B la[;k 41&42½ Tkgka rd lkSan;Z dh ifjdYiuk vkSj rduhd dk loky gS t;iqj esa la?kusj dks Hkkjr ds oL= NikbZ dh dyk dh jkt/kkuh dgk tk ldrk gS A ;g vkt Hkh lp gS A la?kusjh us jkTkLFkku esa gh ugha cfYd ;wjksi] vesfjdk vkSj tkiku esa Hkh uke dek;k gS AoL= dh NikbZ dk dke fganq fNIik ifjokj }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vf/kdrj eqfLye ifjokj gkFk ls cus isij cukrs gSa Qsfczd fizafVax esa la?kusj ds uxjksa esa NikbZ ds dkj[kkuk dh Hkjekj gS A ;gka fizaV fd;s oL= dk fu;kZr fofHkUu ns'kksa esa fd;k tkrk gS A fu;kZr esa fofHkUu rjg ds Mªsl efVfj;y ] diM+s] pknj] rfd;k dk [kksy] inkZ] diM+k] nqiêk] os;y] lkM+h] pknj vkfn A ikjaifjd dyk esa n{k fNIikvksa us gkFk NikbZ dh mPp laifÙ dks fofHkUu oxZ vkSj leqnk; ds fMtkbu ds pquko ds lkFk thfor j[kk gSAe/;e oxZ xgjs ihys] gjs xqykch jax vkSj Qyksa] ifÙ;ksa] yrkvksa vkSj ikS/kksa vkSj miou ds fMtkbu ilan djrs gSa A tcfd LFkkuh; yksx yky vkSj dkys fizaV ilan djrs gSa A ¼deys'k ekFkwj ] dzkQV vkSj dzkQVeSu( ikbaVj ifCy'kj] 2004 i` la- 59½ bafifj;y xstfV;j vkWQ bafM;k okWY;qe- 21 vkWDlQMZ 1908 ^lwrh ds diM+s dh jaxkbZ vkSj NikbZ dk dke cgqr jkT;ksa esa] fo'ks"kdj t;iqj ds la?kusj esa cgqr cM+s iSekus ij fd;k tkrk gS A fdatsl dks gkFk ds CykWd ls Nkik tkrk gS ij e'khu dh gksM+ esa ;g m|ksx u"V gks jgk gS A la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ dh izfl)h us cgqr ls xk;dksa dk /;ku [khapk gS ,d izse xhr esa izseh ds }kjk izsfedk ds fy, mldh ilanhnk oLrq la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ ykus dh ckr dgh x;k gS A;g vkxs bldh iqf"V djrk gS A 1. lkyw Fks ykbZtks lkaxkusj jks Egkjk jkt pwMyks Fks ykbZ tks gfLr nkar dks lkyw jks dksj] nsjk; tks rksjs vko tks A

2- „½ãÀãÌã ºã¶ãã •ããè ÔããÊãî ©ãñ Êãã¾ããè •ããñ ÔããâØãã¶ãñÀ Àãñ

¼¡ãù. vãÍãã ¼ãØã¦ã, Àã•ãÔ©ãã¶ã, Øãì•ãÀã¦ã †Ìã⠽㣾ã¹ãƪñÍã ‡ãŠãè œ¹ããƒÃ ‡ãŠÊãã ‡ãŠã ÔãÌãñâàã¥ã Àã£ãã ¹ããäºÊã‡ãŠñÍãâÔã ¶ãƒÃ ãäªÊÊããè ý ¹ãñ•ã ¶ãâ . 13-14)

la?kusj 18oha lnh dk lcls fo[;kr oL= NikbZ dk dsanz Fkk A t;iqj ds ikl la?kusaj dk lwrh dk CykWsd fizaVsM mlds vueksy isVuZ vkSj jax ds fy, 200 lkyksa ls tkuk tkrk gS A

88 ekRkZMa ] flag jrkdiwj] fdzLVh vkSj jkgqy tSu] gLrf'kYi Hkkjrh; oL= yLVj izsl jksyh fdrkc i`-la 2000 ds i`"B la[;k 79½ la?kusjh Nis iks'kkd dks ,e ,l ekuflag II] E;qft;e esa lajf{kr djds iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS A egkjktk Jh ekuflag II ds E;wft;e ds oL=ksa ds laxzgky; esa oL=ksa ds laxzgksa esa cM+s ?kj jktk@jkuh vkSj muds deZpkjh vkSj cPpksa ds oL= vkfn gSa A ;g 17&19 oha lnh ds mÙj Hkkjr ds lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd thou dks tkuus dk [ktkuk ?kj gS A bl E;wft;e esa nqiêk] tks lwrh diM+s ds fofHkUu vkdkjksa ds diM+s ds VqdM+s gS A fiazV fd;s gq, ckMZj iYyw ds lkFk ;s da/ks ij Mkyus ;k dHkh dHkh lk/kqvksa ds Åijh Hkkx ij yisVus ds fy, gksrs gSa A ;g czkãk.kksa ds iks'kkd dk eq[; Hkkx Fkk A mPp ?kajksa ds fy, yksx dHkh nqiêk ugha igurs Fks ] blfy, laxzgky;ksa esa mudk cgqr cM+k laxzg gS ftudks os mRloksa esa rFkk TkUefnukas ds volj ij rksQs ds :Ik esa ysrs Fks A eafnj ds iqtkfj;kas dk ;g fjokt gS fd egkjkt dks ,d nqiêk vkSj feBkbZ nsrs Fks A ftlus bl laxzg dsk cuk;k vkSj ftlesa ls dqN dks la?kusj esa cuk;k x;k vkSj nqiês ds mRiknu ds o"kZ dk Kkr gesa mlesa fn;s vkWDVksjk; LVkai ls gks tkrk gS A buesa ls dqN nqiêksa dk fooj.k uhps fn;k x;k gS A • nqiêk] lwrh] lQsn] yky vkSj dkys fizaV ls fd;k gqvk gksrk gS & yky esa] irys ckMZj] yky vkSj dkys ] iYyw esa yky dkys jax ds Qwyksa ds cwVsa] vkWDVksjkb LVkai esa oh-,l- 1963¼, Mh 1906½ la?kusj ya- 292 ù pkS- 170 lseh- • nqiêk] lwrh] lQsn ] yky vkSj dkys fizaV esa]'kjhj esa dkys ukxjh v{kjksa esa vkSj Qwyksa ds LVªkbi yky jax esa] ckMZj esa irys Qwyska dh /kkjh gksrh gS A iYyw esa iryk ckMZj] dey Qwy dk cwVs vkSj ,d Qwy dk cwVk vkSj lHkh yky esa fizaV fd;s gq, gksrs gSa A 19oha lnh igys ds lkyksa ] la?kusj ya 295ùpkS 149lseh- • nqiêk] lwrh] lQsn ] yky vkSj dkys fizaV esa] 'kjhj esa f'ko ds 'kqHk'kCn ukxjh v{kjksa %& dkys esa] yky /kkjh esa nksuksa rjQ nks yky jax ds /krwjk vkSj Me# ds isVuZ dk fizaV( iYyw /krwjk dk LVªkbi] Me#] f='kwy vkSj csy i= ds >kj dh vkd`fr gksrh gS A 19oha lnh igys ds lkyksa ] la?kusj ya 243ùpkS 111-5 lseh-

89 • nqiêk] lwrh] lQsn ] yky vkSj dkys fizaV esa] 'kjhj ij Qwyksa dh /kkjh] iryk ckMZj ] iYyw es cwVk] gksrk gS A bles Qhdk oxhZ; vkWDVksjk; LVkai gS A lobZ t;iqj laor~1910 ¼1853 bZLoh½la?kusj ya 257ùpkS 144 lseh- • nqiêk] lwrh] lQsn ] yky vkSj dkys fizaV esa] 'kjhj esa dkys isVuZ dk LVªkbi gksrk gS A ckMZj & >kj cwVh yky jax dh gS ] dkys jax dk eksj] yrk dk fMtkbu fooj.k & 'kjhj iYyw ij dkys iÙksa dh vkd`fr esa lQsn fizaV ftlesa dey ugha gskrk A vkWDVksjkW; LVkai & lko; t;iqj laor~1856] la?kusj A jktLFkku dk jkT; vfHkys[k] jktLFkku ljdkj] fcdkusj dqN iÙs tks 1729 ds jax[kkuk fjdkZM ls gS] tks cukus rFkk LVkai yxkus dk o"kZ n'kkZrk gS A ;g lkQ gks x;k gS fd 18oha lnh ls la?kusj esa oL= dk m|ksx Fkk vkSj og vius iwjs pje ij Fkk A Åij ds fn;s ,sfrgkfld lcwr] nLrkost vkSj fNIikl dk fo'okl vkSj vU; bl {sk= ds fuoklh ds vuqlkj lPpkbZ ;g gS fd 18 oha lnh ls la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ la?kusj dk ikjaifjd f'kYi gS vkSj mldk mRiknu mldk O;kikj vHkh rd tkjh gS A vkt 315 ls T;knk mRiknu bZdkbZ vkSj 20 ls Hkh T;knk fu;kZr bZdkbZ la?kusj esa gSa A

