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Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire by Emrah Safa Gürkan
Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire by Emrah Safa Gürkan The relationship between the Ottomans and the Christians did not evolve around continuous hostility and conflict, as is generally assumed. The Ottomans employed Christians extensively, used Western know-how and technology, and en- couraged European merchants to trade in the Levant. On the state level, too, what dictated international diplomacy was not the religious factors, but rather rational strategies that were the results of carefully calculated priorities, for in- stance, several alliances between the Ottomans and the Christian states. All this cooperation blurred the cultural bound- aries and facilitated the flow of people, ideas, technologies and goods from one civilization to another. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Christians in the Service of the Ottomans 3. Ottoman Alliances with the Christian States 4. Conclusion 5. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Citation Introduction Cooperation between the Ottomans and various Christian groups and individuals started as early as the beginning of the 14th century, when the Ottoman state itself emerged. The Ottomans, although a Muslim polity, did not hesitate to cooperate with Christians for practical reasons. Nevertheless, the misreading of the Ghaza (Holy War) literature1 and the consequent romanticization of the Ottomans' struggle in carrying the banner of Islam conceal the true nature of rela- tions between Muslims and Christians. Rather than an inevitable conflict, what prevailed was cooperation in which cul- tural, ethnic, and religious boundaries seemed to disappear. Ÿ1 The Ottomans came into contact and allied themselves with Christians on two levels. Firstly, Christian allies of the Ot- tomans were individuals; the Ottomans employed a number of Christians in their service, mostly, but not always, after they had converted. -
Political and Economic Transition of Ottoman Sovereignty from a Sole Monarch to Numerous Ottoman Elites, 1683–1750S
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 70 (1), 49 – 90 (2017) DOI: 10.1556/062.2017.70.1.4 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION OF OTTOMAN SOVEREIGNTY FROM A SOLE MONARCH TO NUMEROUS OTTOMAN ELITES, 1683–1750S BIROL GÜNDOĞDU Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Historisches Institut, Osteuropäische Geschichte Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10, Haus D Raum 205, 35394 Gießen, Deutschland e-mail: [email protected] The aim of this paper is to reveal the transformation of the Ottoman Empire following the debacles of the second siege of Vienna in 1683. The failures compelled the Ottoman state to change its socio- economic and political structure. As a result of this transition of the state structure, which brought about a so-called “redistribution of power” in the empire, new Ottoman elites emerged from 1683 until the 1750s. We have divided the above time span into three stages that will greatly help us com- prehend the Ottoman transition from sultanic authority to numerous autonomies of first Muslim, then non-Muslim elites of the Ottoman Empire. During the first period (1683–1699) we see the emergence of Muslim power players at the expense of sultanic authority. In the second stage (1699–1730) we observe the sultans’ unsuccessful attempts to revive their authority. In the third period (1730–1750) we witness the emergence of non-Muslim notables who gradually came into power with the help of both the sultans and external powers. At the end of this last stage, not only did the authority of Ottoman sultans decrease enormously, but a new era evolved where Muslim and non-Muslim leading figures both fought and co-operated with one another for a new distribution of wealth in the Ottoman Empire. -
Contributions of the Ottoman Empire to the Construction of Modern Europe
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN EUROPE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MUSTAFA SERDAR PALABIYIK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JUNE 2005 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts / Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Atilla Eralp Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts/Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan (METU, HIST) ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Mustafa Serdar PALABIYIK Signature: iii ABSTRACT CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN EUROPE Palabıyık, Mustafa Serdar M.Sc., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev June 2003, 159 pages This thesis aims to analyze the contributions of the Ottoman Empire to the construction of modern Europe in the early modern period. -
{DOWNLOAD} Venice, a Maritime Republic Pdf Free Download
