DANIEL BERGIN DANIEL Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco’s Markets

Daniel Bergin and Vincent Nijman

he Kingdom of Morocco, situated on BACKGROUND the northwestern coast of the African continent, has a population of over Cursory reports suggest that unregulated wildlife trade 32 million people. It has a relatively KDVH[LVWHGIRUDORQJWLPHLQ0RURFFR /DPEHUW well-developed tourism sector, in part +LJK¿HOG DQG %D\OH\    6SHFLHV VXFK DV WKH due to stability the region has enjoyed Mediterranean Chameleon Chamaeleo chameleon, Spur- compared to other North African thighed Tortoise Testudo graeca and Desert Monitor TFRXQWULHVDQGLWVFORVHSUR[LPLW\WR(XURSH0RURFFRLV Lizard Varanus griseus have been used in medicine FODVVL¿HGDVEHLQJZLWKLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ%DVLQDQ since medieval times (Alves et al   DQG DUH VWLOO area with exceptional concentrations of endemic species IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG LQ 0RURFFR +LJK¿HOG DQG %D\OH\ undergoing rapid rates of habitat loss, and is therefore    )RU H[DPSOH XVHUV EHOLHYH FKDPHOHRQV KROG considered to be a hotspot for conservation priority magical powers, monitor lizards harbour the souls of (Myers et al., 2000). It has 29 endemic species (21 reptiles ancestors, and that monitor lizard heads are a potent DQGHLJKWPDPPDOV  )UDQFKLPRQWDQG6DDGDRXL  WDOLVPDQ DJDLQVW VQDNH ELWHV +LJK¿HOG DQG %D\OH\ and is home to the Barbary Macaque Macaca sylvanus,    %HOO¶V 'DEE /L]DUG Uromastyx acanthinura is the only non-human African primate north of the Sahara. WKRXJKWWREULQJJRRGOXFNWRDQHZKRXVHKROGFOHDQHG 0RURFFR¶VSUR[LPLW\WR(XURSHFRXSOHGZLWKLWVSRURXV out and dried, they are used as bottles to feed babies borders, makes it a potentially important wildlife trade +LJK¿HOGDQG%D\OH\ /HRSDUGPanthera pardus KXE YDQ/DYLHUHQ 7KHVDOHRIZLOGOLIHLQ0RURFFR VNLQVKDYHEHHQWUDGHGLQ0RURFFR )RJJ&X\WHQ LVLOOHJDODQG\HWODUJHDPRXQWVRIZLOGIDXQDDQGÀRUD  DQGWKHVHDQGWKHGHULYDWLYHVRIRWKHUDQLPDOVDUH DUHDYDLODEOHIRUVDOH7KLVDUWLFOHUHSRUWVRQWKH¿QGLQJV still used in the production of souvenirs and decorations of wildlife surveys undertaken during 2013 in Morocco’s IRUERWKWRXULVWVDQGORFDOSHRSOH +LJK¿HOGDQG%D\OH\ major cities, located in the north-west of the country.  %HQKDUGRX]H et al.,  0DUWLQ DQG 3HUU\

Top: Fig. 1. Skins of Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus, African Rock Python Python sebae and Leopard Panthera pardus hanging outside a shop in Souk Laghzel in Marrakech, Morocco, April–July 2013.

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   Daniel Bergin and Vincent Nijman

DQG'HVHUWL¿FDWLRQ&RQWURO NQRZQDV(DX[HW)RUrWV,Q January 2011, Law No. 29-05 on the Protection of Species of Wild Flora and Fauna and their Trade was promulgated and adopted at national level, although can only be implemented once the relevant Ministries sign the legislation. This law meets the country’s obligations under CITES and provides a list of protected species for which the importation, capture, sale, offer for sale or NLOOLQJLVLOOHJDOZLWKRXWDVSHFL¿FOLFHQFHZLWK¿QHVRI up to MAD100 000 (equivalent to USD12 250 at 2013 H[FKDQJH UDWHV  IRU LOOHJDO WUDGH LQ DQLPDOV OLVWHG LQ CITES Appendix I. Falsifying or misusing permits can OHDGWR¿QHVRIXSWR0$'