×k½ mRiknu fof/k Lka?kusj gkFk CykWd NikbZ vHkh lkfgfR;d rjhdksa ls jax dk feJ.k cukus dk dke djrs gSa A fizafVax vkSj QfuZf'kax diM+s igys vkSj ckn dk dke Hkh ikjaifjd gh gS A blesa fofHkUu voLFkk;sa gSa vkSj ftudh ikjaifjd izfdz;k uhps nh xbZ A • mRiknu fizfdz;k % d- Ldksfjax & ftls LFkkuh; rksSj ij ^gfj ljkuk* dgk tkrk gS tks oL= fey ;k gkFk dj?kk {ks= ls vkrk gS mlesa izkd`frd vkSj yxh gqbZ v'kqf);ka tSls ekaMh] rsy vkSj /kwy vkfn gksrh gS A vPNk jax rFkk jaxksa dk forj.k izkIr djus ds fy, oL= dks xeZ ikuh esa lkcwu ds lkFk mckyk tkrk gS vkSj ekaM+h gVkus dk ,tsaV Mkyk tkrk gS A ikjaifjd rkSj ij jxM+us ds fy, xkscj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A xkscj vkSj ikuh dks feyk fn;k tkrk gS A mlds ckn ml isLV dks jkrHkj ikuh esa lks[kus ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS A /kksus dh izfdz;k cgqr yach gS A tks vkSjrksa }kjk dh tkrh gS A vxys fnu diM+ksa dks /kksdj cM+s ls [kqys eSnku esa QSyk fn;k tkrk gS A diM+s ij igys ikuh fNM+dk tkrk gS

90 A ftlls fd fQj ls Hkhax tk;sa A ikuh fNM+dus dh fdz;k rFkk lw[kus dh izfdz;k 5&6 fnu esa dh tkrh gS A ;g izfdz;k rc rd dh tkrh gS tc fd og lQsn vkSj pVdhyk u gks tk; A lk/kkj.kr% bl izfdz;k ds fy, 3 ls 6 fnu yxrs gSa A blds ckn bl oL= dks 'kq) ikuh ls /kks fy;k tkrk gS A pwafd ;g cgqr gh Fkdkus vkSj le; ysus okyk gS blfy, xkscj ds LFkku ij vktdy lkcwu dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A [k½ Vsfuu & ftls LFkkuh; rksSj ij ^gnkZ* ;k ^ihyk djuk* dgk tkrk gS /kqys oL=ksa esa gnkZ yxk;k tkrk gS ftlesa Vsfuu vEy gksrk gS A Vsfuu vEy eksMZsaV dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSa A ftUgsa gkFk ds ydM+h ds CykWd ls yxk;k tkrk gS A gnkZ ikmMj dks ikuh esa feykdj mlesa diM+s dks Mqck;k tkrk gSA fupksM+dj eSnku esa lq[kk fn;k tkrk gS A ,d ckj oL= lw[k tkus ij bldks eksM+dj ydM+h ls ihVk tkrk gS A ftlls fd bldk vfrfjDr gnkZ ikmMj fudy tk; vkSj js'kksa dks [kksy ns ftlls fd ;g jax dks Lohdkj dj ys A bl izfdz;k dks ihyk djuk dgk tkrk gS A gnkZ dk Vsfuu vEy dkyk jax QsjZl ¼L;kgh½ ls feydj dkyk jax cukrk gS A tks ikjaifjd rkSj ij iqjkus tax yxs ?kksM+s dh uky esa yxs dhy ds lkFk xqM dh izfrfdz;k ls curk gS A x½ fizafVax & ftls LFkkuh; rksSj ij ^NikbZ* dgk tkrk gS A diM+s ds fMtkbu diM+s esa cnyus dh izfdz;k vkSj ftlds fy, cgqr vf/kd dq'kyrk dh vko';drk gS A oL= dks nks jklk;fud inkFkksZa & QsjZl ¼L;kgh ½ tks tax yxs ?kksM+s dh uky dh dhy vkSj ,Y;wfefu;e lYQsV ¼csXxkj½ ls curk gS A lk/kkj.kr% QsjZl dks vkmV CykWd ¼js[kk½ ls cuk;k tkrk gS A tks rqjar gh dkys jax ds :Ik esa utj vkrk gS A nwljs Nkiusokys ds fy, vklku gS tks csXxj ds lkFk CykWd ds igys yxk;k tkrk gS A ?k½ ,ftax & ftls LFkkuh; rksSj ij ^lq[kkb* dgk tkrk gS fizaV fd;s oL= dks rhu ;k pkj fnuksa ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS A ftlls fizaV ¼ekWjMsaV isLV½ oL= esa fcN tk;s A ftldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd ;g yacs le; rd pyrk gS A M+½ okWf'kax & ftls LFkkuh; rksSj ij ^/kqykbZ* dgk tkrk gS Nis gq, oL= dks cgrs gq, ikuh esa /kks;k tkrk gS A ftlls fd vfrfjDr jax fudy tk; A p½ Mkf;ax ¼jax yxkuk ½ ftls LFkkuh; rksSj ij ^?ku jaxkbZ* dgk tkrk gS jaxkbZ og izfdz;k gS ftlesa jax nsk fofHkUu ekWjMsaV ls nks fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij izfrfdz;k djds mlh fizaV ij nks fofHkUu 'ksM dk jax nsrk gS A iwjs jktLFkku esa vyt+jhu dk iz;skx jax :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gS A jaxksa dks nks ekWjMsaV tSls yky ¼,ye ds lkFk ½ vkSj dkyk ¼QsjZl ds

91 lkFk½ feykdj izkIr fd;k tkrk gS A jaxkbZ dk dke cM+s rkacsa ds cÙZu rkaczk esa fd;k tkrk gS ftls ydM+h dh vkx esa xeZ fd;k tkrk gS Avytjhu dks NksVs diM+s ds cSx ¼iksVyh½ esa Mkydj cÙZj esa Mqck;k tkrk gS A vuqHkoh jaxkbZ djus okys gh vytjhj jax ds vuqikr dk vuqeku yxkrs gSa A /kkoM+h Qwy ] ,d LFkkuh; Qwy gS ftls vytjhu ds lkFk mckyk tkrk gS ftlls fd diM+s esa nkx ;k isou u gks A jaxk gqvk oL= rS;kj gksus ij ¼igys vk/kk fnu yxrk Fkk½ ] bldks rkacs ds cÙZu ls fudkydj eSnku esa lw[kus ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS A N½ lwjt & ¼fCyfpax½ & LFkkuh; rkSj ij rki; dgk tkrk gS & lwjt ds }kjk Nis Hkkx ij p<+ dj vytjhu oL= esa lc txg gYdk lQsn ;k ihyk jax vk tkrk gS A tks fizaV dks Qhadk cukrk gS A oL= dks fQj ls lQsn cukus ds fy, oL= dks /kwi esa Cyhp fd;k tkrk gS A bl izfdz;k esa oL= dsk unh ds fdukjs fcNk fn;k tkrk gS Axkscj vkSj ikuh dk gYdk ?kksy oL= ds Åij fNM+dk tkrk gS Alw[kus ls igys ;g izfdz;k fQj ls nqgjk;h tkrh gS A ,Ydyh ¼xkscj dk½ vkSj FkeZy dh xehZ ¼lwjt dh fdj.ksa½ nksuksa dh izfrfdz;k 'kjhj ds jax dks Cyhp djds bldks lQsn cukrh gS A t½ jsft+LV fizaV ftls LFkkuh; rkSj ^/kkcw /kkr;* dgk tkrk gS fo'ks"k jsfTk+LV isLV ¼feêh&uhacw&xe&dhV ds }kjk [kk;k xssagw dk feJ.k vkfn½ rduhd] jktLFkku ds ikjaifjd fizafVax dh fo'ks"krk gS A bls lk/kkj.kr% ^/kkcw* dgk tkrk gS A /kkcw ;kaf=d jsft+LV ds :Ik esa dke djrk gS vkSj ;g rduhd uhys jax ls isVuZ cukus ds fy, iz;ksx esa vkrk gS A jsft+LV isLV /kkcw eksVk vkSj fpifpik gksrk gS blfy, mlds fy, dksbZ Bhd ifjHkk"kk ugha gS ] bls ydM+h ds CykWd ls oL= ij yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj ydM+h dk cqjknk mlij fxjk;k tkrk gS A bl voLFkk esa ydM+h ds cqjknk dk nsk dke gksrk gS A ,d rks /kkcw isLV ls ikuh dks vo'kskf"kr djuk vkSj jsfT+kLV dk vfrfjDr Lrj fn;k tkrk gS A fizafVax ds ckn uhy ds VSad esa Mqcksus ls igys oL= dks /kwi esa lw[kus ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS A /kkcw isLV cukus dk viuk rjhdk gS A >½ bafMxks Mkbax dks LFkkuh; rkSj ij ^uhy jaxkbZ* dgk tkrk gS oL= dks uhys jax esa jaxus dh ;g cgqr gh vPNh izfdz;k gS A iwjs jktLFkku Hkj esa uhy jaxkbZ dh tkrh gS A ;g izfdz;k u;s bafMxks VSad ls 'kq# gskrh gS tks Fkdkus okyh rFkk tfVy gS A ,d ckj okV iz;ksx ds fy, rS;kj gks tkus ij rks bldks uhy] uhacw vkSj xqM+ dks yxkrkj Mky dj thfor j[kk tkrk gS A uhy jaxkbZ esa ekfgj ckV ds jax ns[kdj gh jax dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crk ldrs gSa A og Bhd vuqikr esa lHkh phtksa dks vk';drk ds vuqlkj