VENICE, A MARITIME REPUBLIC PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Frederic Chapin Lane | 528 pages | 01 Dec 1973 | JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780801814600 | English | Baltimore, MD, United States Republic of Venice | Account Options Sign in. Try the new Google Books. Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features. Try it now. No thanks. Get print book. JHU Press Amazon. Shop for Books on Google Play Browse the world's largest eBookstore and start reading today on the web, tablet, phone, or ereader. Venice, A Maritime Republic. Frederic Chapin Lane. JHU Press , - History - pages. The children's version of the 1 New York Times bestselling classic Seriously, Just Go to Sleep is the G-rated, child-friendly version of the book every parent has been talking about. Of course, kids are well aware of how difficult they can be at bedtime. With Mansbach's new child-appropriate narrative, kids will recognize their tactics, giggle at their own mischievousness, and empathize with their parents' struggles--a perspective most children's books don't capture. Most importantly, it provides a common ground for children and their parents to talk about one of their most stressful daily rituals. This is a fixed-format ebook, which preserves the design and layout of the original print book. User Review - Flag as inappropriate Seamen. Selected pages Title Page. Table of Contents. Contents The Beginnings. A Community Center by Canaletto. Venice about woodcut by Vavassore. Victories BeyondtheSea and in Romania. Illuminated Initial from the Maritime Code of Doge Leonardo Loredan by Giovanni Bellini. The Condottiere in front of San Marco. -
Papal Annual Medals, 1605–1700
religions Article Pressing Metal, Pressing Politics: Papal Annual Medals, 1605–1700 Matthew Knox Averett Department of Fine and Performing Arts, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-402-280-1455; Fax: +1-402-280-2320 Academic Editor: Ted G. Jelen Received: 18 February 2016; Accepted: 11 May 2016; Published: 20 May 2016 Abstract: This article surveys images depicted on the reverses of papal annual medals in the seventeenth century, beginning in 1605 under Paul V (r. 1605–21) with the first confirmed annual medal, and ending in 1700 at the conclusion of the papacy of Innocent XII (r. 1691–1700), a reign that marked a distinct change in papal politics in advance of the eighteenth century. The article mines a wealth of numismatics images and places it within a narrative of seventeenth-century papal politics. In the ninety-six years under consideration, ten popes issued ninety-four annual medals (sede vacante produced generic annual medals in 1667 and 1691). Annual medals are a unique iteration of papal commemorative medals and they celebrate an important papal achievement from the preceding year. The production of annual medals was an exercise in identity creation, undertaken to advance the image of the pope as an aristocratic prince in three specific roles: as builder, warrior, and impresario. The timeliness of the medals makes them valuable sources to gauge the perceived success of the papacy on an annual basis and to chart the political course plotted by popes through the seventeenth century. Keywords: Rome; papacy; annual medals; numismatics 1. -
September 4, 2020 Issue 18
THE SAXON NEWS Published by The Alliance of Transylvanian Saxons Home Offi ce: 5393 Pearl Road Cleveland, Ohio 44129-1597 Tel: (440) 842-8442 Celebrating over 100 years of Saxon Fraternalism ATS Founded in 1902 September 4, 2020 Issue 18 BRANCH 4, CLEVELAND By Joan Miller-Malue Update Your Personal Records and PRESIDENT’S “The best things in life are the people we love, Family Protection the places we have been and the memories we MESSAGE have made along the way.” Our membership is Address changes? Have you By Denise Aeling thankful for the love that we share, the many Crawford activities and events we have had together and notified the ATS Home Office of the wonderful memories we cherish from coming your new address? Have your ATS Nat’l President together at the Sachsenheim. Covid-19 has put a adult children changed their dent in personally coming together, but we are all anxious for the time when things become normal addresses? again and we can get together as in the past. Beneficiary changes? Was I would like to extend birthday wishes to Dr. We will not hold a September Branch meeting, there a marriage, divorce, Wolfgang Bonfert of Germany. The ATS Board of but are planning to hold one in October. Also, we death, etc., in your family which Directors also congratulates him on receiving a have postponed our Annual Membership Banquet special award. For Dr. Bonfert’s 90th Birthday, the which was to be held on September 20th. We would require you to make a Federation of Transylvanian Saxons honored him are hoping to reschedule the banquet to later in change of beneficiary on your this year. -
John III Sobieski a Polish King in Vienna Winterpalais
