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Zeitschrift Für Säugetierkunde
© Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Z. Säugetierkunde 61 (1996) 189-191 ZEITSCHRIPr^^'FUR © 1996 Gustav Fischer, Jena SAUGETIERKUNDE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY WISSENSCHAFTLICHE KURZMITTEILUNG The desert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus (Ehrenberg, 1833), new to the fauna of Syria By D. Kock and C. Ebenau Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M. Receipt of Ms. 05. Ol. 1996 Acceptance of Ms. 29. 02. 1996 The mammal fauna of desert regions of Syria is still imperfectly known both with regard to species number and to distribution. Recent field work in the Euphrates valley (by C. E.) resulted in the addition of a third species of hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus (Ehrenberg, 1833), to the Syrian fauna. Previously only Erinaceus concolor Martin, 1838, and Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin, 1770) were known from this country (Harrison and Bates 1991). Besides Syria, only Israel, Palestine and Jordan host such a high species di- versity of spiny hedgehogs (Erinaceinae) due to the geographic position at the crossing of three faunal realms, the Palaearctic, Oriental and Aethiopian region. Material: Cater Magara Cave at Hussein al-Achmad village, 35. 53.N - 39.01. E, ca. 2.5 km W of Ratla, S-bank Euphrates, IL 1993. unsexed subad. (Skull and mandibles) Senckenberg-Museum Frankfurt SMF 79445, C. Ebenau leg. Comparative material: Saudi Arabia: Riyadh, 1958, unsexed (skull, skin) SMF 19919. Near Abgeig (= Abqaiq), 25.26. N - 49.40. E, unsexed (skull) American Museum Nat. His- tory, New York, AMNH 166942 (labeled ''hypomelas'\ emend. IX.1977, not measured). P. ae. pectoralis (Heuglin, 1861): Jordan: Azraq area, 24. III. 1977, male (skull, skin) SMF 54967, R. -
Status and Red List of Pakistan's Mammals
SSttaattuuss aanndd RReedd LLiisstt ooff PPaakkiissttaann’’ss MMaammmmaallss based on the Pakistan Mammal Conservation Assessment & Management Plan Workshop 18-22 August 2003 Authors, Participants of the C.A.M.P. Workshop Edited and Compiled by, Kashif M. Sheikh PhD and Sanjay Molur 1 Published by: IUCN- Pakistan Copyright: © IUCN Pakistan’s Biodiversity Programme This publication can be reproduced for educational and non-commercial purposes without prior permission from the copyright holder, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior permission (in writing) of the copyright holder. Citation: Sheikh, K. M. & Molur, S. 2004. (Eds.) Status and Red List of Pakistan’s Mammals. Based on the Conservation Assessment and Management Plan. 312pp. IUCN Pakistan Photo Credits: Z.B. Mirza, Kashif M. Sheikh, Arnab Roy, IUCN-MACP, WWF-Pakistan and www.wildlife.com Illustrations: Arnab Roy Official Correspondence Address: Biodiversity Programme IUCN- The World Conservation Union Pakistan 38, Street 86, G-6⁄3, Islamabad Pakistan Tel: 0092-51-2270686 Fax: 0092-51-2270688 Email: [email protected] URL: www.biodiversity.iucnp.org or http://202.38.53.58/biodiversity/redlist/mammals/index.htm 2 Status and Red List of Pakistan Mammals CONTENTS Contributors 05 Host, Organizers, Collaborators and Sponsors 06 List of Pakistan Mammals CAMP Participants 07 List of Contributors (with inputs on Biological Information Sheets only) 09 Participating Institutions -
The Reproductive Biology of the Ethiopian Hedgehog, Paraechinus Aethiopicus, from Central Saudi Arabia: the Role of Rainfall and Temperature
The reproductive biology of the Ethiopian hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus, from central Saudi Arabia: The role of rainfall and temperature A.N. Alagaili a, N.C. Bennett a, b, O.B. Mohammed a, D.W. Hart b, * a KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia b Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa *Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.W. Hart). Highlights • Ethiopian hedgehog is a seasonal breeder. • Breeding season occurs from spring and to end of summer. • Female reproduction is activated in spring with the first occurrence of rain. • Male reproduction is activated in late winter due to changing temperatures. • Precipitation crucial for onset of female reproduction. Abstract We set out to test whether the Ethiopian hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus is a seasonal or aseasonal breeder and assess which environmental cues bring about both reproductive recrudescence and its subsequent regression. In this study, the body mass, morphometry of the reproductive tract the histology of the reproductive organs and the hormone concentra- tions of males and females were studied over 12 consecutive months in a wild population of the Ethiopian hedgehog from central Saudi Arabia. Using these data we investigated the potential proximate environmental cues that may trigger the onset of reproduction. Temperature is important for the initial activation of the males by bringing about an increase in testosterone concentration. In female hedgehogs the first rains trigger the onset of reproductive activation with ovulation. In turn increased temperature brings about the final activation of the males with increased testes size and seminiferous tubule diameter. -
Terrestrial Environment of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates
of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Page . IV TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES H. H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan President of the United Arab Emirates Page . V TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Page . VI TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES H. H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces Page . VII TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Page . VIII TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES H. H. Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan Deputy Prime Minister, Chairman, EAD Page . IX TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES · اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت · ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم، ﺗﻢ إﻋﺪاد اﻷوراق اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺪم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ · اﻷدوات واﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت · اﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ · مل ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﴩﻛﺎء واﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﳌﻌﻨﻴني إﱃ اﻟﺤﺪ اﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻪ · ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺪرات · ﺗﻢ أﻋﺪاد اﻷوراق اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺪون دﻋﻢ ﻛﺎﰲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ أو اﻟﴩﻛﺎء واﻟﺠﻬﺎت ·اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﳌﻌﻨﻴني، وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ، ﻛﺎن ﻋﲆ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﺐء إﻋﺪاد ورﻗﺔ اﻷوراق اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﰲ وﻗﺖ زﻣﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ · ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻗﺪميﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺪة ﺻﻮر ﺗﺼﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ إﻣﺎرة · مل ﻳﺘﻢ إﺿﻔﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ اﳌﺆﺳﴘ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺒﺎدﻟﻬﺎ أﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ ودوﻟﺔ اﻹﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة واﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻟﻌﺮيب. -
Torpor Patterns in Desert Hedgehogs (Paraechinus Aethiopicus) Represent Another New Point Along a Thermoregulatory Continuum
445 Torpor Patterns in Desert Hedgehogs (Paraechinus aethiopicus) Represent Another New Point along a Thermoregulatory Continuum Justin G. Boyles1,* We suggest that this family (Erinaceidae) and order (Eulipo- Nigel C. Bennett2,3 typhla) may be important for understanding the evolution of Osama B. Mohammed2 thermoregulatory patterns among Laurasiatheria and mammals Abdulaziz N. Alagaili2 in general. 1Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois; Keywords: body temperature, Ethiopian hedgehog, Eulipo- 2King Saud University Mammals Research Chair, Department typhla, heterothermy, hibernation. of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; 3Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa Introduction Accepted 2/13/2017; Electronically Published 4/12/2017 Describing variation in thermoregulatory and body tempera- — ture (Tb) patterns and determining the distribution both phylo- genetically and geographically—of those patterns in mammals ABSTRACT and birds is vital to understanding the evolutionary history of Documenting variation in thermoregulatory patterns across endothermy. Of special interest is how various derivations of phylogenetically and geographically diverse taxa is key to un- heterothermy relate to the evolutionary history of endothermy. derstanding the evolution of endothermy and heterothermy in Patterns of heterothermy have often been considered distinct birds and mammals. We recorded body temperature (Tb)in (Geiser 1998), with daily heterothermy and hibernation (seasonal free-ranging desert hedgehogs (Paraechinus aethiopicus)across heterothermy) differentiated by parameters including length of ’ 7– three seasons in the deserts of Saudi Arabia. Modal Tb s(35 torpor bouts and metabolic rate during torpor (Geiser and Ruf 36.57C) were slightly below normal for mammals but still warmer 1995). -
Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery Reveals Diverse Clades of Rhipicephalus Spp
Automatic barcode gap discovery reveals diverse clades of Rhipicephalus spp. and Haemaphysalis spp. ticks from small mammals in 'Asir, Saudi Arabia Samia Q. Alghamdi Al Baha University Van Lun Low University of Malaya: Universiti Malaya Hadil A. Alkathiry University of Liverpool Abdulaziz N. Alagaili King Saud University John W. McGarry University of Liverpool Benjamin L. Makepeace ( [email protected] ) University of Liverpool https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6727 Research Article Keywords: Molecular barcoding, Ixodidae, Meriones rex, Acomys dimidiatus, jird, brown dog tick Posted Date: April 22nd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-451035/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/24 Abstract Background: The ixodid tick genera Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis contain several species of medical and/or veterinary importance but their diversity in some regions of the world remains underexplored. For instance, very few modern studies have been performed on the taxonomy of these genera on the Arabian Peninsula. Methods: In this study, we trapped small mammals in the 'Asir Mountains of southwest Saudi Arabia and collected tick specimens for morphological examination and molecular barcoding, targeting three mitochondrial loci: coi, 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA. Results: We obtained a total of 733 ticks (608 Haemaphysalis spp. and 125 Rhipicephalus spp.) from 75 small mammal hosts belonging to six species. All tick specimens were immature except for nine adults recovered from a hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus). Morphologically, the Rhipicephalus ticks resembled Rhipicephalus camicasi but the Haemaphysalis ticks showed differences in palp morphology compared with species previously described from Saudi Arabia. -