92 feykrk gS A bafMxks jaxkbZ ds fy, dksbZ uqL[kk ugha gS vkSj izR;sd ifjokj dk bldks rS;kj djus dk viuk rjhdk gksrk gS A Nis gq, diM+s dks lkM+h dh rjg eskM+k tkrk gS vkSj bafMxks VSad esa bldks Bhd rjg ls Mqck;k tkrk gS A tc diM+s dks iwjh rjg ls ikuh esa Mqckus ij Hkh jaxkbZ djus okyk Ikkuh esa ?kqys jax esa gkFk ls diM+s dks idM+k jgrk gS A og izR;sd IyhV dks [kksyrk gS ftlls fd jax mlesa p<+ lds A pwafd bafMxksa gok dh mifLFkfr esa Bhd rjg ls izfrfdz;k ugha djrk ] ;fn gok yx tk;s rks IyhVksa es isou yx tk;sxk A ,d vuqHkoh jaxkbZdÙkZ ges'kk IyhV dks vPNh rjg ls [kkys dj ns[krk gS ftlls /kkcw VwVs ugha A okrkoj.kh; vkWDlhtu ls izfrfdz;k djus ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS A ikuh dh mifLFkfr esa bafMxks oL= ij ugha p<+rk gS blfy, igyh ckj Mqckus ij mlesa vkdk'kh uhys jax dk 'ksM vkrk gS A xgjk bafMxksa uhyk izkIr djus ds fy, oL= dks fQj ls VSad ls ckgj fudkyk tkrk gS vkSj vkDlhd`r fd;k tkrk gS A tc rd bfPNr xgjk 'ksM izkIr ugha gks tk; rc rd izfdz;k nqgjk;h tkrh gS A oL= dks var esa [kqys esa lq[kk fn;k tkrk gS A jaxkbZ ;k lq[kkbZ ds nkSjku lko/kkuh dh t:jr gksrh gS ftlls /kkcw u VwVs vkSj u gh dksbZ njkj iM+s A oL= dks gjk cukus ds fy, bldks ihys jax esa Mqck;k tkrk gS vkSj blds igys blij /kwy ls NikbZ dh tkrh gS A ftlls dh dqN uhyk Hkkx jgs A ´½ ;Yyks MkbaZx & ftls LFkkuh; rkSj ^gYnh ukliy iqrkbZ* dgk tkrk gS oL= dks fQj ls /kkcw ls Nkik tkrk gS vkSj [kqys {ks= esa lq[kk;k tkrk gS A pkj O;fDr bldks izR;sd Nksj ls idM+rs gSa vkSj ikapok O;fDr

93 3-4 fnu ds jjok tkrk gS 1 ftlls fd ihyk jax yxk jgs A var esa bldks ckgj fudkydj /kks fn;k tkrk gS A B½ okf'kax ftls LFkkuh; rkSj ij /kqykbZ dgk tkrk gS A /kqykbZ esa vfrfjDr ;k fcuk lVs@tqM+s gq, isLV dks fudkyus dsfy, /kqykbZ dh tkrh gS A bl izfdz;k esa oL= dks cM+s VSad esa 3 ls 4 ?kaVs ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS A tc rd dh yxk gqvk isLV fpduk u gks tk;] mlds ckn oL= dks lery iRFkj ij ihVk tkrk gS A ftlls fd fpidk gqvk vkSj vfrfjDr jax fudy tk; A diM+s dh fiVkbZ lk/kkj.kr% ogka dh tkrh gS tgka cgrk gqvk ikuh feys A M½ O;FkZ pht dks lkQ djuk

NksVh {kerk ds la?kusjh gkFk CykWd NikbZ dh bZdkbZ izfrfnu 1&2 m3 O;FkZ inkFkZ fudkyrs gSa

A e/;e vkSj cM+s bZdkbZ ds 20&100 m3 izfrfnu O;FkZ inkFkZ fudkyrs gSa A AO;FkZ inkFkksZa dks igys Bksl] vEyh; vkSj vYdsykbu ls vyx fd;k tkrk gS A lkQ fd;s O;FkZ inkFkZ esa xanxh ugha gksrh A dkfydks fizaVj lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsMs jktLFkku ljdkj ds funsZ'k ls dkWeu ,Qyw,aV fVªVesaV IykaV cuk;k x;k gS A ftlesa lHkh fizafVax bZdkbZ dh xanxh dks ;gka lkQ fd;k tkrk gS ftlls dh mldk iz;ksx fQj ls fd;k tk lds A Lrj dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, jktLFkku jkT; iznq"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ ,d feyh gq, ;a= jpuk dk fuekZ.k djsxh] ftlesa dasfnz; ljdkj rFkk mRiknd la?k dk 40%30%30 ds vuqikr esa ;ksxnku jgsxk A dPpk eky d½ oL= % lHkh laaHko izkd`frd oL= ¼tSsl lwrh] js'eh] Åuh vkfn½ vkSj vkneh ds }kjk cuk oL= tSls js;kWu] ikWfydkWVuu vkfn A [k½ jaxkbZ % Ikzkd`frd vkSj@;k flaFksfVd ¼,tksQzh½ jaxkbZ dk iz;skx vf/kdrj fd;k tkrk gS lk/kkj.k uke gSa A jax dk uke Lskzkr ¼ikS/ks dk uke½ LFkkuh; uke

QysfVax ;Yysk cqVk eksuksLiekZ¼yED½VkSc /kkd] ikyl Lqkugjk ihyk dkFkZel fVdVksfj;e Lkwjteq[kh Ikhyk djD;wek yksaxk gYnh