John III Sobieski A Polish King in Vienna winterpalais Originally built for Prince Eugene of Savoy as a magnificently furnished palace for both residential and representational purposes, the Winterpalais was later acquired by Empress Maria Theresa in the 18th century. It was then utilized as a court chamber, and more recently as the Austrian Ministry of Finance. Today this jewel of the Baroque has been turned into a place of art and culture. In the state- rooms, Baroque décor encounters exhibi- tions of both old and contemporary art. Exhibition Rooms Sobieski at a Glance Sobieski’s Path to the Throne Sobieski in Private Life Sobieski as Patron of the Arts and Sciences I Sobieski as Patron of the Arts and Sciences II Sobieski, the Battle of Vienna and the Tug-of-war between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire Sobieski’s Return from Vienna. Royal Trophies and Votive Gifts in Churches in Poland In Honor of Sobieski. The Example of Le Puy-en-Velay WC Terrace Dining Main Courtyard Room Great Hall Grand Staircase Tickets · Shop Antechamber Library Room Conference Room Chapel State Bedroom Audience Chamber Hall of “Blue Room” Gold Green Room Gallery Yellow Room “Red Salon” Battle Paintings Cabinet John III Sobieski A Short Biography 1629 John Sobieski is born on August 17 in Olesko on territory of present-day Ukraine. His parents are Jakub Sobieski and Teofila Sobieska, née Daniłowicz. 1641 John’s future wife, Marie Casimire de la Grange d’Arquien, is born. 1646 John and his elder brother Marek set off on a two-year educational journey across Europe; they visit German cities, the Netherlands, France and England. -
At the Helm of the Republic: the Origins of Venetian Decline in the Renaissance
At the Helm of the Republic: The Origins of Venetian Decline in the Renaissance Sean Lee Honors Thesis Submitted to the Department of History, Georgetown University Advisor(s): Professor Jo Ann Moran Cruz Honors Program Chair: Professor Alison Games May 4, 2020 Lee 1 Contents List of Illustrations 2 Acknowledgements 3 Terminology 4 Place Names 5 List of Doges of Venice (1192-1538) 5 Introduction 7 Chapter 1: Constantinople, The Crossroads of Empire 17 Chapter 2: In Times of Peace, Prepare for War 47 Chapter 3: The Blinding of the Lion 74 Conclusion 91 Bibliography 95 Lee 2 List of Illustrations Figure 0.1. Map of the Venetian Terraferma 8 Figure 1.1. Map of the Venetian and Ottoman Empires 20 Figure 1.2. Tomb of the Tiepolo Doges 23 Figure 1.3. Map of the Maritime Empires of Venice and Genoa (1453) 27 Figure 1.4. Map of the Siege of Constantinople (1453) 31 Figure 2.1. Map of the Morea 62 Figure 2.2. Maps of Negroponte 65 Figure 3.1. Positions of Modone and Corone 82 Lee 3 Acknowledgements If brevity is the soul of wit, then I’m afraid you’re in for a long eighty-some page thesis. In all seriousness, I would like to offer a few, quick words of thanks to everybody in the history department who has helped my peers and me through this year long research project. In particular I’d like to thank Professor Ágoston for introducing me to this remarkably rich and complex period of history, of which I have only scratched the surface. -
British-Ottoman Relations, 1713- 1779: Commerce, Diplomacy, and Violence
Gale Primary Sources Start at the source. British-Ottoman Relations, 1713- 1779: Commerce, Diplomacy, and Violence Michael Talbot University of Greenwich Various source media, State Papers Online EMPOWER™ RESEARCH Introduction finished off with a summary of some of the key themes that emerge from the archival record. The records of the British embassy in Istanbul in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, now held at The The historical setting National Archives in Kew, provide one of the most The Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century was a comprehensive collections of a resident embassy in major world power. Although the days of territorial Istanbul in the early modern period. This is in no small expansion had ended by the second half of the part due to the fact that during this period, the British seventeenth century, and although some provinces embassy was financed by the Levant Company, a were more tenuously tied to Istanbul than others, with commercial monopoly established at the end of the good cause could the head of the House of Osman claim sixteenth century. With British interests in the realms the title 'sultan of the two lands [Europe and Asia] and of the Ottoman Empire largely commercial, a system ruler of the two seas [the Mediterranean and the Black was established whereby the Levant Company had the Sea]'. Yet military setbacks had tarnished the Sublime right to collect dues and customs from British State's reputation and power, especially after a major merchants trading in Ottoman ports and emporia, but defeat by a Holy League comprised of the Austrian in return had to use that income to support the Habsburgs, Russia, the Polish-Lithuanian ambassador in his efforts to protect mercantile Commonwealth, and Venice following the unsuccessful interests. -
511 Noel Malcolm When I Used to Walk out the Front Door of the Gregorian University in Rome During the One Year I Taught There N
