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Public Perception and International Aspects of Galileo/EGNOS and GMES

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Public Perception and International Aspects of Galileo/EGNOS and GMES The Less Known, but Crucial Elements of the European Space Flagship Programmes: Public Perception and International Aspects of Galileo/EGNOS and GMES Report 34 May 2011 Christina Giannopapa Short title: ESPI Report 34 ISSN: 2076-6688 Published in May 2011 Price: €11 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 34; May 2011. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 34 2 May 2011 Crucial Elements of European Space Flagship Programmes Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 The Context 5 Reasoning behind the Flagship Programmes 6 Recommendations 7 1. Introduction 11 1.1 The Setting 11 1.2 Approach of the Study 12 2. Europe’s Flagship Programmes: Galileo and GMES 13 2.1 Galileo 13 2.2 GMES 18 3. Public Perception 23 3.1 The Americans and Space 23 3.2 The Europeans and Space 25 3.3 The Europeans and Earth Observation for Environment and Security 27 3.4 The Europeans and Positioning and Navigation 30 3.5 The Europeans and the Space Budget 31 3.6 Success Stories of Eumetsat and Eutelsat 32 3.6.1 EUMETSAT 32 3.6.2 Eutelsat 33 4. The Flagship Programmes and European Policies 34 4.1 Environment Policy 35 4.1.1 Policy Overview 35 4.1.2 Space Flagship Programmes Contribution 37 4.2 Transport Policy 40 4.2.1 Transport Policy Overview 40 4.2.2 Road Transport and Contributions from the Flagship Programmes 43 4.2.3 Railway Policy and Contributions from the Flagship Programmes 46 4.2.4 Air Transport and Contributions from the Flagship Programmes 47 4.2.5 Flagship Programmes’ Contribution 48 4.3 Regional Development Policy 49 4.3.1 Policy Overview 49 4.3.2 Space Flagship Programmes Contribution 49 4.4 Agriculture Policy 51 4.4.1 Policy Overview 51 4.4.2 Space Flagship Programmes Contribution 53 4.5 Fisheries Policies 54 4.5.1 Policy Overview 54 4.5.2 Space Flagship Programmes Contribution 56 4.6 Energy Policy 57 4.6.1 Policy Overview 57 4.6.2 Space Flagship Programmes Contribution 60 4.7 Enterprise and Industrial Policy 61 4.7.1 Policy Overview 61 4.7.2 Space Flagship Programmes Contribution 63 4.8 Research and Technology Development Policy 65 4.8.1 Policy Overview 65 4.8.2 Space Flagship Programmes Contribution 66 4.9 Space Policy 68 4.9.1 Policy Overview 68 ESPI Report 34 3 May 2011 4.10 External Policies 73 4.10.1 Policy Overview 73 4.10.2 Space Flagship Programmes Contribution 74 4.10.3 Strategic Partnerships 77 5. International Aspects 78 5.1 International Efforts in Navigation 78 5.1.1 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) 78 5.1.2 International Committee on GNSS (ICG) 80 5.1.3 The European Involvement 81 5.2 International Efforts on Earth Observation 82 5.2.1 Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) 82 5.2.2 Group on Earth Observation (GEO) 83 5.2.3 European Involvement 84 5.3 Europe’s International Cooperation and Bilateral Agreements 84 5.3.1 EU and Africa 84 5.3.2 EU and Brazil 85 5.3.3 EU and Canada 86 5.3.4 The EU and China 87 5.3.5 EU and India 87 5.3.6 The EU and Israel 87 5.3.7 The EU and Japan 88 5.3.8 The EU and Mexico 89 5.3.9 The EU and Russia 90 5.3.10 The EU and the United States 91 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 93 6.1 The Setting 93 6.2 Analysis and Recommendations by External Factor 94 6.3 SWOT – Strengths – Weaknesses – Opportunities – Threats 98 6.4 Specific Recommendation by Actor 99 List of Acronyms 102 Appendix 106 A1 Galileo Frequency Bands 106 A2 GMES, Current and Potential Contributing Missions 106 A3 International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) 117 A4 Group on Earth Observation (GEO) 118 A5 Overview of EU Agreements with Third Countries in the Framework of GMES and GNSS 126 Acknowledgements 131 About the Author 131 ESPI Report 34 4 May 2011 Crucial Elements of European Space Flagship Programmes Executive Summary (and its augmentation system EGNOS) and GMES. These projects are essential political The Context and economic milestones for the non- dependence and sovereignty of Europe’s Europe is at a stage where the successful Member States and the Union as a whole. realisation of the flagship programmes, Gali- They will enable non-dependence on third leo/EGNOS and GMES, is at stake. The focus party assets that are essential for drawing up of the political debate has to now been on and implementing core policy elements. In governance, finance and technology. Two developing Galileo/EGNOS the Commission crucial