94 Ukhyk bafMxksQsjk fVaxVksfj;k Ukhy Ikhyk eksfjaMk flfjQksfy;k Lkc Ukkjaxh &dRFkk fudVsaFkl vkcksZfjlfVl gjfla?kj Ykky ¼vytfju½ vksYMsysafM;k vacsykVk bafM;k eMj

gYdk ihyk Ikqfudk xzkaVe Ukkliy Xkgjk ihyk Vjfeukfy;k dsC;qyk jM~t gnZ

Ykky jax dk MkbZ bafM;u esMj ;k flFaskfVd vytfju dk Hkh gks ldrk gS A Ukhy ds ikS/ks ls ;k flaFksfVd bafMxks xzsU;qy ls Hkh uhyk jax dk MkbZ cuk;k tk ldrk gS A x½ midj.k % 1- est %& CykWd fizafVax esa nks rjg dk Vscy gksrk gS A 1½ikfV;k & vkdkj 2*ù3*ù4* 2½ Vscy & vkdkj & 5*ù20*ù3-5* 2- Vªkyh %& jax ds feJ.k ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A vkdkj 18*ù18*ù3-6* 3- jax dk cÙZu & ;g NksVk vk;rkdkj cÙZu gS blesa fizafVax dk jax Hkjk tkrk gS A jaxhu cÙZu ds vanj ,d Qzse vkSj twV dh ijr vkSj lwrh oL= dks] CykWd fizfVasx esa jax leku :Ik ls QSykus ds fy, j[kk tkrk gS A bu ijrksa ls isSM cuk;k tkrk gS ftldk iz;ksx NikbZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A vkdkj - 12’ x 18’ x 3” 4- caVk% & ;g ydM+h dk gkFk dk fizafVx dk CykWd gS tsk fofHkUu vkdkj vkSj fofHkUu rjg dk gksrk gS A ftlds eqag ij vkd`fr x<+h gksrh gS A fofHkUu vkdkjksa esa vk;r] oxZ] xksy] vaMkdkj] [kaMksa esa caVk gqvk vkfn A [kaMksa esa caVs Hkkx okys CykWd esa pkan vkSj tks lk/kkj.kr% o`r dk ,d pkSFkkbZ gksrk gS A caVk ds Åij ydM+h dk gasfMy yxk gksrk gS] ftlls CykWd dks idM+k tkrk gS vkSj ftlds Åij fizafVaj gksrk gS ftlls fd vkd`fr dh Nki diM+s ij cu tk; A caVk ds izdkjksa esa xM] js[k vkSj MsVk vkfn A 5- dye %& ;g fofHkUu pkSM+kbZ dh lrg dsk dkVus okyh LVhy dh Nsuh g]S tks [kqfnl ds }kjk iz;qDr dh tkrh gS A ydM+h ds fizafVax CykWd ij vkd`fr dks uDdk'kh djus ds fy, yh tkrh gS A 6- eksxjh % & ydM+h dk esyV gS ftldk iz;ksx diM+s ds VqdMs ds lw[ks eksM+ksa dks ekjus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A

rsy dk vkSj ikuh dk ?kksy vkSj isLV % 1- rsydj O;FkZ inkFkZ %& ;g rsy yxkus ds fy, rFkk vydsfy ds fy, rsy vkSj ikuh dk ,slk ?kksy gS ftldk iz;ksx Mk;fll ds fy, rFkk xzs diM+s dks gYdk Cyhp djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A

95 2- ihyk djus dk ?kksy %& bldk iz;skx diM+s dks gYdk ihyk jax ykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A ;g gnkZ ikmMj dk cuk gksrk gS A 3- csxkj isLV %& ;g ,d eksjMasV ,ye gS tks vytfju ds lkFk feydj mÙe yky jax mRiUu djrk gS A 4- L;kgh isLV %& L;kgh ewy :Ik ls yksgs dk QjessaVsM ?kksy gS vkSj bldk QjesasfVax ,stsaV gS ] eskyklsl ¼xqM+½ vkSj xksan A L;kgh gnkZ ds lkFk feydj xgjk dkyk jax mRiUu djrk gSA 5- /kkcw ¼jsflLV isLV½ % & ftldsk lqjf{kr j[kuk gks ] jsflLV isLV dks Nih vkd`fr;ksa ds mu Hkkxksa ij yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj vkxs ds izfdz;k ls cpkus ds fy, mls lhy dj fn;k tkrk gS A /kkcw isLV dkyh feêh ] uhacw¼fc/kku½] xsagw dk vkVk vksj xskan feykus ls curk gS A/kkcw isLV dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj budks mfpr vuqikr esa feykuk pkfg, A 6- vfytfju ckr %& ;g yky jax dk Mkb ckr gS ftls lCth ds jax tSls eMj ¼jfc;k fVadVksfj;k] jfc;k esaftLVk½ ftlesa vfytfju vkSj ijI;wfju gksrk gS A vktdy rjdkfj;ksa ds vytfju dh deh dh otg ls flaFksfVd vytfju dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A vytfju vkSj ^/kkobZ dk Qwy * ¼/kkobZ dk Qwy ydM+h QkWjfn;k QyksfjcaMk½ dsk fuf'pr vuqikr esa nw/k esa feyk;k tkrk gS vkSj feJ.k dks ftruh nsj t:jr gks mruh nsj j[kk tkrk gS ftlls fd yky jax feys A 7- bafMxks Cyw %& bfaMxks uhy uhyk jax gS ftls uhy ¼bafMxksQsjk fVaVksfj;k½ A vktdy cktkj esa izkIr flaFksfVd bafMxsk dk gh iz;skx fd;k tkrk gS A

V vuks[kkiu • Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax dk vk/kkj jax lQsn gksrk gS A • Lak?kusjh gkFk ds CykWd NikbZ viuh fof'k"V fn[kus ds fy, mRikn esa tfVy Qwyksa ds yrkvksa ds fMtkbu gksrs gS A • diM+s ds Hkhrjh Hkkx esa Hkh fizaV dk fMtkbu fn[k iM+rk gS A • Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax ydM+h ds gkFk ds CykWd ls ;k LVkai yxkdj diM+s esa fizaV cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj midj.k ls ugha A • Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax ds fy, dykdkj ds mPp Lrjh; fu.kZ; vkSj vka[kksa vkSj gkFkks ds esy dh vko';drk gS A • Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax esa dkseyrk vkSj lkSan;Z dk lekos'k gS A • bl oL= ds fMtkbuksa dks ,d ;k pkjksa ukeska ls tkuk tkrk gS og gS cqfVl] cwVkl >kj vkSj ckMZj • oL= ds fMtkbu nqgjk;s gh tkrs gSa A • la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fizaV mRikn esa lk/kkj.kr% ,d ;k vf/kd jax gksrs gSa ] tks ,d nwljs ij p<+ tkrk gS A • la?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazV dh vkd`fr eq[; :Ik ls izkd`frd :iksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa tSls Qwyksa ] ifÙ;ksa vkSj dfy;ksa vkfn A

96 • Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax mRiUu djus ds fy, dyk vkSj f'kYi mRiUu djus okyk leqnk; fNIikl gS ftUgksaus ;g dyk vius ekrk&firk vkSj nknk ij nknkvksa ls ih<+hnj ih<+hnj lh[kha gS A • la?kusj dh HkkSxksfyd vkSj tyok;w dh voLFkk bfPNr 'ksM ds jax rFkk ckjhd fMtkbu mRiUu djus ds fy, vko';d tyok;w igys Hkh Fkh vkt Hkh gS A • mRiknu dh izfdz;k esa ,d izfdz;k dh tkrh gS ftls rikbZ ;k lwjt esa fCyfpaax dgrs gSa tks Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax ds mRiknu esa cgqr gh ikjaifjd vkSj vuks[kk gS A tks cgqr ikjaifjd vkSj

B tkap fudk;

dkfydks NikbZ lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsM] us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd tkap dk dke ikap lnL;ksa ds fdlh Lok/khu tkap Vhe lkSai nsa A,D lVkai vkSj ,d CykWd esa lh ih lh ,l ,y Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax vkSj mRIkknu bZdkbZ dh igpku la[;k dh uDdk'kh dh tkrh gS vkSj bldks izR;sd mRiknu bZdkbZ dks Hkst fn;k tkrk gS A lfefr fodz; ds igys izR;sd bZdkbZ ds rS;kj eky ij lhy yxkuk vfuok;Z dj nsxh A tkap lnL;ksa ls vuqjks/k gS fd os bl ckr dh tkap djs fd izR;sd mRiknu bZdkbZ lhihlh,l,y ds }kjk tkjh fd;s ydM+h fo'ks"k LVkai yxkrh gS A ;fn xq.koÙk vkSj mRiknu dh n`<+rk ds ckjs esa dksbZ fookn [kM+k gksrk gS rsk ml fo"k; dk lek/kku tkap lfefr }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vU; Lka?kusjh gkFk CykWd fiazfVax ds mRiknu esa cgqr lh izfdz;k;sa gksrh gSa ftlds fy, mPp Lrjh; dq'kyrk] /khjt vkSj ,dkxzrk dh vko';drk iM+rh gS A ftrus Hkh LVsdgksYMj bl mRiknu ds dke ls tqaM+s gSa os lfn;ksa iqjkuh ikjaifjd f'kYi dks ys dj py jgs vkSj vkus okyh ih<+h dsk Hkh bl dyk dkS'ky dks iznku dj jgs gSa A

