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Albania's Quest for the Eu Membership and The ALBANIA’S QUEST FOR THE EU MEMBERSHIP AND THE PROLONGED INTEGRATION PROCESS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ELDA KURTI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS August, 2013 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş (METU, IR) Assist. Prof. Dr. Özlen Çelebi (HACET. UNI, IR) Dr. Şerif Onur Bahçecik (METU, IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Elda, Kurti Signature : iii ABSTRACT ALBANIA’S QUEST FOR THE EU MEMBERSHIP AND THE PROLONGED INTEGRATION PROCESS Kurti, Elda MSc., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Mustafa Türkeş August 2013, 99 pages The main aim of this thesis is to analyze Albania’s ongoing EU integration process and to consider Albania’s bid for the EU membership. This study, by providing an overview of Albania-EU relations in time and presenting an analysis of the stances of the social forces in the country regarding the EU integration process, aims to reveal the existence or not of a hegemonic pro-membership perspective in this regard. In addition, an analysis of the EU’s stance towards this Albania’s quest for the EU membership is to be considered as the other side of the same coin and as such, it is to be essential in the understanding of the process indeed. This thesis considers the integration theories as insufficient in explaining the Albania’s EU integration process and thus tries to make an analysis of it by reading it through the lenses of neo-Gramscian perspectives. Whereas a pro-membership perspective seems to be at work on the Albania side, though a very fragile hegemony, the absence or lack of it on the EU side has resulted in a prolonged integration process for the country. The thesis thus argues that Albania’s EU integration is an open-ended process. Keywords: EU integration, hegemony, neo-Gramscian perspectives, open-ended process, membership quest. iv ÖZ ARNAVUTLUĞUN AB ÜYELİK ARAYIŞI VE UZAYAN ENTEGRASYON SÜRECİ Kurti, Elda Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş Ağustos 2013, 99 sayfa Bu tezin amacı Arnavutluk'un devam eden AB entegrasyon sürecini ve AB adaylık başvurusunu analiz etmektir. Bu çalışma, Arnavutluk-AB ilişkileri hakkında genel bir açıklama sunarak ve ülkedeki sosyal güçlerin AB entegrasyon sürecindeki politik tutumlarını göz önünde bulundurarak, pro- üyelik hegemonik bir perspektifin var olup olmadığını tespit etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Ek olarak, Arnavutluk'un AB üyelik macerasına yönelik AB'nin tutumunun bir analizi de madalyonun öteki yüzü olarak görülmeli ve sürecin anlaşılmasında önemli bir etken olarak anlaşılmalıdır. Bu tezde, entegrasyon teorileri Arnavutluk'un AB'ye entegrasyon sürecini açıklamada yetersiz görülmektedir ve bu nedenle süreç, neo-Gramsci'ci bakış açılarından analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Oysa pro-üyelik perspektif Arnavutluk tarafında, oldukça kırılgan bir hegemonya da olsa, işe yarar gibi görülürken, bunun AB tarafında yokluğu veya eksikliği ülkenin entegrasyon sürecinin uzamasına neden olmaktadır. Tez, böylece, Arnavutluk'un AB entegrasyonunu ucu açık bir süreç olarak ele almaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: AB entegrasyonu, hegemonya, neo-Gramşiyan perspektifleri, ucu açık bir süreç, üyelik arayışı. v To My Parents vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş for his guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout the research. He has not only been an excellent mentor to me but has also had a clear imprint on my academic development providing me with a constant source of inspiration. I would also like to thank the members of the examining committee, Assist. Prof. Dr. Özlen Çelebi and Dr. Şerif Onur Bahçecik for their precious suggestions and comments. I offer my sincere thanks and endless gratitude to my family for their love, constant encouragement and support throughout my education. Special thanks belong to my little niece Isla, for the joy and happiness she brought into my life. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ.....................................................................................................................................v DEDICATION............................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................. viii LIST OF ABREVIATIONS........................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 2. ASSESSING EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: INTEGRATION THEORIES AND NEO-GRAMSCIAN PERSPECTIVES.............................................................. 9 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Integration Theories Analyzing European Integration.............................. 11 2.2.1 Federalism.................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Functionalism................................................................................ 14 2.2.3 Neo-functionalism......................................................................... 14 2.2.4 Intergovernmentalism.................................................................... 16 2.3 Assessing Integration Theories.................................................................. 17 2.4 European Integration Through the Lenses of Neo-Gramscian Perspectives............................................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Hegemony Concept....................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Historic Block................................................................................23 2.4.3 Passive Revolution........................................................................ 25 2.5 Conclusion................................................................................................ 25 3. SHIFTING EUROPEAN ENLARGEMENT STRATEGIES........................... 27 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 27 viii 3.2 Historical Evolution of the EU Enlargement........................................... 28 3.3 Assessing Enlargement Strategies............................................................ 31 3.3.1 Early Phases of Enlargement........................................................ 31 3.3.2 Central Eastern Europe and South Eastern Europe Enlargements......................................................................................... 32 3.3.3 The Western Balkans Enlargement.............................................. 34 3.3.4 Shifting Conditionality................................................................. 36 3.4 Conclusion................................................................................................. 38 4. ALBANIA HEADED TO THE EUROPEAN UNION...................................... 39 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 39 4.2 Historical Background of Albania-EU Relations...................................... 40 4.2.1 Pre – SAA Period : The Preparatory Stage.................................. 40 4.2.2 Post – SAA Period : The Pre-Negotiations Stage........................ 43 4.3 Albanian Social Forces Considering Integration....................................... 47 4.3.1 Political Parties and Leaders........................................................ 49 4.3.2 The Governing Actors.................................................................. 51 4.3.3 Civil Servants............................................................................... 53 4.3.4 NGOs............................................................................................ 54 4.3.5 Trade Unions................................................................................. 57 4.3.6 Business Associations................................................................... 57 4.3.7 The Intelligentsia........................................................................... 58 4.3.8 The Media...................................................................................... 59 4.4 Assessing Expectations
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