Book Reviews 511 Noel Malcolm Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-Century Mediterranean World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. xxviii + 604. Hb, $34.95. When I used to walk out the front door of the Gregorian University in Rome during the one year I taught there nearly two decades ago, I sometimes turned left down the Via della Pilotta. A long city block away, I would come, on my right, to what seemed to be the servants’ entrance or back door of the Palazzo Colonna, a magnificent structure that fronted on the Piazza dei Santi Apos- toli. Through that unobtrusive rear portal, but only on Saturday mornings, one could for a fee enter the palace of the family that provided the church with many distinguished men and women over several centuries. That family in- cluded not only Oddone Colonna, Pope Martin V, whose ascent to the Chair of Saint Peter ended the Great Western Schism in 1417, but also the poet Vittoria Colonna (1492–1547), spiritual confidante of both Ignatius of Loyola and Mi- chelangelo Buonarotti. The stupendously beautiful Colonna Gallery, reached by ascending stairs from that back door, commemorates the achievements of yet another distinguished member of that family, Vittoria’s nephew, Marcan- tonio ii Colonna. As commander of the papal fleet that joined with the larger Spanish and Venetian fleets in the Holy League to deal a crushing blow to the Ottoman navy off Lepanto in Greece on October 7, 1571, Marcantonio ii is com- memorated in every corner of the gallery, from the vast fresco on the ceiling to the marble tables supported by muscular figures of the European and African slaves who rowed the Ottoman galleys. -
Military Adaptation in the Ottoman Empire, 1683-1699
Journal of Student Research (2018) Volume 7, Issue 2: pp, 4-13 Review Article Ottoman Decline: Military Adaptation in the Ottoman Empire, 1683-1699 Stewart Kerra, Ian Germania The Siege of Vienna in 1683 by the Ottoman army marks a key shift in the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The power of the Ottomans had continuously risen since 1453 but the defeat of the Ottoman army at Vienna marked the beginning of Ottoman decline in military and geographical power. The years following the siege forced the Ottomans to fight a united alliance of Austrian, Venician, and Polish armies from Europe. This article follows the events from the siege of Vienna through to the year 1699, when the war following the siege, finally came to an end with the Ottomans seceding land to all three of its European opponents. By tracing the academic debate on what impacted the Ottoman defeat the most, the article explores the different theories behind why the Ottomans were defeated and what were the causes for the shift in power away from the Ottoman Empire and towards the countries in Europe. Keywords: Ottoman Empire History; Siege of Vienna; European History, Military History The Ottoman Empire is one of the longest lasting Ottoman Turks, had concentrated the might of the Ottoman empires in history. At its peak it stretched from Hungary in army on one siege of the Habsburg capital in an attempt to Eastern Europe to modern day Iraq and Saudi Arabia, to the become a legend in Ottoman history. A loss on either side Mediterranean coast of North Africa. -
“A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty” the Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal
“A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty” The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal Anthony Carmen Piccirillo Senior Honors Thesis in History HIST-409-02 Georgetown University Mentored by Professor Tommaso Astarita May 4, 2009 Piccirillo i. “A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty” The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..ii. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter I. “A Single Commonwealth and a Single Body” Political Prelude and the Persistence of the Christendom Ideal (1453-1516)……………...13 Chapter II. Commerce and Crusades Relations between Christians and Muslims in Practice and Theory………………………..22 Chapter III. The King, the Emperor, and the Sultan Dynastic Rivalry and the Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I (1516-1547)…………….31 Chapter IV. “One can make Arrows of any kind of Wood” Contemporary Reactions, Justifications, and the Abandonment of the Christendom Ideal…………………………………………………………………………..61 Chapter V: Outrage and Acceptance The Consequences and Legacy of the Alliance: Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries……………………………………………........................................70 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….81 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………..85 Figures: 1. The Italian Wars (1500-1559)……………………………………………………………18 2. Europe and the Mediterranean in the Sixteenth Century…………………………………21 3. The Empire of Charles V…………………………………………………………………35 4. France in the Sixteenth Century………………………………………………………….37 Piccirillo ii. Acknowledgments I am very grateful to Professor Tommaso Astarita for his dedicated mentoring of this thesis. Professor Astarita’s scholarly guidance and practical advice were of enormous value as was his attentive reading of the many drafts of this thesis. Professor Spendelow, along with the rest of the History Department and faculty at Georgetown also offered a great deal of help and encouragement as I wrote this thesis.