Section 1 & 2 – Introduction & History

Home , Augustus Alt, Certificate of freedom, Joseph Lycett, Parramatta

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND The ownership of this project changed during the course of the archaeological program but after completion of the excavation stage. Casey & Lowe were initially commissioned by City of Parramatta to undertaken the archaeological program (2015-2016). Subsequent to this Walker purchased 3 Parramatta Square (3PS) from Council and took over responsibility as applicant and the finalising of the conditions of approval, notably the excavation report and the Heritage Interpretation Plan.

SUMMARY RESULTS Archaeological investigations of the whole of the 3PS study area, focused on salvage excavation of a multiphase site which yielded substantial remains and evidence of post- 1788 land modification, water management, occupation, architecture and artefacts.

The study area was composed of four historic allotments, Lot 28, Lot 1 (181), Lot 30 and Lot 32 (Figure 1.2). The largest allotment, (Lot 30) representing three quarters of the site, was originally granted to John Thorn and later owned notably by local innkeepers John and Harriet Holland. A small portion of Lot 32 to the east of Lot 30 was originally part of the White Horse Inn and then Hilt’s Coaching Service whereas Lot 28 & Lot 1 (181) had various owners and was not developed until the late 19th century. The archaeological remains found and use of each allotment differed across the site reflecting this varied ownership and uses. Unusually for a site in Parramatta it was stratified with considerable build-up of deposits, which included more than 1m of fill in the southwestern area. Most archaeological sites in Parramatta are shallow and more complicated to interpret the archaeology. Notably while there were impacts from the substantial Post Office footings the depth of fills means that archaeology of the c.1822 house partially survived including remains of ironbark timbers, also a very rare survival on early Parramatta sites.

The key archaeological remains included:

Landscape Modification, Agriculture & Climate 1. Development of archaeological and historical understanding relating to the nature of Public or Government Farming in Rose Hill (1789-1790s) during early settlement. Buried topsoil was identified with a low Phosphorous content which means the soil needed to be fertilised by animal manure but none was available in necessary quantities to maintain exhausted soils their continued use was not sustainable. Therefore, public farming needed to keep expanding out beyond the original farming areas, by the clearing and preparation of new grounds for planting. Prior to excavations at 3PS and Western Sydney Stadium clear evidence for low Phosphorous in the original topsoil was historically not understood by the British colonists and therefore it could not be managed. The low Phosphorus means that each crop planting produced a poorer yield as the wheat, corn, oats and other grain absorbed the Phosphorous from the soil. This resulted in poor crop yield making planting on older cleared ground unsustainable. Therefor by July 1790 the original cleared ground was the site of the laying out of the new township, which became Parramatta.

Historically, issues arising from planting in low Phosphorus soil was blamed on drought, heat or heavy rain, although the lack of suitable manure was acknowledged by a few

CASEY & LOWE 3 PARRAMATTA SQUARE (3PS) PARRAMATTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

with farming experience. It is only with the analysis and interpretation of soil from a sealed environment (not impacted by later 19th and 20th-century fertilisers) during the excavation of 3PS were we are able to gain new understanding of early public farming in Parramatta (Rose Hill) and a new framework for understanding these difficulties. Therefore, the archaeological investigation provided new insight through which to interpret the nature and expansion of public farming which is unavailable from the historic records. This report has explored the historical and archaeological context for public farming in Parramatta and offers a fresh way in which to examine its historical development. It also reveals the complexity of achieving successful farming which was essential for sustaining the emergent British colony.

2. Other evidence for land modification included channelisation of a natural drainage line at the northwest corner of the site (Lot 28), initially with an ironbark timber barrier, perhaps as early as c.1800, and subsequently the construction of a sandstone box drain, known as the Town Drain, within the channelised drainage line c.1840 (Figure 3.77). The modification and control of the drainage line to manage the ground water enabled the northern area of the site, which was low-lying, waterlogged and flood prone, to be made habitable and for the first house to be built c.1822.

The discovery of an ironbark timber barrier also led to a new interpretation of the landscape illustrated in the 1793 drawing by Brambilla (Figure 3.12) which shows a very different Parramatta to the one illustrated 16 years later by Evans c.1809, (Figure 3.13). The 1793 drawing shows the landscape of the public farm with drainage ditches to carry water around the fields, with the new 1790 street grid and convict huts lining the streets, also some areas include timber lines which are shorter than fencing. By c.1809 the landscape has been remade into fenced lots with multiple structures lining the street of the township. 3. Evidence was found for early 19th-century (c.1830s) agricultural use of a large area on the south western part of the site (Lot 1 (181)), where rows of plough lines were found dug into the natural A2 horizon subsoil (Figure 3.63). Interestingly, this ploughing activity was only undertaken once which may be related to the soil quality discussed above.