elements that are of utmost impor- made efforts that did not go as planned and tance for the implementation of the flagships, various corrective actions had to be imple- have so far been neglected: public perception mented. At various times this has resulted in and international relations, and these are the negative media coverage of Galileo which has subjects of this report. For the first time they diverted the public (general public and deci- are thoroughly analyzed and recommenda- sion makers) from the fundamental questions tions are developed in order to make these of the need for Europe’s flagship pro- two elements an instrument for the success grammes. Additionally, miscalculations re- of the two flagships (Figure 1). garding the costs, inappropriate studies re- garding the market share and speculation In 1998 the European Commission started its about the economic benefits have also been involvement in the space field with the birth misleading. The main need for these flagship of Europe’s two flagship programmes: Galileo projects is not economic as is often pro- Figure 1: Conceptual schematic on public perception (A) and international aspects (B) for Galileo and GMES. ESPI Report 34 5 May 2011 jected, neither is it technological superiority. tainable and inclusive growth economy” and Europe needs to support the completion of contribute to the five identified objectives of these flagship programmes for three main innovation, employment, education, social reasons. inclusion and climate change. The third reason is the role of Europe and its Member States vis-à-vis the international Reasoning behind the Flag- community. When Europe announced its am- bition to develop Galileo back in 1998 it trig- ship Programmes gered a series of events. The United States improved the quality of the GPS signal for First and foremost, it needs them for the civilian use and sped up the development of Union’s and its Member States’ non- the future generation of GPS. The Chinese dependence on third parties for strategic also announced their intention to develop infrastructure. The use of positioning and their own system, Compass, with its first navigation and earth observation systems MEO satellite, Compass M1, being launched in have become an indispensable part of every- 2007 and expected to be completed between day life and are used as an essential compo- 2015 and 2020. The Indian local system nent in fulfilling many of our daily operations IRNSS was planned to be operational by and economic development e.g. used for 2014. Additionally, there has been an inter- operations in banking, railway and aeronau- national effort to make current and future tics, rail and road traffic, search and rescue, systems interoperable and compatible. Addi- etc. One often hears “Why does Europe need tionally, with respect to GMES, Europe and Galileo when one has GPS?” and the answer the scientific community of its Member States is that for such essential infrastructure ele- are at the forefront of scientific and techno- ments, one needs to rely on European con- logical excellence. GMES is the European trolled systems and not foreign military con- contribution to the international community trolled systems. Even though it is unlikely for the Global Earth Observation Systems of that the US or Russia will turn off the signals 1, Systems (GEOSS). Once the GMES system to Europe the need for a system that is will be completed, Europe will have the most controlled by the Union and its Member comprehensive space-based data collection States is essential and guaranteed interop- system in the world. It will assist Europe by erability with other GNSS will also secure providing support to its external policies and, redundancy and better quality of service. in particular, to development aid, disaster The second reason is that due to the trans- management in various countries including verse nature of space, the two flagship pro- neighbouring Africa and it will contribute to grammes are important for drawing up and Europe’s humanitarian image vis-à-vis the realizing various European policies such as international community. It will also assist agriculture, energy, environment, external, Europe fulfil its international obligations e.g. fisheries, regional development, transport, Kyoto. Thus, Europe has been exposed to the etc. These infrastructure assets can provide international community with its initial ambi- decision makers at European, national and tion and has raised the expectations of its regional level with the information necessary international partners.
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