Spatial Interpolation of Aircraft Noise and Land Use Study at Kempegowda International Airport Limited Bangalore Using Gis and Remote Sensing
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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 120 No. 6 2018, 6839-6863 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AND LAND USE STUDY AT KEMPEGOWDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LIMITED BANGALORE USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING Rajakumara H.N1, Jayaram A2, Arati Reddy Nilap3 Department of Civil Engineering, Kempegowda International Airport, BIAL, Bangalore, India. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] June 24, 2018 Abstract This study involves Kempegowda International Airport Limited (KIAL), Bangalore as the study area for aircraft noise intensity levels around the airport for a period of three months and Land Use Land Cover (LU/LC) study for a period of ten years. For this purpose, four noise gauges all located around the airport in four different direc- tions namely north (Bychapura), south (Kadayarappana- halli), east (Chennahalli) and west (Sadahalli). Noise in- tensities are recorded on every aircraft or noise event con- tinually, out of which only aircraft noise levels on 24-hours equivalent are taken for the study. These noise intensities are the inputs for spatial interpolation over the area in the 1 6839 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue GIS software and results are represented pictorially. The results show that the noise levels are within the permissi- ble range of 60 75 dB. For the LU/LC study, the satellite images of 1999 and 2008 are considered and the parame- ters considered are single crop, double crop, water bodies and settlements. The results show that there is significant increase of 9.1 Keywords: Aircraft Noise Intensity, Land Use Land Cover, Spatial Interpolation, GIS, Remote Sensing. 1 INTRODUCTION Kempegowda International Airport Limited (KIAL) is an Interna- tional Airport located in Bangalore the capital city of the Indian state of Karnataka. Spread over 4,000 acres (1,600 ha), it is lo- cated about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the city near the village of Devanahalli. It is owned and operated by Bangalore Interna- tional Airport Limited (BIAL), a publicprivate consortium. The airport opened in 24th, May 2008 as an alternative to increased congestion at HAL Airport, the original primary commercial air- port serving the city. It is named after Kempegowda I, the founder of Bangalore. As of 2016, Kempegowda Airport is the third busiest airport by passenger traffic in the country, behind the airports in Delhi and Mumbai and is the 35th busiest airport in Asia. It han- dled over 22.2 million passengers in 2016 with little less than 500 aircraft movements a day. The airport also handled about 314,060 tonnes (346,190 short tons) of cargo. The airport consists of a single runway and passenger terminal, which handles both domestic and international operations. A sec- ond runway and terminal are in the early stages of planning and construction. In addition, there is a cargo village and three cargo terminals. The airport serves as a hub for Air Asia India, Air India Regional, Air Pegasus and Jet Airways. A. Pollution Due To Airports 1) Water Pollution A particularly important facet of airport operation is the impact of the pollution caused by runoff waters. Runoff waters at an airport may contain relatively high concentra- tions of different contaminants resulting from the various aspects 2 6840 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue of its operation: de/anti-icing operations, washing and cleaning operations, spills of fuel and lubricants, exhaust fumes, and weed removal. The pollution caused by airport operations affects soil, surface waters, and groundwater. This issue is important to var- ious stakeholders, particularly those residing in communities near airports, whose health, property values, and quality of life can be affected by such environmental impacts. 2) Air Pollution Airport is an extremely complex emission source of airborne pollutants that can have a significant impact on the en- vironment. Indeed, several airborne chemicals emitted during air- port activities may significantly get worse air quality and increase exposure level of both airport workers and general population living nearby the airports. In recent years airport traffic has increased and consequently several studies investigated the association between airport-related air pollution and occurrence of adverse health ef- fects, particularly on respiratory system, in exposed workers and general population resident nearby. 