4. Evidence for British introduction of exotic species, was found within buried historic topsoils and drainage fills. Data extracted from these buried topsoils and drainage fills also provided information regarding environmental conditions in the early 19th century which would have affected the efficacy of agricultural activity in the area.

Water Management Due to the flood-prone nature of the site frequent evidence was exposed revealing attempts at water management, including a drainage network in the form of timber-lined and brick drains, a well, a sump and cesspits (Lot 30, Lot 32). There was also evidence for deliberately raising the level of the site for construction purposes on Lot 30. This occurred in two phases of house building, where initially the surface level was raised with sand fills beneath the early c.1822 cottage (Figure 3.103) and then a later levelling event when sand was introduced to raise the construction surface beneath the 1884 terraces Harleyville and Northiam on the eastern side of the site, and a thick clay layer was introduced to raise the working surface beneath the 1888 villa Cranbrook on the western side of the site (Figure 3.245). This late 19th-century phase of construction was undertaken by Harriet Holland.

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Harriet was responsible for constructing initially the two two-storey terraces for rental purposes, then her own large villa home.

Occupation and Structures Early Cottage, c.1822-1884 The earliest evidence for residential occupation of the site was found within Lot 30 as the remains of a timber cottage dating from c.1822 (Figure 2.9). The main evidence for the cottage were postholes and a large ironbark timber baseplate which was mostly intact. The cottage plan had four rooms with a front and rear verandah, substantial remains of a sandstone and sandstock brick fireplace in the original kitchen and the impressions of floor joists in some of the rooms. The cottage underwent several modifications and extensions and was occupied until its demolition in 1884. An extensive underfloor deposit was found associated with the occupation of the cottage which contained a vast array of artefacts including coins, ceramics, glass, bone, shell and miscellaneous artefacts. This deposit was excavated within a grid and wet-sieved which allowed for spatial analysis to be undertaken to aid in the identification of room function. A sandstock brick sump was also found with a timber lined channel draining into the Town Drain on the western side of the cottage which contained quantities of artefacts (deposited to c.1860s) and was possibly associated with George Cavill a long-term owner (1845-1863) and resident of the early cottage.

Modifications to and extension of the cottage were identified in the rebuilding and repurposing of a room at the rear which originally functioned as a kitchen and was then used as a living or dining area when a new kitchen and fireplace was built on the eastern side of the structure c.1850s, presumably by George Cavill (Figure 2.16). This new external kitchen was accessed by a brick paved rear verandah. A small well was found in the front yard to the north of the new kitchen probably constructed at this time. These occupation remains were sealed by the demolition of the cottage and the clay levelling fill introduced for the construction of a new villa home, Cranbrook, built by Harriet Holland in 1888 as her own residence.

Redeveloping the site in the 1880s The remains of the late 19th-century development of Lot 30 included a series of brick footings cut into levelling fills. The footings were associated with three houses including the pair of two-storey terraces on the eastern side of the allotment (Harleyville and Northiam) and the large single-storey villa on the western side (Cranbrook). The levelling fills contained some occupation material that was disposed of as part of the levelling event. These included pits which predated the houses filled with discarded bottles and shoes (Figure 3.239). It is thought that many of the artefacts disposed of in the fills were opportunistic rubbish deposits thrown out by Harriet Holland from the Star Inn, who owned this lot and was building a new villa home. The bottle dumps included 453 bottles, among which were a range of aerated water and cordial bottles, stoneware or ginger beer bottles. Local Parramatta manufactures were: Newling & Walker (110MIC), Hume & Pegrum (5MIC) and C & J Summons (9MIC). Also found were a number of pieces of a matching tableware and teaware ‘Banquet’ made from 1877 as part of a Wedgwood dinner set, other vessels in this pattern were found in later contexts, making a total of 17 vessels from this set (Section 5.5.31).