The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning
Uppsala Studies in Egyptology - 6 - Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Uppsala University For my parents Dorrit and Hindrik Åsa Strandberg The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning Uppsala 2009 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in the Auditorium Minus of the Museum Gustavianum, Uppsala, Friday, October 2, 2009 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Strandberg, Åsa. 2009. The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art. Image and Meaning. Uppsala Studies in Egyptology 6. 262 pages, 83 figures. Published by the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. xviii +262 pp. ISSN 1650-9838, ISBN 978-91-506-2091-7. This thesis establishes the basic images of the gazelle in ancient Egyptian art and their meaning. A chronological overview of the categories of material featuring gazelle images is presented as a background to an interpretation. An introduction and review of the characteristics of the gazelle in the wild are presented in Chapters 1-2. The images of gazelle in the Predynastic material are reviewed in Chapter 3, identifying the desert hunt as the main setting for gazelle imagery. Chapter 4 reviews the images of the gazelle in the desert hunt scenes from tombs and temples. The majority of the motifs characteristic for the gazelle are found in this context. Chapter 5 gives a typological analysis of the images of the gazelle from offering processions scenes. In this material the image of the nursing gazelle is given particular importance. Similar images are also found on objects, where symbolic connotations can be discerned (Chapter 6). -
Inscriptions
Price 50p INSCRIPTIONS The Newsletter of the Friends of the Egypt Centre, Swansea Cheque presentation Issue 37 Once again the Friends have been able to present a cheque for May 2014 £1000 to the Egypt Centre to support its aims. Pictured below at the presentation (left to right) are Ken Griffin, Chairman of the In this issue: Friends, Wendy Goodridge, Assistant Curator, and Carolyn Cheque presentation 1 Graves-Brown, Curator of the Egypt Centre. Sakhmet’s Horde: Plague Demons 1 by Katherine Smith Treasurer's Report 2012-2013 2 by Sheila Nowell Crossword 2 by Daphne MacDonagh Egypt Centre Trip to Oxford 3 by Syd Howells Editorial 4 Book Review 4 by Mike Mac Donagh British Association of Friends of Museums 4 The Significance of Hedgehogs in Ancient Egypt 5 by Felicity Chrome Ammit/ Ammut 6 For more details of the Friends’ finances see the Treasurer’s by Kyera Chevers Report, Page 2. Liminal Being: Serpopard 7 by Victoria Baker The Angry Dead: Angered Spirits in Sakhmet’s Horde: Plague Demons Pharaonic Egypt 8 At the end of every 360-day year in Ancient Egypt by Olivia Kinsman came the precarious five epagomenal days – the birthdays of the gods, and a time of great anxiety for Recent discoveries in Egypt 9 most of the population. It was, after all, entirely possible by Mike Mac Donagh that the cycle of the year might not start back up, and Badeen Island Cultural Heritage that the Nile would never flood again, plunging the Nile project 9 Valley into chaos. Diary dates 9 The fear that surrounded these days wasn’t entirely superstition, though. -
Mammal Diversity Survey in the Ibex Reserve, Saudi Arabia Tom Bruce
Mammal diversity survey in the Ibex Reserve, Saudi Arabia Final Report (2016) King Khalid Wildlife Research Centre (KKWRC), Saudi Wildlife Authority (SWA), Zoological Society of London (ZSL) Tom Bruce, Qais Saud al Hazzah, Othman Saad al Othman, Mohamed Hassan al Khairi, Torsten Wronski, Tim Wacher, Kevin Davey and Rajan Amin July 2016 Cover page images: Clockwise from top left: Nubian ibex Capra nubiana, Wadi Ghabah. Arabian gazelle Gazella arabica, Wadi Nukhailan. Arabian grey wolf Canis lupus arabs, Wadi Ghabah. Rüppell's fox Vulpes rueppellii, Wadi Nukhailan. Citation: Bruce, T1., Saud al Hazzah, Q2., Saad al Othman, O2., Hassan al Khairi, M3., Wronski, T3., Wacher, T1., Davey, K1. & Amin, R1. 2016. Mammal diversity survey in the Ibex Reserve, Saudi Arabia. Final report 2016. Zoological Society of London. ii + 52 pp. 1Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY. 2Saudi Wildlife Authority, Riyadh 11575, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 3King Khalid Wildlife Research Center, Thumamah, P.O Box 61681, Riyadh 11575, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Contents Summary 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Methods 3-6 3. Results 7-11 4. Species Reports 12 Ungulates 1) Nubian ibex 12-13 2) Arabian gazelle 14-15 Carnivores 3) Arabian wolf 16-17 4) Blanford’s fox 18-19 5) Rüppell's fox 20-21 6) Arabian red fox 22-23 7) Vulpes sp. 24-25 8) Wild cat 26-27 Lagomorphs 9) Cape hare 28-29 Hyraciodea 10) Rock hyrax 30-31 Eulipotyphla 11) Desert hedgehog 32-33 Muridae 12) Bushy-tailed jird 34-35 13) Arabian spiny mouse 36-37 14) Rodent species 38-39 Domestic Ungulates 15) Dromedary camel 40-41 16) Donkey 42-43 17) Shoat 44-45 Mustiledae 18) Honey badger 46 5. -