3) Noise Pollution The noise is an unwanted sound that may cause some psychological and physical stress to the living and non- living objects exposed to it. Noise level is a measure of the energy of sound which is expressed in units of decibels or dB. Noise thresh- old is the limit maximum noise level permitted dumped into the environment from the undertaking or activity so as not to cause disruption of human health and environmental comfort. Many air- ports faced noise disturbance, around an airport is caused by air- craft in the air; reverse thrust used by aircraft to slow down after landing; aircraft on the ground, including taxiing, engine testing and running on-board electrical generators; departing aircraft that stray from the Preferred Noise Routes (PNRs); road traffic to and from the airport. In addition, operation and implementation of the airport and all its activities may cause impact on workers, commu- nities, and the environment around the airport. Noise represents one of the most significant environmental challenges associated with aircraft and airport operations. Over the years, there have been significant improvements based on technology evolution, effective noise abatement procedures and other measures. Aircraft today are 75% less noisy than they were 30 years ago. At the same time, given the industrys growth and the presence of population agglom- erations near airports, large parts of population are still affected by 3 6841 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue aircraft noise. In earlier days, airports were located very far from urban areas. Due to increases of population, rapid urbanization and indus- trialization, airports are very close to vicinity of city. Reducing the effect of aircraft noise on people and communities is one of ICAOs (International Civil Aviation Organization) main priorities. Air- port noise due to aircraft is the most contentious environmental is- sue associated with airport and aircraft operators. Although, there are many other noise sources present at the airport, aircraft noise is readily identifiable and tends to stand as annoyance for many peo- ple (Airbus 2003). Some of the possible effects related to aircraft noise are annoyance, speech interference sleep interference, hearing loss, health effects (blood pressure, heart diseases, etc.), and effect on structures, effects on historical and archaeological sites, effect on domestic animals and wildlife. B. Scope of Study Aircraft noise is the most significant cause of adverse community reaction related to the operation and expansion of airports both in developed and developing countries (ICAO Environment Report 2007). ICAO Annex 16 determines the noise standard for subsonic aircraft. In addition it issued guidance on a new policy to address aircraft and airport noise, referred to as the Balanced Approach. It is ultimately the responsibility of individual countries to implement the various elements of the Balanced Approach. The Balanced Ap- proach consists of identifying the noise problem at an airport and then analysing the aircraft noise data by using GIS which is avail- able. In India, the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the regulatory body for civil Aviation under Ministry of Civil Aviation. DGCA has issued an Aviation Environment Circular 3 of 2013 for assessment of the noise situation at all airport having aircraft movements of 50,000 per annum, As per the circular, Kem- pegowda International Airport Limited, Bangalore (KIAL) is one of the airports coming under the study. This Circular refers to the guidelines for monitoring ambient noise Levels due to aircraft, issued by the Central Pollution Control Board of India. It also re- quires that noise contour maps shall be established for several noise metrics, and that a comparison is made with the limits set in the Noise Pollution Rules of 2000, issued by the Ministry of Environ- 4 6842 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue ment and Forests. C. Project Aim The aim of this Project was to produce maps of the noise from air- craft using land use and land cover that could be integrated with noise maps produced for other noises at Kempegowda International Airport Limited, Bangalore (KIAL). D. Objectives of the Study KIAL is one of the airports in India, which has taken an initiative to implement the Balanced Approach as per the ICAO guidance to reduce airport noise in BIAL airport. As a first step, BIAL management would like to have an overview of the current noise situation at the airport, by identifying and monitoring the various noise sources including aircraft and background noise within and outside the airport. In order to meet the requirement of DGCAs circular-3 of 2013 on Aviation Noise Management, the scope of work is divided in two parts. Phase-1: Noise Monitoring, mapping and validation. • Phase-2: Noise modelling and mapping using the 2012 infor- mation,• Land use and land cover change detection analysis using geospatial technologies. 2 STUDY AREA The place under study was near Kempegowda International Air- port located 40 km to the north east of Bangalore. Kempegowda International Airport is an international airport serving Bangalore, the capital of Indian state of Karnataka. The study area shown in Figure 1 and 2 is spread over 4000 acres. It is near the Devanahalli village. It is located at latitude 13◦ 120 25” N and longitude 77◦ 420 15” E. The noise gauge stations are to be selected at Sadahalli and Chennahalli both located at 10 km, Bychapur and Kadayarappana- halli are located at 3 km each towards north south directions and shown in Figure 2.