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Evaluación De La Resistencia a La Fatiga De La Aleación De Aluminio Aa-6061 Tratada Térmicamente Mediante Un Proceso De Envej

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Evaluación De La Resistencia a La Fatiga De La Aleación De Aluminio Aa-6061 Tratada Térmicamente Mediante Un Proceso De Envej UNIVERSIDAD DE CARABOBO FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA EVALUACIÓN DE LA RESISTENCIA A LA FATIGA DE LA ALEACIÓN DE ALUMINIO AA-6061 TRATADA TÉRMICAMENTE MEDIANTE UN PROCESO DE ENVEJECIMIENTO ARTIFICIAL CON PERÍODOS DE 8 Y 10 HORAS. AUTORES: Martínez Motamayor, Javier Enrique Pérez Ramos, Nestor Osue TUTOR: Díaz, Eleazar Valencia, Noviembre del 2008 DEDICATORIA El presente trabajo especial de grado está dedicado primero que nada, a Dios por darme la oportunidad de llegar a donde he llegado y por ser siempre mi fortaleza en momentos de debilidad. En segundo lugar, a toda mi gran familia, pero en especial a mis padres Rubén José Martínez Pisani y Clara Cecilia Motamayor de Martínez, quienes me han enseñado grandes cosas a lo largo de mi vida, haciendo énfasis en los valores y el trabajo duro para alcanzar todas las metas propuestas. También quisiera dedicarlo a mi hermana Valeria Valentina Martínez Motamayor, por su cariño y apoyo incondicional. Por último, pero no menos importante, se lo dedico a mi Alma Mater la Universidad de Carabobo y a mi querido país Venezuela, de los cuales me siento orgulloso de provenir y que por ellos pienso luchar y trabajar para ayudar a que se desarrollen y progresen cada día más. Javier Enrique Martínez Motamayor DEDICATORIA No quiero que culmine mi carrera sin antes dar gracias a dios por darme la fuerza y su eterna compañía en los momentos difíciles de mi carrera. A mis padres que han sido, son y seguirán siendo mi apoyo incondicional cuando necesité un consejo a lo largo de toda mi vida. Darles gracias por todo el amor entregado, el cual mediante sus obras y esfuerzo se preocuparon que no me faltara nada para estudiar y asi no perder mi rumbo para alcanzar mi sueño de ser un Ingeniero Mecánico. Para mí siempre sera un orgullo contar con dos hermanas con valores firmemente establecidos, tales como las ganas de surgir adelante mediante el trabajo honrado y la reinante fraternidad que se hace presente en nosotros, tanto en momentos buenos como en los malos. No puedo dejar de mencionar a mis abuelos que nunca dejaron que me zafara de sus manos sin un buen almuerzo y todo su cariño para retomar las energías. Sin un acrostico pero con mucho cariño quiero dedicar mis años de carrera a mis amigos que siempre me brindaron su compañía y consejos en los momentos en que mas lo nesecitaba, sus casas para estudiar o simplemente para despejar mi mente un rato y pasar un buen rato. Al obtener una baja calificacion en alguna evaluacion me dieron animo para seguir y aprender de los errores. Nestor Osue Perez Ramos AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiéramos agradecer a nuestros padres, hermanas, tíos y abuelos; por todo su apoyo y cariño aportado a lo largo del desarrollo de este trabajo especial de grado. También agradecer a la Universidad de Carabobo por todo el soporte técnico y humano que nos brindó; en especial a nuestro tutor el Prof. Eleazar Díaz, al Prof. David Ojeda, a la Sra. Alicia Bolívar, a María Blan co, Aidarge Miranda, Gribel Abreu y Rubén Pérez, al Supervisor de Vigilancia Leobardo Partidas, al personal de seguridad Carlos Caraballo y Ramón Maldonado, al pe rsonal de mantenimiento, el Sr. Lensi Sevilla y la Srta. Naylet Ibarra, a la Técnico del Laboratorio de Materiales Yosmari Pérez y a la Secretaria del Departamento de Materiales Arelis Barreto. De igual forma, agradecer al Técnico del CIMBUC José Ostos y a la empresa ALUCASA. EVALUACIÓN DE LA RESISTENCIA A LA FATIGA DE LA ALEACIÓN DE ALUMINIO AA-6061 TRATADA TÉRMICAMENTE MEDIANTE UN PROCESO DE ENVEJECIMIENTO ARTIFICIAL CON PERÍODOS DE 8 Y 10 HORAS. Martínez Motamayor, Javier Enrique Perez Ramos, Nestor Osue Tutor: Diaz, Eleazar Universidad de Carabobo. Facultad de Ingeniería. Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica. Departamento de Materiales y Procesos de Fabricación. Resumen En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento a fatiga de la aleación de aluminio AA-6061. Los ensayos de fatiga se realizaron en condiciones de flexión rotativa. Se utilizaron barras calibradas de media pulgada de diámetro (1/2”) y las probetas fueron maquinadas de acuerdo a la norma ASTM-E-606. La población de probetas para los ensayos de fatiga se dividió en tres grupos, utilizando 26 probetas para la condición de envejecimiento artificial durante ocho horas, 26 probetas envejecidas durante diez horas y cinco probetas en estado de solubilización. Dichas probetas solubilizadas formaron parte de una investigación en conjunto. La propiedad mecánica de la resistencia a la fluencia fue determinada acorde con la norma ASTM B-557-02a. La relación entre el esfuerzo alternante y el número de ciclos de vida del material, se determinó con una expresión conocida como la ley de Basquin. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un análisis de algunas superficies de fractura de las probetas ensayadas, por la técnica de microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB). Los resultados indican que para las probetas envejecidas durante ocho y diez horas, las propiedades mecánicas son similares, específicamente, la resistencia a la fatiga, resistencia a la fluencia y dureza. A su vez, la aleación envejecida artificialmente, presentó un incremento en las propiedades mecánicas estudiadas, respecto a la condición de solubilización, lo cual deja de manifiesto que la condición de solubilización es el punto de partida para el incremento de dichas propiedades, en un tratamiento de envejecimiento artificial con los parámetros utilizados. Finalmente, el estudio de las superficies de fractura de las muestras de fatiga, demuestra que los mecanismos de fractura son facetas de clivaje y coalescencia de cavidades (dimples). i ÍNDICE GENERAL CAPÍTULO 1: Planteamiento del problema ................................................................. 1 1.1 Planteamiento del Problema. ............................................................................. 2 1.2 Objetivos. ............................................................................................................ 5 1.2.1 Objetivo General. ......................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Objetivos Específicos. .................................................................................. 5 1.3 Justificación......................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Limitaciones. ....................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Delimitación. ....................................................................................................... 7 CAPÍTULO 2: Marco Teórico ..................................................................................... 9 2.1 Antecedentes de la investigación. ..................................................................... 10 2.2 Bases Teóricas. .................................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Aspectos importantes del Aluminio. .......................................................... 13 2.2.2 Las aleaciones de Aluminio y su designación............................................ 17 2.2.3 Ensayo de tracción. .................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 El Fenómeno de la Fatiga. .......................................................................... 27 2.2.5 Tratamiento tÉrmico por envejecimiento artificial. ................................... 39 2.2.6 Dureza. ....................................................................................................... 51 2.2.7 MetalografÍa eN aleaciones de aluminio.................................................... 55 CAPÍTULO 3: Metodología ....................................................................................... 57 3.1 Técnicas e Instrumentos de Recolección de Datos. .......................................... 58 3.2 Técnicas de Procesamiento y Análisis de Datos. .............................................. 58 3.3 Población de estudio. ........................................................................................ 58 3.4 Caracteristicas de los equipos Utilizados en la Investigación. .......................... 59 ii 3.5 Adquisición del material y Mecanizado de Probetas. ........................................ 64 3.6 Análisis químico del material. ........................................................................... 64 3.7 Tratamiento Térmico. ........................................................................................ 65 3.8 Metalografía....................................................................................................... 67 3.9 Ensayo de Dureza. ............................................................................................. 69 3.10 Ensayo a Tracción. .......................................................................................... 70 3.11 Acabado Superficial. ....................................................................................... 71 3.12 Ensayo a Fatiga. ............................................................................................... 71 3.13 Fractografía. ..................................................................................................... 72 CAPÍTULO 4: Resultados y Análisis .......................................................................... 75 4.1 Análisis químico del material. ........................................................................... 76 4.2 Tratamiento térmico. ........................................................................................
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