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Libraries & Turbulence University of Kentucky From the SelectedWorks of Lauren E. Robinson Winter 2018 Libraries & Turbulence: Poster Art During Social and Political Unrest Lauren E Robinson Available at: https://works.bepress.com/lauren_robinson/7/ FEATURE K ENTUCKY L IBRARY A SSOCIATION Libraries & Turbulence Poster Art during Social and Political Unrest BY LAUREN ROBINSON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES LIBRARIAN KORNHAUSER HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY 14 UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE Posters adorn the walls of our streets, reflect our environment, The societal revolutions and social activism of twentieth-century color our imagination, shape our ideologies, channel dreams, America utilized posters as a form of communication for the disen- excite desires, illustrate harsh realities, and can offer a voice to franchised, and often commented on political corruption, societal the voiceless. Posters communicate the principles and undercur- inequalities, and the growth of economic inequity. Poster art was rents that shape and govern a society due to their inherently often “the catalyst or precursor” to these significant political and cheap and mobile nature. The indispensable lesson posters offer social changes (Cowick 29). is not in their overt message, but in what they depict about a society, its cultural and social issues. Poster art can provide a unique glimpse into the psyche of people living through political and social upheaval. Posters can define generations, cross ethnic and sectarian lines, transcend literacy boundaries, and perhaps ultimately give viewers a different perspective of their own societies. Political and social history were mirrored in the posters lining the streets during the French Revolution, the Nazi occupation of France, the Cultural Revolution in China, the American Civil Rights Movement, the Kent State Vietnam War Protest, the Arab Spring, and countless other periods of social unrest. When examining the turmoil of political and social movements in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the integral place of political poster art in those movements is unmistakable. Yet, LINEN HALL LIBRARY AND NORTHERN IRELAND’S TROUBLES despite its vital nature, poster art is rarely found in historical records due to its ephemerality, the often-secretive nature of its Founded in 1788 as a subscription library, Linen Hall Library creation, and the challenges of collecting and preserving transient remains so to this day (Chepesiuk; Linen Hall Library “About works. The author will draw upon time spent in Northern Ireland Us”). As the last subscribing library in Ireland, Linen Hall Library studying the turbulent information culture to explore the histor- has admirably preserved and embodied “the principle that its ical roots of posters and establish the importance of poster art resources are owned by the community for the community” during social and political turmoil. In particular, one unique (Linen Hall Library “About Us”). Linen Hall is renowned for its collection curated and preserved by Linen Hall Library through- unparalleled and comprehensive holdings regarding the Northern out Northern Ireland’s Troubles will be discussed. Thousands of Ireland conflict and Peace Process, and it all started in a Belfast posters have been lost to time and nature, and without the efforts bar. of libraries and private collectors aggressively acquiring poster art, this form of ephemera will be lost to history and, as a consequence, In 1969, Jimmy Vitty, then the Linen Hall Library Librarian, was to scholarship. handed a civil rights leaflet at a bar in Belfast (Gray; Linen Hall Library “Northern Ireland Political Collection”). That pamphlet POSTER HISTORY initiated the collection and preservation of what has become the Northern Ireland Political Collection, joining the cultural record Poster art originated with the work of a self-taught French artist, of Northern Ireland previously amassed by the Library (Gray). Jules Chéret. His process of eliminating insignificant details and Since 1969, Linen Hall Library has gathered over 350,000 items emphasis on using simplicity to imply an underlying message in their Northern Ireland Political Collection. It is unique as a became the hallmark of poster technique (Barnicoat). His tech- collection formed throughout the armed conflict, as opposed to nical expertise alongside his artistic mastery propelled Chéret into one compiled solely in retrospect (Linen Hall Library “Northern the spotlight. His posters were not only methods of advertisement Ireland History Digitisation Project Commences at the Linen Hall but also extraordinary works of art inspired by French Library;” Linen Hall Library “Northern Ireland Political Impressionism. Collection”). Over the twentieth