DANIEL BERGIN DANIEL METHODS Fig. 2. Map showing cities/towns surveyed in Morocco from July–April 2013. Surveys were conducted between 25 April and 4 July 2013 in all the major cities of north-west Morocco. The Circle size represents the percentage of the overall trade in each town, cities of Fez, Meknes and Rabat were each visited four with empty circles indicating no trade was observed. Thickness of lines WLPHV 0DUUDNHFK ZDV YLVLWHG WKUHH WLPHV 7DQJLHU ZDV joining towns indicates the number of species found in both towns, YLVLWHGWZLFHDQG6DOp(VVDRXLUD7HWRXDQ&KHIFKDRXHQ expressed as a percentage of the town with the smaller volume of trade. &DVDEODQFD (O -DGLGD 6D¿ $JDGLU 7DURXGDQW$VLODK Lighter areas in the pie charts represent the number of specimens found 7D]D DQG 2XMGD ZHUH HDFK YLVLWHG RQFH  0HGLQDV² in each town belonging to species that are protected by Moroccan law. Numbers in brackets represent the number of visits to each market distinct, typically walled, city sections in many North (which may have encompassed several days) and total number of $IULFDQ FLWLHV LQ ZKLFK PDUNHWV DUH RIWHQ IRXQG²ZHUH specimens observed in the city. VXUYH\HG H[KDXVWLYHO\ IRU ZLOGOLIH E\ WKH ¿UVW DXWKRU where these occurred and markets outside the medinas ZHUHYLVLWHGZKHQOHDUQHGDERXW&RQVHUYDWLYHO\WKH¿UVW author checked several thousand shops during the seven- week survey. When possible, both daytime and evening surveys were conducted on the same day in order to 0DUWLQ /DUJHQXPEHUVRI6SXUWKLJKHG7RUWRLVHV minimize the chances of stalls or shops being overlooked. are traded to supply the international demand for these The number of specimens of mammals and reptiles reptiles as pets (Znari et al6KLSS DVDUH was recorded where possible, with only positive %DUEDU\0DFDTXHV YDQ/DYLHUHQ:DWHUV  LGHQWL¿FDWLRQV LQFOXGHG LQ WKLV UHSRUW DOWKRXJK ZLOG Elephant ivory is traded in relatively small amounts PHDWZDVQRWDFWLYHO\VHDUFKHGIRU DQGQRQHZDVVHHQ  0DUWLQDQG3HUU\0DUWLQ  While small amounts of ivory items were observed in While the illegal wildlife trade in Morocco has been 0DUUDNHFKDQG)H]E\0DUWLQDQG3HUU\0DUWLQ   widely investigated, most studies have primarily focused investigation into the availability of ivory items was not on one species only, are based on single visits often to a focus for the current survey, investigation of which just one market or on chance observations. Here, the involves a different search strategy and the monitoring of authors report on the trade in mammals and reptiles in antique shops and gemstone outlets. Morocco based on observations in 17 cities over a two- Representative prices were obtained opportunistically. PRQWKSHULRGLQZLWKUHSHDWVXUYH\VLQ¿YHRIWKHVH In many outlets, it was not possible to discuss the cost cities. Large quantities of specimens were observed, of items with the vendors without serious interest being including 2000 live animals and hundreds of whole, shown in purchasing them, which the authors wanted to stuffed animals, skins, carapaces, and horns. avoid. Prices of many goods in Moroccan markets tend WRGURSTXLWHVLJQL¿FDQWO\LIWKHFXVWRPHUHQWHUVLQWRD LEGISLATION discussion with the vendor but this was not deemed appropriate because there was concern that an interest Morocco has made commitments to protect its native in the wildlife could potentially stimulate the trade. wildlife, although these are not always adequately enforced. Vendors also frequently become disgruntled if the item The country has been a Party to CITES (Convention on in question is not bought after the price has been lowered. International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna Therefore only starting prices were recorded. DQG)ORUD VLQFHEXWLVVWLOOFODVVL¿HGDV&DWHJRU\ 7KHRI¿FLDOH[FKDQJHUDWHDWWKHWLPHRIWKHVXUYH\ which means that the implementing legislation does not was MAD1=USD0.12. When possible, pictures were PHHW DOO RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQ¶V UHTXLUHPHQWV  7KH RI¿FLDO WDNHQWRFRQ¿UPLGHQWL¿FDWLRQ&RQVHUYDWLYHO\DQLPDOV body for wildlife conservation and management is Le Haut or their parts observed during repeat visits that could &RPPLVVDLUH DX[ (DX[ HW )RUrWV HW j OD /XWWH &RQWUH OD represent the same item or individual were included only 'pVHUWL¿FDWLRQ 7KH +LJK &RPPLVVLRQ IRU:DWHU )RUHVWV once. Deer antlers and porcupine quills were excluded