List of Taxa for Which MIL Has Images
LIST OF 27 ORDERS, 163 FAMILIES, 887 GENERA, AND 2064 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 JULY 2021 AFROSORICIDA (9 genera, 12 species) CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles 1. Amblysomus hottentotus - Hottentot Golden Mole 2. Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole 3. Eremitalpa granti - Grant’s Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus - Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale cf. longicaudata - Lesser Long-tailed Shrew Tenrec 4. Microgale cowani - Cowan’s Shrew Tenrec 5. Microgale mergulus - Web-footed Tenrec 6. Nesogale cf. talazaci - Talazac’s Shrew Tenrec 7. Nesogale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 8. Setifer setosus - Greater Hedgehog Tenrec 9. Tenrec ecaudatus - Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (127 genera, 308 species) ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead Whale 2. Eubalaena australis - Southern Right Whale 3. Eubalaena glacialis – North Atlantic Right Whale 4. Eubalaena japonica - North Pacific Right Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE -rorqual whales 1. Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Common Minke Whale 2. Balaenoptera borealis - Sei Whale 3. Balaenoptera brydei – Bryde’s Whale 4. Balaenoptera musculus - Blue Whale 5. Balaenoptera physalus - Fin Whale 6. Balaenoptera ricei - Rice’s Whale 7. Eschrichtius robustus - Gray Whale 8. Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Whale BOVIDAE (54 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Common Impala 3. Aepyceros petersi - Black-faced Impala 4. Alcelaphus caama - Red Hartebeest 5. Alcelaphus cokii - Kongoni (Coke’s Hartebeest) 6. Alcelaphus lelwel - Lelwel Hartebeest 7. Alcelaphus swaynei - Swayne’s Hartebeest 8. Ammelaphus australis - Southern Lesser Kudu 9. Ammelaphus imberbis - Northern Lesser Kudu 10. Ammodorcas clarkei - Dibatag 11. Ammotragus lervia - Aoudad (Barbary Sheep) 12. -
MAMMALS of the EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN Regionj THEIR
MAMMALS OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONj THEIR ECOLOOf, SYSTSMATICS AND ZOOGEOGRAFHICAL RELATIONSHIPS Sana Isa Atallah, B,S., M,S. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 1963 American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 1965 A Dissertation Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Connecticut 1969 Copyright by SANA ISA ATALLAH 1969 APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation MAMMALS OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONj THEIR ECOLOGY, SYSTEMATICS AND ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS Sana Isa Atallah, B.S., M.S. Major Adviser \a^. V_a $ -g~tcr o The University of Connecticut 196? ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The c<- apletj.cn of this work would have not been possible without the constant assistance and advice of my major advisor. Dr. Ralph M. Wetzel, I am also greatly indebted to Dr. and Mrs. Robert E. Lewis, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, previously at the Dept, of Biology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, for their very kind assistance, direction and advice while in Lebanon during the years 1963-1966, and Dr. David L, Harrison, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, for his help in the field and in identifying and comparing many specimens with material in his personal collection and at the British Museum (Natural History) collections, I am also very grateful to Drs, Ralph M. Wetzel, James A, Slater and George A, Clark at the University of Connecticut and Dr. Homy W, Sotzcr at the Smithsonian Institution for their useful suggestions and cidtical reading of the mar.uyeript. Thanks are also duo to my parents, Mr. Jacob Qumaioh, Miss Jean Uridgwood, Mr. -
Arthropod-Borne Infections in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia
Arthropod-borne infections in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia Bassam Alharbi Supervised by: Dr. Kevin Bown School of Environment and Life Sciences University of Salford, Salford, UK Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, March 2018. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of tables. .................................................................................................................... VI Table of Figures. ................................................................................................................ VII Declaration............................................................................................................................ X Acknowledgment. ................................................................................................................ XI Abstract. ............................................................................................................................. XII Chapter One ........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction and the aims of this thesis ................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction. ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Protozoan parasites. .................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 .Trypanosomiasis..................................................................................................