century, poster art spread from France to Because Northern Ireland’s domestic war was one of the most Austria, Germany, Italy, England, and the United States. contentious and defining conflicts of the twentieth century, the Stylistically, poster art significantly changed after the First World economic, political, and social unrest continues to permeate every War, becoming increasingly driven by political and social ideas. aspect of Northern Ireland’s society. This unrest originated from Russian artists pioneered the poster as a mass-producible object more than 500 years of intertwined British-Irish history. Ulster is and used posters to celebrate social revolutions (Barnicoat). These an ancient Irish province consisting of the nine most northern posters highlighted communist principles and communicated the counties of Ireland, and due to British colonialism remains greatly new goals and policies of the Soviet Union. For the first time in divided by sectarian and economic disparities. modern history, posters served as a form of mass communication for social change. 15 KENTUCKY LIBRARIES • VOLUME 82 • NUMBER 1 The modern state of Northern Ireland was created in 1920 under Project was among its first efforts to share the archival collection. the Government of Ireland Act (European Commission and Office The project catalogued 5,000 political posters from Linen Hall’s for the Promotion of Migrant Integration in the Dept of Justice & collection, and ultimately led to the publication of a CD-ROM Equality & Pobal). Under this Act, six of the nine counties of containing 3,500 digitized posters, a traveling exhibit, and a book Ulster became modern Northern Ireland. With the partitioning, published in 2001 (Gray). The Troubled Images CD-ROM, a Ulster became the heartland of Protestant-Unionist and Irish- remarkable guide to the Troubles, provides political and social Nationalist antagonism. Unionists are Protestant and loyal to the context and contains short descriptions of digitized posters, as well British Crown and Parliament, while Irish Nationalists are as a description of the poster creation process. To provide this Catholic and support the unification of Ireland. detailed information, Linen Hall Library staff searched for, contacted, and interviewed poster designers from both sides of the Though Northern Ireland’s majority sided with the Unionists, a conflict (Gray). These posters are “hugely important, not only in substantial number of terms of their histori- Catholics (approxi- cal significance, but mately 400,000 of a also their visual impact total population of and artistic style” 1,256,561) lived in (Linen Hall Library Ulster (Northern “NI Political Ireland Statistics and Collection and Research Agency). Divided Society: Escalating tensions Northern Ireland between Catholic 1990-1998”). Nationalists and Protestant Unionists In 2016, Linen Hall led to economic, polit- Library announced the ical, and social insta- Divided Society bility. In 1968, Digitisation Project Catholic Nationalists (Linen Hall Library began participating in “Northern Ireland civil rights marches, History Digitisation which ultimately Project Commences at culminated in violent the Linen Hall responses from both Library”). Divided Protestant Unionists Society will consist of and the police force an online searchable (European Com- archive emphasizing mission and Office for content from 1990- the Promotion of 2000. The website Migrant Integration in launched in January the Dept of Justice & 2018, and contains Equality & Pobal). digitized periodicals, What followed was a academic essays, twentieth century enveloped in a battle between Nationalist and educational toolkits, and over 900 political posters (Linen Hall Unionist factions. The confrontation lasted from 1968-1998, Library “NI Political Collection and Divided Society: Northern leaving more than 3,600 people dead and thousands more injured Ireland 1990-1998”). (BBC). This thirty-year descent into violence became known as The Troubles. Many of the items held by Linen Hall Library are ephemeral in nature and would have disappeared without the careful acquisi- The Northern Ireland Political Collection (NIPC) at Linen Hall tion and collection by the librarians and staff of Linen Hall Library houses stickers, leaflets, posters, cards, books, pamphlets, Library. Organizations like Linen Hall – universities, libraries, manifestos, and photographs, and documents the activities and archives – and projects like the Troubled Images and Divided Society views of all parties to the conflict – paramilitaries, political organ- play such a large role in the preservation, dissemination, and izations, community groups, police, and governments. Therefore, appreciation of these historic works of art. Without these organ- the publications housed at Linen Hall provide
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