97

98 th-vkbZ-&vkosnu la[;k & 152

;g vthZ funsZ'kd] gFkdj?kk vkSj oL= funs'kky;] dsjy ljdkj] ^^fodkl Hkou**] pkSFkh eafty] fr#ouaniqje & 695033] dsjyk] Hkkjr us Hksth gS A cyjkeiqje lkM+h vkSj ckjhd lwrh oL= ds iath ds Hkkx ^v* esa vkSj ml iath ds vthZ vad 152 esa iathd`r djus ds fy, vthZ Hksth xbZ gS A oxZ 24 ds varxZr vkus okys oL= vkSj oL= eky] ftls fdlh vU; Js.kh esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS( fcLrj vkSj est iks'k] vkSj oxZ 25 ds varxZr vkus okys oL= vkfn HkkSxksfyd eky min'kZu ¼iathdj.k vkSj laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1999 ds Hkkx 13 ds miHkkx ¼1½ esa Lohdkj djus gsrq foKkiu ;gk¡ fn;k x;k gS A vkosnd dk uke % funsZ'kd] gFkdj?kk vkSj oL= funs'kky;] dsjy ljdkj] irk % funsZ'kd] gFkdj?kk vkSj oL= funs'kky;] dsjy ljdkj ^^fodkl Hkou**] pkSFkh eafty] fr#ouaniqje & 695033] dsjyk] Hkkjr

HkkSxksfyd min'kZu % cyjkeiqje lkM+h vkSj ckjhd lwrh oL= oxZ % 24 vkSj 25

eky% oxZ & 24% oL= vkSj oL= eky] ftls fdlh vU; Js.kh esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS( fcLrj vkSj est iks'k] oxZ & 25% oL=

99 d½ vkosnd dk uke % funsZ'kd] gFkdj?kk vkSj oL= funs'kky;] dsjy ljdkj] [k½ irk % funsZ'kd] gFkdj?kk vkSj oL= funs'kky;] dsjy ljdkj ^^fodkl Hkou**] pkSFkh eafty] fr#ouaniqje & 695033] dsjyk] Hkkjr ¼x½ O;fä /mRiknd/ laxBu / ekaxs tkus ij fn;s tk;sxk izkf/kdkj la?k dh lwfp% ¼?k½ ekyksa dk oxZ oxZ & 24% oL= vkSj oL= eky] ftls fdlh vU; Js.kh esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS( fcLrj vkSj est iks'k] oxZ & 25% oL= ¼M+½ fufnZfûdj.k % Ckyjkeiqje ls cuus okyh eq[; oLrqvksa esa xzs lkM+h] /kksrh¼ftls osLVh ;k eqaMq Hkh dgk tkrk gS½ lsV eqaMq ¼iqMo vkSj dkouh ;k eqaMe usfj;kre½ vkSj efgykvksa dk oL= ¼iatkch oL=½ A dze mRikn fufnZfûdj.k fufnZfûdj.k la[;k 1 Xkzs lkM+h ;k /kkxk% lwrh xzs fid@bap% 82&86@ cyjkeiqje lkM+h okiZxosQV% 80x80 96&100 100 x100 100&110 80 x 100 ckMZj% 'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk /kkxk 100 x80 dzksl ckWMZj %'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk yackbZ% 5-5 eh-$90lseh- /kkxk Cykmt ds fy, fMtkbu% 'kq) tjh ds lkFk gkFk ls ysl yxk pkSM+kbZ 48@46 bap fMtkbu @vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk /kkxk jhM% 88@96@100,l 2 lsV eqaMq iqMo vkSj /kkxk% lwrh xzs fid@bap% 82&86@ dkouh ;k eqaMe okiZxosQV% 80x80 96&100 usfj;kre 100 x100 100&110 80 x 100 ckMZj% 'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk /kkxk 100 x80 dzksl ckWMZj %'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk yackbZ% 2-5 eh- /kkxk pkSM+kbZ 50bap jhM% 88@96@100,l dkouh fid@bap% 82&86@ /kkxk% lwrh xzs 96&100 okiZxosQV% 80x80 100&110 ckMZj% 'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk /kkxk 100 x100 dzksl ckWMZj %'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk 80 x 100 /kkxk 100 x80

yackbZ% 2-5 eh- pkSM+kbZ 42bap jhM% 88@96@100,l

100 3 nks /kksrh osLVh ;k eqaMq /kkxk% lwrh xzs fid@bap% 82&86@ okiZxosQV% 80x80 96&100 100 x100 100&110 80 x 100 ckMZj% 'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk /kkxk 100 x80 dzksl ckWMZj %'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk yackbZ% 3-65@3-85@4 eh- /kkxk pkSM+kbZ 52 bap jhM% 88@96@100,l 4 dkouh ;k eqaMe /kkxk% lwrh xzs fid@bap% 82&86@ usfj;kre okiZxosQV% 80x80 96&100 100 x100 100&110 80 x 100 ckMZj% 'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk /kkxk 100 x80 dzksl ckWMZj %'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk yackbZ% 2-5 eh- /kkxk pkSM+kbZ 42bap jhM% 88@96@100,l 5 vkSjrks dk oL= /kkxk% lwrh xzs fid@bap% 82&86s@ okiZxosQV% 2@80sx2@80s ckMZj% 'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk /kkxk 2@60sx2@60s dzksl ckWMZj %'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk yackbZ% 2-5 eh- /kkxk pkSM+kbZ 48bap jhM% 88s@88s ÍããÊã fid@bap% 82&86s@ /kkxk% lwrh xzs ckMZj% 'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk /kkxk okiZxosQV% 80sx80s dzksl ckWMZj %'kq) tjh@vk/kh ckjhd tjh@ jaxk gqvk 100s x100s /kkxk 80sx 100s 100 s x80 s yackbZ% 2-5 eh- pkSM+kbZ 40bap jhM% 80s / 88s

¼p½ HkkSxksfyd min'kZu ds uke cyjkeiqje lkM+h vkSj ckjhd lwrh oL= ¼N½ fooj.k % Ckyjkeiqje ls cuus okyh eq[; oLrqvksa esa xzs lkM+h] /kksrh¼ftls osLVh ;k eqaMq Hkh dgk tkrk gS½ lsV eqaMq ¼iqMo vkSj dkouh ;k eqaMe usfj;kre½ vkSj efgykvksa dk oL= ¼iatkch oL=½ A bu ikjaifjd mRiknksa dks ckjhd lQsn dksjk lwrh ds /kkxs ls ¼xzs ;k fcuk Cyhp fd;s gq, ;k fcuk MkbZ fd;s gq,½ cquk tkrk gS A /kksrh vkSj 'kVZ gh dsjyk ds vknfe;ksa dk ikjaifjd oL= gSA vkSjrksa ds ikjaifjd iks"kkd'] tks /kksrh ftlls fupyk Hkkx

101 Hkkx esa iqMok vkSj dkouh nqYguksa dk ikjaifjd fookg dk oL= gS A lsV eqaMq dk LFkku xzs lkM+h rFkk vkSjrksa ds oL=ksa us ys fy;k gS A

¼t½ mRifr dk HkkSxksfyd {sk= vkSj uD'kk % fr:ouaniqje~ftys ds Ckyjkeiqje~dsjyk ds gLrf'kYi ds oL=ksa dk ,frgkfld rkSj ij viuk gh egRo gS A cyjkeiqje~dsjy dh jkt/kkuh fr:ouaniqje dss nf{k.k iwoZ esa 15 fdykseh- dh nwjh ij us'kuy gkbos&47 esa rFkk dkfy;Ddkfoyk ds 25 fdykseh- mÙj esa tks jkT; dh nf{k.kh lhek gS] esa QSyk gqvk gS A cyjkeiqje~8° 25’ 60 m ns'kkarj rFkk 77°2’ 60 iwohZ v{kka'k esa fLFkr gS A cgqr ckjhd oL= cqukbZ dh rduhd cyjkeiqje ls mlds pkjksa rjQ ds {ks=ksa esa QSyh gqbZ gS vkSj vc cyjkeiqje ikjaifjd mRikn ftys ds cgqr ls xkao vkSj iapk;r esa cuk;k tkrk gS A vc cyjkeiqje lkM+h vkSj ckjhd oL= lkr CykWdksa esa ftudk uke gS usekse] vfr;kuwj] ijklkyk] isfjadnfoyk] dydkdksVe] okeuiqje vkSj fpjbafdt+ ftlesa cyjkeiqje vkSj dsjyk ds fr:ouaniqje ftyk ds rhu equfliyhVh] ftudk uke us;frudkjk] vkfVxay vkSj usnqeaxM vkfn vkrs gS A