66 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R 

Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco’s Markets 18–144 120–500

289–2 643**  1 202

1 3 1 lizards may may lizards Uromastyx 48 otection status, the form the form otection status,

3 2 2 8  2 15 67 37



2 1 ist (2014). Notes: * Reports from 2003 suggest a possible * Reports from Notes: ist (2014). HGJHKRJ XDOLW\‚/LYHLQGLYLGXDOVZHUHDOOLGHQWLÀHGDV1RUWK$IULFDQ+ 

species in trade although other Uromastyx ‚‚7KHPRVWOLNHO\ (I) 1 (I) 1 1 (I) (II) 1650 72 1–4 72 1650 (II) (II) 12 12 (II) (II) 3 (I/II) 8 12 12 8 (I/II) (II) 3 (II) 103 314 6–48 314 103 (II) LC LC

NT (I) ,  VU (I)

Paraechinus aethiopicus Paraechinus No Yes LC LC CR Yes Yes Yes

Ye s LC LC Ye s Native to Native in Protected IUCN Red List Live Whole Skin / Head / Price range Morocco Morocco Morocco Appendix) (CITES animal carapace Horns (USD) Extinct* Yes

Yes Yes Yes 7 (I) griseus Yes Varanus 5 2 Yes Yes VU Yes Yes graeca Testudo Python sebae Yes Yes Herpestes ichneumon ella dorcas Hystrix cristata †† Yes †† Yes acanthinura Uromastyx Yes (II) 34 115 3 12–24 sp. sp. Macaca sylvanus Genetta genetta Genetta genetta Lutra lutra lutra Lutra Hyaena hyaena Hyaena

Felis silvestrisFelis Gaz Canis aureus Mustela nivalis Cervus elaphus Yes Yes Sus scrofa Vulpes vulpes Vulpes Panthera pardus Panthera also have been present. been present. also have Species Gazelle Dorcas rate 1 MAD=0.12 USD). in US dollars (exchange given prices, being sold and representative were in which they IUCN Red L (Source: Endangered CR = Critically EN = Endangered, Vulnerable, VU = Threatened, NT = Near LC = Least Concern, Key: UHH[SHQVLYHVSHFLPHQVZHUHODUJHUDQGRIVLJQLÀFDQWO\EHWWHUT VPDOOUHOLFWSRSXODWLRQRIÀYHLQGLYLGXDOV &X]LQ  0R UW+HGJHKRJ Atelerix algirus VNLQVFRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\KDYHEHHQHLWKHUWKLVVSHFLHVRU'HVH Wild Boar Barbary Stag dama Dama Gazelle Nanger Red Fox Red Fox Leopard Leopard Desert Monitor Lizard 8QLGHQWLÀHGWXUWOH&KHORQLLGDHVS No LC niloticus No Crocodylus Nile Crocodile Terrapin Pond European Egyptian Mongoose leo Lion Panthera Serval Leptailurus serval Barbary Ground Squirrel Barbary Squirrel Ground North African Hedgehog Porcupine Crested Armadillo Dasypus Spur-thighed Tortoise Tortoise Spur-thighed Common Genet Golden Jackal Striped Hyaena Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon and international pr national status in Morocco, showing 2013, April–July from in Morocco of 17 cities/towns in the markets Species found 1. Table Barbary Macaque Bell’s Dabb Lizard Dabb Lizard Bell’s African Rock Python African Wildcat Least Weasel European Otter European

TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 26 No. 2 (2014) 67 Daniel Bergin and Vincent Nijman

from the survey as they could have been shed naturally. the relative importance of each city in the trade, and the Cities and towns were compared in terms of overall percentage of species shared between cities is represented numbers and the variety of wildlife sold. in Fig. 2. The percentage overlap of wildlife species for sale in nearby towns was determined by establishing what DISCUSSION percentage of the species present in the smaller market was present in the larger market.  7KLV LV RQH RI WKH ¿UVW GHWDLOHG VXUYH\V RI ZLOGOLIH trade in Morocco, focusing on all species being offered RESULTS for sale with the exception of elephant ivory and wild meat. The number of species observed, and for many The majority of wildlife on sale in the markets individual species the number of individuals or items surveyed tended to be concentrated in one area. Outside REVHUYHG DUH VLJQL¿FDQWO\ ODUJHU WKDQ SUHYLRXV VLQJOH this area, specimens were more dispersed but still present. species or single market reports suggest. Open trade was In total, 171 shops were found selling wildlife or wildlife- observed in 15 of the 17 towns visited, with particularly GHULYHGSURGXFWVLQDOOEXWWZRFLWLHV²(VVDRXLUDDQG(O large volumes of trade in Marrakech, Casablanca, Rabat -DGLGD²DOWKRXJKIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQVLQWKHVHWZRFLWLHV and Tangier. This widespread openness of the trade may uncover wildlife for sale. Wildlife was displayed is suggestive of a lack of prosecution as the vendors prominently in the shops in which it was sold, often being evidently see no reason to hide the goods. hung on the façade of the shop or placed at the front of the A high number of specimens and a wide range of VWDOO )LJ )DNHSHOWVRIZKLFKDODUJHQXPEHUZHUH carnivore species were observed. Red Fox Vulpes vulpes REVHUYHGZHUHJHQHUDOO\HDVLO\LGHQWL¿DEOHDQGYHQGRUV skins were particularly abundant despite their protected did not claim that they were real and even readily supplied status in Morocco. It was especially disconcerting to the information that they were painted when enquiries observe 37 Leopard skins in the markets given that the were made. Vendors freely offered to sell the products Leopard has been extirpated from most, if not all of to tourists, often claiming it was legal or “not a problem” 0RURFFR &X]LQ 7KHDXWKRUVIRXQG0DUUDNHFK to bring across international borders. Shops in which and Taroudant to be centres of the Leopard skin trade. wildlife was observed almost always sold other products 6KLSS  REVHUYHG/HRSDUGVNLQVLQ0DUUDNHFK as well, and in most cases these products were the ones LQ DQ XQNQRZQ QXPEHU RI VKRSV  &X\WHQ   EHLQJRIIHUHGE\YHQGRUVWRWKH¿UVWDXWKRU observed eight Leopard skins in Marrakech compared Marrakech was found to be the city with the most trade, to the 10 seen during the current survey. By comparing with 707 specimens offered for sale, almost 200 specimens photographs taken in 2011 and sent to the authors by K. more than Casablanca, the next largest centre for trade. There Cuyten, it appears that between four and seven of the ZHUHWZRPDLQDUHDVRIZLOGOLIHWUDGHLQ0DUUDNHFK²RQH shops observed selling Leopard skins during this survey in Souk Laghzel in the main tourist thoroughfare catering no longer do so, or sell fewer than previously observed. to tourists and locals alike, and one in Mellah, the “spice 7KHDXWKRUVZHUHQRWDEOHWR¿QGDQ\UHFHQWUHSRUWVRI market”, which appeared to be more medicinally orientated trade in Lion Panthera leo skins within Morocco and and targeted more towards local customers. The level of given that the species became extinct in the country at wildlife trade in the city of Taroudant was relatively low least 50 years ago (Black et al   WKH VNLQV PRVW EXWWKHDXWKRUVREVHUYHGDVLJQL¿FDQWQXPEHURI/HRSDUG likely had been imported from elsewhere in Africa. Only VNLQV QLQHRXWRIWKHWRWDORIUHFRUGHGGXULQJWKHVXUYH\  two Leopard and one Lion-derived products have been including ones hidden from view by other Leopard skins legally imported as hunting trophies and for personal use and which could not be counted. LQWR0RURFFRRYHUWKHODVWGHFDGH $QRQ  The live animal trade comprised eight species and Of the ungulates, only Dorcas Gazelle Gazella dorcas 1872 individuals, the most numerous of which were Spur- occurred in abundance, the horns in particular. The total WKLJKHG 7RUWRLVHV   IROORZHG E\ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ number of Dorcas Gazelles in Morocco has been estimated &KDPHOHRQV   7UDGH LQ DQLPDO SDUWV LQYROYHG  DWEHWZHHQDQGLQGLYLGXDOV &X]LQ VXJJHVWLQJ species, the most numerous of which were Mediterranean that the 61 individuals observed during this survey may &KDPHOHRQV  LWHPV  DQG %HOO¶V 'DEE /L]DUG  represent 8–30% of the remaining population if they were not LWHPV  $ VXPPDU\ RI WKH REVHUYHG WUDGH LV JLYHQ LQ imported specimens. The presence of a single Dama Gazelle 7DEOH7KHPDMRULW\  RIWUDGHREVHUYHGZDVLQ Nanger dama LV VLJQL¿FDQW DV WKH VSHFLHV LV FODVVL¿HG DV species native to Morocco, with 118 of the specimens Critically Endangered and the Moroccan population is very belonging to species from elsewhere, including ones that likely extinct in the wild (Cuzin et al.,   have become extinct in Morocco. Almost 93% of the Reptiles were overwhelmingly the most numerous animals native to Morocco seen in the markets during live animals for sale in the markets and Spur-thighed this study are protected under Moroccan law. Tortoises were found in especially large numbers. The Some cities exhibited a strong overlap in species latest assessment of this species for the IUCN Red List FRPSRVLWLRQ²XS WR ²ZKHUHDV RWKHUV GLVSOD\HG of Threatened Species was undertaken in 1996 and needs different sets of species in their markets. The time spent updating. The authors’ data suggest that trade could be in each city, the percentage of animals of protected a clear threat to local populations of this species. From species relative to the overall numbers of animals seen, WKH RQH PDUNHW²0DUUDNHFK²IRU ZKLFK TXDQWLWDWLYH

