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Environmental Relationships Among Wetland Community Types of the Northern Range Yellowstone National Park

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Environmental Relationships Among Wetland Community Types of the Northern Range Yellowstone National Park University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1987 Environmental relationships among wetland community types of the northern range Yellowstone National Park Paul Harald Brichta The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brichta, Paul Harald, "Environmental relationships among wetland community types of the northern range Yellowstone National Park" (1987). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7418. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7418 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m anuscript in which c o pyr ig ht SUBSISTS, A ny further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. Ma n s f ie l d L ibrary U n iv e r s it y of Montana Date :_____ 1 9_8_7__ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WETLAND COMMUNITY TYPES OF THE NORTHERN RANGE. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK by Paul Haraid Brichta B.S., Southern Oregon State College, 1986 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Montana 1987 Approved by Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School //, /f/7 Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP38219 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT OiMsrUKion Publishing UMI EP38219 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code uest' ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 -1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Brichta, Paul H., M.S. December 1987 Environmental Studies Environmental Relationships Among Wetland Community Types of the Northern Range, Yellowstone National Park (74 p.) Director; Paul L. Hansen Proper management of wetlands has been hindered by a lack of understanding of different wetland types, and how these types differ. This study examined the causes of spatial variations among wetland plant communities. Twenty-one wetland community types were studied at 180 plots in the northern range of the northern elk herd in Yellowstone National Park. Wetland environments were described in terms of geographical setting, soil pH, texture, thickness of organic surface horizon, temperature, taxonomy at family level, depths to gleying, confining layers and water table levels, soil water pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Spatial distribution of wetland community types of the northern range is primarily related to depth of and variations in water tables, depth of surface organic soil horizons, depth to gleying and restricting layers, soil texture and temperature. Conductivity of soil water varied widely but showed too much within-group variation to correlate well with wetland community distribution. Soil and soil water pH values were relatively neutral and varied within plant community types nearly as much as among plant community types. Dissolved oxygen levels in soil water of all plant community types were low in June and higher in September. Twenty-nine wetland soils were described in terms of horizons, depths, pH, texture, color, rooting depth, percent of organic carbon in surface horizons, mottling, and were classified to the level of family. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Montana Riparian Association through a grant from the National Park Service. My sincere thanks go to Bob Pfister and Paul Hansen for all the planning they did to see me through the field season, and for the expert advice they shared. Special thanks are due to Steve Chadde for spending much time and sharing much knowledge with me in the northern range, and to Janet McLellan for serving as field assistant without salary. in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................................... üi LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................................v i LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................................vi INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................1 STUDY AREA.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Physiography and Geology.......................................................................................................................4 Clim ate.......................................................................................................................................................... 6 SOIL TERMS AND CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................6 Soil Texture............................ 6 Soil Chemistry................................................................................................ 7 Soil Temperature......................................................................................................................................... 8 Organic Matter .................................................................................................................... 9 Water Table Levels ........................................................................... 9 METHODS...........................................................................................................................................................10 Field Methods.............................................................................................................................................10 Office and Laboratory Methods .............................................................................................................12 RESULTS.......................................... 12 Wetland Soil Types of the Northern Range........................................................................................12 Soil Texture........................ 14 Soil Chemistry............... ...15 Soil Temperature...................................................... 17 Organic Matter...........................................................................................................................................18 Water Table ................................................................... 19 Landscape Relationships........................ 20 DESCRIPTIONS OF WETLAND COMMUNITY TYPE ENVIRONMENTS........................................25 Picea sp^JEquisetum arvense h.t. ............................................................................................... 25 Picea n\>pJCalamagrostis spp. c.t ............................................................................. 26 Populus iremuloidesfRosa spp. c.t................................................................................ 27 Salix wolfiilCarex aquaiilis c.t............................................................................................................ 28 Salix geyerianafCarex rostrata c.t...................................................................................................... 30 Salix geyeriana/Deschampsia cespitosa c.t....................................................................................... 31 Salix exigua/Agrostis alba c.t............................................................................................ 32 Potentilla fruticosa/Deschampsia cespitosa c.t., Salix phase ................................................... 33 Potentilla fruticosalDeschampsia cespitosa c.t............................................................................ 34 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Page Artemisia cana/Deschampsia cespitosa c.t.............................................................
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