¼>½ mRifr dk lcwr ¼,sfrgkfld½ % Ckyjkeiqje esa gLrf'kYi dh cqukbZ rjokudksj ds bfrgkl¼yxHkx 200 lky iqjkuh½ esa Fkh vkSj rjokudksj¼;k ey;kye esa fr:forkedqj½ ds /kuh ekuh ifjokj ls tqM+h Fkh A jktdh; jkT; rzokudksj viuh jkt/kkuh fr:ouaniqje ds lkFk orZeku dsjy ds cgqr ls nf{k.kh Hkkx vkSj rfeyukMw ds mÙjh ukxjdksfoy vkSj dU;kdqekjh ftyk blesa Fkk A Jh mfefu rach tks egkjktk ds nhoku Fks A muds egkjktk cyjke oekZ osfYy;wj] tks rfeyukMw jkT; ds fr#uyosYyh ftyk esa gS] ls cqudjska ds ifjokjksa dks ;gka yk;s A os 'kkfy;k vkSj Nkfy;k leqnk; ls gS vkSj mudks /kuh ifjokj dks oL= cukdj nsus vkSj cquus ds fy, yk;k x;k Fkk A jktk us mudks vyx xyh iznku fd;k vkSj O;kikj dks vkjaHk djus ds fy, vkfFkZd lgk;rk Hkh dh A Ekgkjktk cyjke oekZ us vius nhoku Jh mfeuh rach dh lykg ij cyjkeiqje vkSj mlds pkjksa vksj ds {ks= dks ,xzks osLV vkS|ksfxd csYV ds varZxr fofHkUu ikjaifjd m|ksx tSls gLrf'kYi] gFkdj?kk cqukbZ vkSj rsy fudkyuk vkfn ds fodkl ds fy, csgrj lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk tkusekus LFkku esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k A ftlls fd okfiZax vkSj lkbflax dk dke xyh esa gh gks lds A mfpr LFkku ij cktkj Hkh [kksys x;s ftlls mRiknksa dks cktkj esa cspk tk lds A ;g dsoy egku egkjktk cyjke oekZ dh yxkrkj vkSj vFkd dkf'k'kksa ds dkj.k gh laHko gks ldk A gFkdj?kk dh cqukbZ cgqr izfl) gS vkSj bls ,d eq[; m|ksx ds :Ik esa fodflr fd;k x;k A

102 Ckyjkeiqje gFkdj?kk m|ksx 1000 ifjokjksa dks tks fofHkUu tkfr vkSj leqnk; tSls ,ykok] ukMkj uk;j] eqdqok vkSj vU; tks lekt ds fuEu oxZ ls gSa] dks jkstxkj iznku djrk gS A ×k½ mRiknu fof/k gkFk ds cqus lkM+h vkSj oL= bl ny ds eq[; mRikn gS A lkM+h mRiknu dh izfdz;k ds dk;ksZa dk laf{kIr O;ksjk uhps fn;k x;k gS A dPpk eky lwrh /kkxk bl DyLVj dk ewy dPpk eky gS A ftls lgdkjh lfefr@cqudj@LFkkuh; /kkxksa ds Bsdsnkjksa ls eq[; cqudj ls ;k /kkxs ds cSad ls ;k jkT; ,staslh tSls dsjy jkT; gFkdj?kk cqudj lgdkjh lfefr fyfeVsM vkSj dsjyk jkT; gFkdj?kk fodkl fuxe ls yPNs ds :Ik esa mIyC/k djk;k tkrk gS A vktdy lwrh /kkxska dks che ds vkdkj esa cuk;k tkrk gS A lwrh /kkxs ds vykok ;g >qaM lwrh rFkk vk/kh ckjhd tjh dk iz;ksx ckMZj vkSj dzkWl ckMZj ds fy, djrk gS A dqN txgksa esa jaxs gq, /kkxksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A lwrh ds laojs gq, mIyC/k /kkxs 100] 80 vkfn gSa A bl >qaM esa 120 ds dkmaV ds lwrh /kkxs dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A 'kq) djuk vkSj lkQ djuk bl >qaM ds bl gFkdj?kk mRikn dk lcls igyk dke /kkxs dks tks okiZ ds fy, gS] dks xanxh gVkdj lkQ fd;k tkrk gS A blls vkxs dh fdz;k dks fcuk fdlh ck/kk ds djus esa enn feyrk gS A vkSj fQj mlh dks lk/kkj.k ikuh esa /kks;k tkrk gS vkSj vkxs dh izfdz;k esa tkus ls igys mls ,d ckj /kwi esa lq[kk;k tkrk gS A vf/kdrj 'kqf) dh izfdz;k esa osQV /kkxs ugha tkrs A yisVuk ;g og izfdz;k gS ftlesa /kkxs dsk ,d rjg ds iSdst ls] nwljs rjg ds yPNh ls ckWfcu esa yisVk tkrk gS A okiZ vkSj osQV nksuksa esa yisVus ds fy, vyx&vyx /kkxs tkrs gS A cqudjksa dks /kkxs lk/kkj.kr% yPNs ds :Ik esa feyrs gSa AyPNh ds /kkxs dks ckWfcu esa yisVus dh izfdz;k }kjk Mkyk tkrk gS AyisVus dh izfdz;k gks tkus ij ckWfcu ds /kkxs dks vkxs dh izfdz;k ds fy, fy;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljh rjQ /kkxk ftldk iz;ksx osQV esa fd;k tkrk gS] ds fy, dksbZ izfdz;k dh vko';drk ugha vkSj D;ksafd ;g NksVs pj[ks }kjk fiuZ esa yisVk tkrk gS vkSj ftls fiuZ esa yisVuk dgrs gSa A fiuZ esa yisVuk og izfdz;k gS ftlesa /kkxs dks yPNh ls ckWfcu @fiuZ esa cqukbZ ds nkSjku Mkyk tkrk gS A tjh ;k fiuZ ds :Ik esa /kkxs dh tgka&tgka vko';drk gksrh gS A ogka cqukbZ ds nkSjku osQV esa iz;qDr dh tkrh gS AdjS ¼ckMZj ;k dzkWl ckMZj½ ds fy, jaxs /kkxs dk iz;ksx 'kq) tjh@vk/kh vPNs tjh

103 ds cnys fd;k tk ldrk gS A osQV ds fy, bu jaxs /kkxs dks LFkkuh; cktkj ls ;k [kqn gh jax dj izkIr dj ldrs gSa A okfiZaax okfiZax og izfdz;k gS ftlesa bfPNr yackbZ rFkk pkSM+kbZ ds okiZ 'khV dk iz;ksx NksVs iSdst ftls ckWfcu @Liwy dgk tkrk gS] dks feykdj fd;k tkrk gS A okfiZax cgqr rjg dh gksrh gSa ftlds }kjk cgqr la[;k esa okiZj ds ckWfcu ,d lkFk ,d= fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj vuqdwy iSdst esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA cyjkeiqje okfiZax esa ftl izfdz;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mls ofVZdy lsD'kuy okfiZax dgrs gSA ofVZdy lsD'kuy okfiZax dh izfdz;k ydM+h ds Mªe ls ydM+h ds isx dzhy rd pyrh gS A mfpr Qzse esa ftls ckWfcu dzhy dgk tkrk gS] tks vko';d la[;k ds ckWfcu dks bl rjg [khap lds fd og ,d nwljs dks u Nw, A dzhy ij ckWfcu dks Mkyk tkrk gS vkSj vko';d la[;k ds /kkxs dks da?kh ls ydM+h ds MCcs rd [khapk tkrk gS A okiZ fd;s /kkxs dks vxys izfdz;k ftls lkbftax dgrs gSa] ds fy, ys tk;k tkrk gS A lkbftax lkbftax og izfdz;k gS tgka ekaM+h ¼lkxks ;k mcys pkoy ;k [kksbZ ;k dath½ okiZ /kkxs Mkyk tkrk gS] ftlls mlesa etcwrh vk lds ] mlds jxM+ dks c<+k;k tkrk gS ftlls fd cqukbZ dh izfdz;k ds nkSjku og ncko vkSj [khapko dks lg lds A cyjkeiqje esa ikjaifjd fof/k dh ^xyh okfiZax* vkSj cz'k lkbflax iz;ksx esa gS A izkd`frd oLrq, tSls fd pkoy dk ekaM+] ukfj;y dk rsy vkSj pkoy ds xzosy lkbfta+x ds izeq[k lkeku gSa A lwrh ds /kkxs esa etcwrh ykus ds fy, lkbftax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS Aftls pkoy cukus ds ckn mlds cps gq, va'k ls cuk;k tkrk gS A mls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa dath dgrs gSa A bls dath cz'k dh lgk;rk ls yxk;k tkrk gS A lkbft+ax lk/kkj.kr% xfy;ksa esa dh tkrh gS A lkbfta+x dh izfdz;k /kkxs dks VwVus ls cpkrk gS vkSj bldh cqukbZ xq.koÙk rFkk {kerk dks c<+krk gS A /kkxs ij ekaM+h yxkdj lq[kk fn;k tkrk gS A ftlesa izR;sd /kkxk lkekuarj voLFkk esa gksrk gS A/kkxs ,d nwljs ls fpidus ls cp ugha ikrs gSa A bl deh dsk lq/kkjus ds fy, vyx djus okyk jkWM vFkkZr yhl jkWM dk iz;ksx /kkxs dks vyx djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A lkbft+ax izfdz;k ds nkSjku cz'k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A fcfeax vkSj ywe cukuk okiZ 'khV dks cqudj ds che esa cnyuk dj?ks esa yxkuk chfeax dgykrk gS A cgqr txgksa ij fcuk fctyh ds euq";ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS A chfeax dh izfdz;k ywfeax ds }kjk dh tkrh gS A tks var esa cqukbZ ds fy, ywe che cukrh gSAywe cukus dh izfdz;k dks nks Jsf.k;ksa ds dke esa ckaVk x;k gS A ftls MªkfQVax ;k MsafVax dgk tkrk gS A MªkfQVax og izfdz;k gS ftlesa okiZ /kkxs dks