68 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco’s Markets

Fig. 3. A stand in typically had 10 to 20 carapace banjos on display. The Meknes, Morocco, total number observed in these towns amounted to some selling medicinals 1500 over a two-month period. Based on their cursory which included REVHUYDWLRQVLQWKHHDUO\V+LJK¿HOGDQG%D\OH\ animal products,  VWDWHGWKDWWKHREVHUYDWLRQVIURPDFFRUGHG observed between closely with their own experiences and suggested that April and July 2013. the scale of this trade had not diminished between the 1980s and 1990s. However, it is apparent from the current surveys that a clear change in use has occurred over the last two decades. Given that large numbers of specimens of this species are observed in trade, the Photograph: decline in the number of tortoiseshell banjos on sale Daniel Bergin is most likely owing to a change in demand, possibly attributable to these items falling out of fashion. comparative data are available, it appears that numbers of WRUWRLVHVDUHORZHUWKDQWKH\ZHUHLQ 6KLSS Trade routes Znari et al    $W D JOREDO OHYHO 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Chameleons have recently been assessed as being of Over 100 specimens, representing seven species, Least Concern (Vogrin et al.,  EXWWKHGDWDIURPWKH DUH QRW RU DUH QR ORQJHU  QDWLYH WR 0RURFFR DQG Moroccan markets may suggest that, at the local level, therefore must have been imported. In all but one WUDGHFRXOGKDYHDVLJQL¿FDQWLPSDFWRQWKHLUFRQVHUYDWLRQ case (Armadillo Dasypus VS  WKHVH DQLPDOV KDYH In fact, if all the stuffed chameleons observed are derived ranges that include Central or West Africa. This from populations close to the trading centres, this may suggests a potential trade route in or through this area. lead to local extinctions. Leopards, Lions and crocodiles have been declared Comparing the present survey to previous ones, it extinct in Morocco and the trade in these species is is relevant to note where and how the trade in wildlife likely to be of specimens that are either very old or has changed over time. For example, in the thousands have been imported. Although some of the Leopard of shops surveyed, only 32 banjos constructed using skins, especially those in Taroudant, were in a poor the carapaces of Spur-thighed Tortoises (also known as FRQGLWLRQ²SRWHQWLDOO\DWWULEXWDEOHWRDJH²WKRVHLQ)H] WRUWRLVHVKHOO EDQMRV  ZHUH REVHUYHG LQ  VKRSV DQG and Marrakech appeared fresher. The high numbers of judged separately, this did not appear to be an important Leopard skins in Taroudant could also indicate trade component of the wildlife trade in Morocco. In the past, routes from the south, although this hypothesis is not WKLVZDVFOHDUO\YHU\GLIIHUHQW/DPEHUW  UHIHUUHGWR upheld by the complete lack of Leopard skins in Agadir, large numbers of tortoiseshell banjos produced in Tetouan where vendors claimed not to believe that they could and estimated that annually around 10 000 Spur-thighed be bought in Morocco. The number of specimens of Tortoises were killed to supply the demand for this trade. each species shared between cities does not provide a +LJK¿HOG DQG %D\OH\   FLWLQJ DQ XQSXEOLVKHG strong-enough basis for assumptions and no obvious report from 1983, reported that each of a large number conclusion can be drawn from the amount of crossover of souvenir shops in Agadir, Marrakech and Tangier, of species between cities.