104 dj?ks ds ghYM ls fMtkbu ds vuqlkj ys tk;k tkrk gS A;g okiZ ds /kkxs dks dj?ks dh pkSM+kbZ esa lekukarj jgus esa rFkk cqukbZ ds nkSjku VwVs /kkxs dks fBdkus yxkus esa enn djrk gS A MsafVax esa okiZ /kkxs jhM~t ls vkSj ghYM ls fn;s tkrs gSA okiZ /kkkxska dks fQj iwjkus okiZ /kkxksa ls gkFkksa ds }kjk ejksM+us dh LFkkuh; fof/k ls tksM+k tkrk gS A cqukbZ fiV dj?kk cyjkeiqje esa ikjaifjd rjg ls iz;qDr gksus okyk dj?kk gS A;s nks rjg ds Fkzks 'kVy fiV dj?ks vkSj Q~ykb 'kVy fiV dj?sk A cyjkeiqje fiV dj?kk lk/kkj.k :Ik ls cuk gqvk gksrk gS A ogka blds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks lgkjk nsus ds fy, dksbZ ydM+h dk Qzse ;k LVªDpj ugha gksrk A tqykgs dh da?kh ,d gYdh cukoV gS ftlesa ckal ds jhM dks idM+us dh {kerk gksrh gS A ftl 'kVy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS og vyx rjg dk gksrk gS tks lhax ;k ydM+h ls ugha cfYd ckal ls cuk gksrk gS A ckjhd fdLe dk oL= ftls mlds fMtkbu vkSj cukoV vkSj lkFk gh 'kq) tjh ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS A Fkzks 'kVy fiV ywe esa cuk;k tkrk gS tSlk fd uke esa gS fd dj?kk xM~

xq.koÙk dh tkap vkSj isfdax cqus gq, mRikn dh xq.koÙk dks vPNh rjg ls tkapk tkrk gS vkSj mlds ckn isfdax dh tkrh gS A igys bldks vPNh rjg ls eksM+k tkrk gS A fufnZf"Vdj.k ds vuqlkj isd fd;k tkrk gS A bl dke ds fy, vf/kdrj vkSjrksa dks yxk;k tkrk gS A ( V ) vuks[kkiu cyjkeiqje dk ikjaifjd gFkdj?kk mRikn viuh lknxh] izkd`frd lkekuksa ds iz;ksx vkSj vyx rjg ds fMtkbu rFkk fcuk izfrLi/kkZ ds f'kYidkjh ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS A cqukbZ ds iz;qDr gksus okys lkeku esa lwrh vkSj tjh ;k jaxs gq, /kkxs gSa A bu lkekuksa ds mRiknu ds fy, vko';d lwrh LFkkuh; cktkj ls] lkFk gh lkFk iM+kslh

105 jkT; rfeyukMw ls rFkk tjh xqtjkr jkT; ds lwjr ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS A lwrh dh xq.koÙk rFkk iguus okys dks tks vkjke feyrk gS] ogh bl cyjkeiqje mRikn dk eq[; vkd"kZ.k gS A pwafd cqukbZ ds fy, ftu midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa os nwljs ls vyx gksrs gSa A cqudj mudh >yd ns[kdj gh mlds udyh gksus dk irk yxk ldrs gSa A ikjaifjd cyjkeiqje~ mRikn dk vuks[kkiu uhps fn;k x;k gS A dPpk eky cyjkeiqje >qaM esa 80s ls 120s dkmaV ds ckjhd lwrh /kkxs cukus ds fy, cqukbZ dh lqfo/kk gS ftldk viuk vuks[kk LFkku gS A cyjkeiqje dk ikjaifjd gFkdj?kk mRikn 80s&100s¼80s&100s dkmaV ds vPNh rjg ls laokjs x;s ckjhd lwrh /kkxs ½ dkmaV ds ckjhd lwrh /kkxs ls curk gS A dqN LFkku ij blls Hkh ckjhd 120 dkmaV ds /kkxs iz;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa A Ikjaifjd mRikn ds iYyw ] ckMZj ] dzkWl ckMZj esa 'kq) tjh ¼ey;kye esa LFkkuh; rkSj ij bls dksloq dgk tkrk gS½ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A vfrfjDr okiZ] vfrfjDr osQ~V vkSj oL= dh vkd`fr ds fy, 'kq) tjh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu 'kq) tjh dk nke cgqr c<+ tkus ls dqN cqudj nwljs rjg ds tjh dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ftls vk/kh ckjhd tjh ;k ikmMj fxYV ds :Ik tkuk tkrk gS A mRikn ds ckMZj vkSj dzkWl ckMZj esa 'kq) tjh ds cnys jaxhu /kkxs dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A ckMZj vkSj dzkWl ckMZj ds osQV jaxhu /kkxs ds iz;ksx ds vykok dksbZ Hkh fcfYpax ;k jaxkbZ dh izfdz;k blesa ugha dh tkrh A bl jaxhu /kkxs dk iz;ksx 'kq) tjh ;k vk/kh ckjhd tjh ds cnys fd;k tkrk gSA ugh arks izkd`frd jax ds xzs lwrh /kkxs dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS blfy, mRikn izkd`frd gksrs gSa vkSj iz;ksx djus okys ds 'kjhj ij dksbZ gkfu ugha igwapkrh gS A rduhd bl >qaM esa yxk;s tkus okys dj?ks ds izdkj 1- fiV dj?kk ¼nks rjg dk ½ a- Fkzks 'kVy fiV dj?kk] b. ¹ãŠÊãã¾ã Íã›Êã ãä¹ã› ‡ãŠÀÜãã 2- Qzse dj?kk A bl >qaM ;k ftyk gLrf'kYi mRikn ds fy, lc rjg ds dj?ks dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A tgka 'kq) tjh dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk] ogka cqudj cqukbZ ds fy, Q~ykb 'kVy fiV dj?ks dk bLrseky djrs gSa A 80 dkmaV ds ikjaifjd mRikn ds fy, Qzse dj?ks dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj T;knk dk dkmaV rduhdh dfBukbZ ds dkj.k dHkh dHkh gh cuk;k tkrk gS A cyjkeiqje esa iz;qDr dh tkus okyh nwljh rduhdh fo'ks"krk jhM~l gS ] ftldk iz;ksx dj?kk cukus esa fd;k tkrk gS Atks ckal ds VqdM+ksa ls cus gksrs gSa A ikjaifjd cqudjksa ds vuqlkj ;g /kkxs ds chp ds [kkyh LFkku dsk Hkjus dk dke djrk gS A tks /kkrw ds jhM ls cus oL=ksa dh vis{kk cgqr gh irys gksrs gSa A ckal ds jhM ds iz;ksx djus dk nwljk dkj.k 'kq) lksus dh tjh] ftlesa 'kq) lksus dk ijr p<+k

106 gksrk gS] tks /kkrw ds jhM dk iz;ksx fd;s tkus ij ] cqukbZ ds nkSjku laidZ essa vkus ls u"V gks ldrk gS A cqudj dh da?kh gYds :i esa cuh gksrh gS ] ftlesa ckal ds jhM dks idM+us dh {kerk gksrh gS A ftl 'kVy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og vyx rjg dk gksrk gS vkSj lhax ;k ydM+h ds ctk; ckal ls cuk gksrk gSA bl rduhd ds gkFk cqukbZ ls rFkk ikjaifjd cqudjksa ds }kjk fof'k"V izd`fr ds gFkdj?ks dk iz;ksx bl mRikn dks cgqr ckjhd vkSj iz;ksx ds fy, vkjke nk;d cukrk gS A izfdz;k nwljs vusd gFkdj?ks >qaM ls cyjkeiqje >qaM dh lkbflax vyx rjg dh gksrh gS A lkbft+ax og izfdz;k gS ftlesa ?kksy dks okiZ ij yxk;k tkrk gS Atks /kkxs dks dj?ks ds ghYM vkSj jhM ds ruko ls cpus ds fy, etcwr cukrk gS A bl >qaM esa ikjaifjd rjhds dh ^xyh okfiZax* vkSj cz'k lkbflax iz;ksx esa gS A izkd`frd oLrq, tSls fd pkoy dk ekaM+] ukfj;y dk rsy vkSj pkoy ds xzosy lkbfta+x ds fy, izeq[k midj.k gSa Axyh dh okfiZax vkSj lkbft+ax vyx xfy;kas tgka bl mís'; ds fy, O;oLFkk dh xbZ gksrh gS A cqudj dh dq'kyrk cqudj diM+s esa fMtkbu cukus ds fy, lk/kkj.kr fdlh Hkh u;s rjg ds midj.kksa dh mis{kk djrk gS A tSls MkWch] tsDoMZ] tkyk vkfn A cqudj vuks[ks rduhd dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ftlls fd izR;sd Nksj dks vyx vyx gkFk ds }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tk lds A ftlls fd NskVs ls fiuZ esa osQ~V ls baVj ysl fd;k tk lds A ftls ysl dh cqukbZ dgrs gSa A ysfdu cM+s vkdkj ds cwVs vkSj cgqr rjg ds vfrfjDr osQV fMtkbu vkd`fr @isVuZ esa ]tks /kks;s tkus okys lCth ds jaxks dk iz;ksx fd;s gq, ydM+h CykWd ls cus gksrs gSa Aigys ydM+h ds CykWd esa fMtkbu dh uDdk'kh dh tkrh gS vkSj fQj jax yxk;k tkrk gS A tc diM+s dks cquk tkrk gS rks ml ydM+h ds CykWd ls fizaV cuk;k tkrk gS fQj izR;sd vkd`fr dks vyx vyx dq'ky cqudjksa }kjk ysl cqukbZ ds }kjk /kkxk Mkyk tkrk gS A bl rjg ds dke esa tsDokMZ@tkyk fMtkbu esa vklkuh ls varj dks tkuk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd oL= ds nksuksa rjQ ,d gh rjg ds fMtkbu gksrs gSa A ysl cqukbZ dh fo'ks"krk gS fd fMtkbu lkQ utj vkrh gS A ftlesa oL= ds lkeus vkSj ihNs okiZ vkSj osQV LVªkbi gksrs gSa A ftls cqukbZ dh rduhd ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS A iqjkus rduhd dk iz;ksx djds tjh vkSj jaxhu /kkxs ds lkFk fMtkbu cukuk] vHkh Hkh mldk egRo gS ] tks cgqr ls mPp /kuh xzkgd dks vkdf"kZr djrk gS A lkeus rFkk ihNs nksuksa fMtkbu dk lkQ fn[kkbZ iM+uk] bl oL= dks vuks[kk vkSj vyx cukrk gS A ysl cqukbZ dh rduhd cyjkeiqje vkSj mlds vkl ikls ds {ks= esa gh dh tkrh gS A

107 tSlk fd igys dgk x;k gS] 'kq) tjh ls ckMZj ;k dzkWl ckMZj ;k iYyw ¼vfrfjDr okiZ ;k vfrfjDr osQV½ dh cqukbZ bl >aqM ds cqudjksa dh fo'ks"krk gS ;k dq'kyrk gS A oL= ds dzkWl ckMZj esa tjh dks cqukbZ djrs le; cqudj VªsfMy dh lgk;rk l]s tks vfrfjDr dkWMZ ls tqM+k gksrk gS] dh enn ls blesa iÙs dh ul ds leku /kkjh ykrk gS Abl cqukbZ ds dkj.k tjh ls cqus mRikn esa gkWfjtkaVy iÙs dh ul ds leku /kkfj;ksa dk ¼dzkWl ckMZj izHkko ½dze gh cu tkrk gS A cyjkeiqje mijskDr rjg ds gLrf'kYi oL= dk i;kZ; gh cu x;k gS A bl >qaM ds cqukbZ dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk gS ] og ^eafnj ckMZj* ;k ^iqyhbydkjk* ftlls fo'ks"kdj /kksrh vkSj lsV eqaMw ij fMtkbu cquk tkrk gS A (B) tkap fudk; gFkdj?kk vkSj oL= foHkkx ]dsjy ljdkj vkSj fodkl deh'uj ¼gFkdj?kk½] Hkkjr ljdkj] bl mRikn ds xq.koÙk ds fu;a=.k ds fy, cqudj dks lgkjk ns jgh gS A blds vykok lgdkjh lfefr ds cqudj dk viuk xq.koÙk ds fu;a=.k dk jpukra= gksrk gS A mRiknu dh izfdz;k ds nkSjku yisVuk vkSj okfiZax] vkd`fr cukuk] cqukbZ vkfn A ;s ekLVj cqudj@cquus okys ekLVj fofHkUu iwoZ fu/kkZfjr isjkfeVj rFkk mRiknu ds vafre voLFkk esa tkus ls igys xq.koÙk dh tkap djrk gS A ,sls rks ekLVj dykdkj ds xq.koÙk dh tkap dk fufnZ"Vdj.k nsuk dfBu gS D;ksafd ;g ,d ekLVj cqudj ls nwljs cqudj dk vyx gksrk gS A oL= lfefr] Hkkjr ljdkj ds oL= ea=ky; ds varxZr ,d dkuwuh fudk; tks vius xq.koÙk dh tkap ds fy, vkSj fofHkUu oL= vkSj oL=ksa ds mRikn dh tkap ds fy, iwjs Hkkjr esa izfl) gS] Hkh cqudjksa vkSj LVsdgksMj dks xq.koÙk cuk;s j[kus vkSj mlds egRo] cktkj dh LVªsVth] mRikn dh czsaM dks cukus vkSj vU; fodkl ds dk;Z] tks cyjkeiqje lkM+h vkSj ckjhd lwrh oL= ds LVsgksYMj ls tqM+s gSa] ds ckjs f'kf{kr djus esa Hkkx ysrs gSa A O;kikjh vkSj fu;kZrd Hkh bl cktkj ds vuks[ks ikjaifjd mRikn ds O;kikj ds lkFk gh fof'k"V xq.koÙk dks crkrs gSa tc cktkj dh ekax ds vuqlkj isVuZ dk cukus dk vkMZj fn;k tkrk gS A vkSj ckn esa mRiknu ds fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dh rFkk mIyfC/k ls igys mRikn dh tkap dh tkrh gS ysfdu vkt dh fLFkfr esa ;g fu.kZ; fd;k x;k gS fd oL= lfefr] Hkkjr ljdkj eqacbZ ftldk {ksf=; dk;kZy; dUuwj esa gS] ds lkFk ekLVj cqudj vkSj gLrf'kYi foHkkx] dsjy ljdkj mRikn dh xq.koÙk cuk;s j[kus ds fy, th vkbZ iathdj.k esa tkap ;a= jpuk iznku djsaxs A M½ vU; % Ckyjke iqje lkM+h vkSj vU; ikjaifjd mRikn lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd :Ik ls dsjy ds yksxksa ls tqM+k gS A fo'ks"kdj rzoudksj {ks= esa vius /keZ vkSj vU; R;ksgkjksa ds laxe ds dkj.k yksxksa ls tqM+k gS A vfr izkphu le; ls gh iwjs =koudksj ds mPp /kuh ifjokjksa dk oL= bl mRIkknu ds dsanz ds cqudjks }kjk gh cqudj tkrk gS A blfy, bl {ks= ds oL= >qaM dk bfrgkl mruk gh iqjkuk gS ftruk dsjy ds =koudksj oa'k vkSj mudh ihf<+ nj ihf<+ dk fjDFk A

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