THE NUMBER OF DORCAS GAZELLES GAZELLA DORCAS OBSERVED DURING THE SURVEY IS ESTIMATED TO REPRESENT BETWEEN 8-30% OF MOROCCO’S POPULATION OF THIS SPECIES.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The amount of wildlife found in trade in the 15 cities surveyed in Morocco is substantial. Due to the methodologies employed in the survey and the nature of the trade, the real volumes of live animals are frequently underrepresented in market surveys as they do not account for animals used or sold before they reach the markets (Allebone-Webb et al.,  3HUH] et al    )RU selected species, such as Leopards, Dorcas Gazelles or Spur-thighed Tortoises, the volumes observed clearly LQGLFDWHWKDWWUDGHPD\KDYHDVLJQL¿FDQWQHJDWLYHLPSDFW on these species. Furthermore, the observations of species that have been declared extinct in Morocco, as well as

DORCAS GAZELLES: MARTIN HARVEY / WWF-CANON HARVEY DORCAS GAZELLES: MARTIN Critically Endangered species, are of particular concern.

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   Daniel Bergin and Vincent Nijman

The trade in wild animals in Morocco is an illegal &X]LQ)  /HVJUDQGVPDPPLIqUHVGX0DURFPpULGLRQDO activity and should be treated as such. Very few shops +DXW $WODV $QWL $WODV HW 6DKDUD  3K' GLVVHUWDWLRQ were exclusively selling wildlife and, for most, the University of Montpellier. volume of non-wildlife products was substantially larger &X]LQ)6HKKDU($DQG:DFKHU7  (WXGHSRXUO¶pODERUDWLRQ than that of wildlife products. For many traders, wildlife GH OLJQHV GLUHFWULFHV HW G¶XQ SODQ G¶DFWLRQ VWUDWpJLTXH SRXU OD appeared to be an auxiliary business and the display of FRQVHUYDWLRQ GHV RQJXOpV DX 0DURF +DXW &RPPLVVDULDW DX[ ZLOGOLIH LQ SDUWLFXODU RI VNLQV²ZKLFK KDYH D ORZHU (DX[HW)RUrWVHWjOD/XWWH&RQWUHOH'pVHUWL¿FDWLRQ +()/&'  WXUQRYHULQVDOHVFRPSDUHGZLWKOLYHDQLPDOV²LVDPHDQV 3URMHW GH *HVWLRQ GHV $LUHV 3URWpJpHV 3*$3  HW %DQTXH to draw in customers. Stricter controls and more rigorous 0RQGLDOH*OREDO(QYLURQPHQW)DFLOLW\ *() 9RO implementation of the new wildlife protection legislation )RJJ:  $WULEDOPDUNHWLQWKH6SDQLVK]RQHRI0RURFFR E\ RI¿FLDOV DW (DX[ HW )RUrWV VKRXOG OHDG WR D IXUWKHU Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 11:428–58. shift away from the sale of wildlife products without )UDQFKLPRQW-DQG6DDGDRXL(  eWXGHQDWLRQDOHVXU having too much of a negative impact on the livelihood OD ELRGLYHUVLWp 5DSSRUW GH V\QWKqVH Rabat: Secrétariat of most traders. This shift would be further facilitated G¶eWDW&KDUJpGHO¶(QYLURQQHPHQW. by effective prosecution of offenders and appropriate +LJK¿HOG$DQG%D\OH\-  7KHWUDGHLQWRUWRLVHGHULYHG sentencing. Although it is reported (Anon., pers comm., souvenir products in Morocco. TRAFFIC Bulletin  ±  0DUFK   WKDW QR ZLOGOLIH RU UHODWHG SURGXFWV DUH +LJK¿HOG $ DQG %D\OH\ -   )RONORUH P\WK DQG openly on display in Ceuta, the authors recommend that exploitation of Snakes in Morocco and Tunisia. Tortoise any future wildlife trade surveys conducted in Morocco Trust. Available from: http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/ include the exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. For example, exploit.html. Viewed on 29 November 2013. Benhardouze et al.  LQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHPDULQHWXUWOH /DPEHUW0  7RUWRLVHGUDLQLQ0RURFFROryx 10:161–166. trade in Morocco, reported trade links to Ceuta. As /DYLHUHQ(YDQ  7KHLOOHJDOWUDGHLQ%DUEDU\0DFDTXHV DXWRQRPRXV 6SDQLVK DQG WKHUHIRUH (XURSHDQ  FLWLHV LQ from Morocco and its impact on the wild population. 1RUWK$IULFDWKHÀRZRIZLOGOLIHWKURXJKWKHVHFHQWUHV TRAFFIC Bulletin  ± would have direct relevance for international wildlife 0DUWLQ(DQG3HUU\0DUWLQ&  7RXULVWVXQGHUZULWH0RURFFR¶V WUDI¿FNLQJ illegal trade in wildlife artefacts. Swara -XO±6HS ± Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS *$ DQG .HQW -   %LRGLYHUVLW\ KRWVSRWV IRU conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. The authors thank Mohamed Amezian, Els van 3pUH],*LPpQH]$6iQFKH]=DSDWD-$$QDGyQ-'0DUWÕnez,ғ Lavieren and Koen Cuyten for information on the trade M., and Esteve, M.È   1RQFRPPHUFLDO FROOHFtion of in wildlife in Morocco, and Els van Lavieren, Kim spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca graeca: a cultural problem Lochen and an anonymous reviewer for comments and in southeast Spain. Biological Conservation 118:175–181. suggestions for improvement. 6KLSS $   :LOGOLIH IRU VDOH LQ 0DUUDNHFK 0RURFFR TRAFFIC Bulletin   REFERENCES 9RJULQ0&RUWL&3pUH]0HOODGR96i6RXVD3&KH\ODQ M., Pleguezuelos, J., Baha El Din, S. and Al Johany, Allebone-Webb, S.M., Kümpel, N.F., Rist, J., Cowlishaw, G., $0+  Chamaeleo chamaeleon,Q,8&1   5RZFOLIIH-DQG0LOQHU*XOODQG(  8VHRIPDUNHW IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. data to assess bushmeat hunting sustainability in Equatorial www.iucnredlist.org. Viewed on 21 February 2014. Guinea. Conservation Biology 25:597–606. :DWHUV6  (XURSH¶VRWKHUSULPDWHZooQuaria 75:22–23. Alves, R.R.N., Vieira, W.L.S., Santana, G.G., Vieira, K.S. =QDUL 0 *HUPDQR ' DQG 0DFp -&   *URZWK DQG 0RQWHQHJUR 3)*3   +HUSHWRIDXQD XVHG LQ and population structure of the Moorish tortoise Testudo traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. In: graeca graeca in Westcentral Morocco: possible effects $OYHV551DQG5RVD,/ (GV Animals in Traditional of over-collecting for the tourist trade. Journal of Arid Folk Medicine: Implications for Conservation. Springer (QYLURQPHQWV 62:55–74. Berlin Heidelberg. Pp.109–133. $QRQ   &,7(6 7UDGH 'DWDEDVH www.cites.org/eng/ resources/trade.shtml. Viewed on 1 December 2013. Benhardouze, W., Tiwari, M., Aksissou, M., Viseux, B. and *RGIUH\ 0+   1RWHV IURP SUHOLPLQDU\ PDUNHW surveys in Morocco. Marine Turtle Newsletter 104:8–9. Black, Simon A., Fellous, A., Yamaguchi, N. and Roberts, D.L.  ([DPLQLQJWKHH[WLQFWLRQRIWKH%DUEDU\OLRQDQGLWV implications for felid conservation. PloS One 8(4 H Daniel Bergin and Vincent Nijman, Oxford Wildlife &X\WHQ.  /HRSDUGVNLQWUDGHLQ0DUUDNHFK$UHSRUW Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, for the Re-wilding Foundation. Available from: http://www. Oxford, UK. rewildingfoundation.org/2011/09/20/leopard-skin-trade-in- (PDLOVGDQLHOEHUJLQ#JPDLOFRPYQLMPDQ#EURRNHVDFXN marrakech/. Viewed on 29 November 2013.

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