A limited amount of occupation material from the late-19th century and the early to mid- 20th century was found in the rear yards of the houses. These included the backfilled remains of four brick WC’s (cesspits) located at the rear of Harleyville and Northiam along

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iv with the footings of a building identified as a coach house (Figure 3.293). Artefacts found in the backfill of these cesspits were consistent with their ceasing to operate in the early 20th century. The footings of an outbuilding found at the rear of Cranbrook was identified as a detached laundry/lumber yard (as described in a sale notice for the property). The remains of the late 19th-century development were covered by demolition fills of the superstructure of the buildings, demolished in the late 1950s to erect the Parramatta Post Office. At the eastern side of the site (Lot 32), evidence for occupation associated with Hilt’s Coaching Service 1850s–1860s was found of a series of outbuildings, stables and sandstock brick drains (Figure 2.16). The structures and occupation were represented by postholes, surfaces and pits. The sandstone remains of a late 19th-century outbuilding were also found associated with the 1870s development of the allotment by Catherine Hilt.

At the western side of the site (Lot 28 & Lot 1 (181)) early occupation remains were limited to a large subterranean storage pit cut into the subsoil and backfilled with sandstock brick fragments, the Town Drain and timber channelling, a timber-lined drain leading to the Town Drain, and evidence for agricultural activity in the form of plough-lines. Evidence for later occupation of this part of the site included sandstone wall footings from an outbuilding associated with an 1870s building (Wyverne) and sandstone fence-lines.

Early to mid-20th century occupation was found in the rear yard of Wyverne in the form of plaster filled pits and post holes associated with a fibrous plaster-works operated by Thomas Dalton there from the 1920s.

The remains of the 20th-century use of the site were composed of the substantial concrete footings of the Post Office (Figure 3.332) and associated carpark built in the 1960s and the roadway of Leigh Place constructed as part of the Civic Place carpark development and the Parramatta Central Public Library.

Key people associated with 3PS site The key people associated with the site are:

. Harriet and John Holland, John was a convict who arrived on a 15-year sentence for robbery in 1839. He married Harriet who had arrived with her parents in 1838. Her parents came from a rural background (Section 2.4.1). This was Harriet’s second marriage when she and John were wed in 1849. Harriet built the Phase 5 houses and leased out the two terraces as a source of income. She was responsible for the choices made about the 12-bedroom house and its design and size. Harriet was a skilled needlewoman and made award-winning tapestries. John and Harriet were owners of the Starr Inn on Church Street which Harriet operated into the 1880s. . Harriet had two daughters, who appear to have been closely associated with the house, Harley (Harriet) and Edith. Harley possibly living with Harriet following the death of her husband in 1896. Edith was a musician and composer and was involved in giving concerts and could play the piano and organ. Edith inherited the contents of Harriet’s house which included a piano and an organ. . Henry Cavill who owned Lot 30 and the early cottage from 1845 to 1860 when he transferred its ownership to John Holland but he was to remain there until his death. He committed suicide in 1863 at the Star Inn.

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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1 1.2 CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL & COMPLIANCE 4 1.3 EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY 19 1.4 REPORT METHODOLOGY 21 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 22 1.6 HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE 24 1.7 ARTEFACTS AND SAMPLES 26 1.8 LIMITATIONS 26 1.9 REPORT AUTHORSHIP 27 1.10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 29 1.11 ABBREVIATIONS 29

2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 30 2.1 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE 30 2.2 EARLY SETTLEMENT OF ROSE HILL 30 2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF 3PS 33 2.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LOT 30 43 2.5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LOT 32 67 2.6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LOT 1 (181) & LOT 28 75

3.0 RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 81 3.1 EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY 81 3.2 PHASE 1: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 92 3.3 PHASE 2: ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION 125 3.4 PHASE 3: BEGINNINGS OF BRITISH SETTLEMENT & CHANGING THE LANDSCAPE 129 3.5 PHASE 4: AGRICULTURE & 19TH-CENTURY RESIDENTIAL OCCUPATION 162 3.6 PHASE 4.1: AGRICULTURE & CONSTRUCTION C.1822 – 1850S 164 3.7 PHASE 4.2: LATER OCCUPATION AND EXTENSIONS, 1850S-1870S 255 3.8 PHASE 4.3: DEMOLITION OF EARLY STRUCTURES 1870S – 1880S (LOT 30), CONSTRUCTION ON LOT 28 329 3.9 PHASE 5: LATE 19TH-CENTURY RESIDENTIAL OCCUPATION, 1880S-1950S 345 3.10 PHASE 5.1: CONSTRUCTION AND RESIDENTIAL OCCUPATION 347 3.11 PHASE 5.2: DEMOLITIONS OF HOUSES, LATE 1950S-1960S 434 3.12 PHASE 6: 1960S – 2015 POST OFFICE AND CIVIC PLACE 439

4.0 ARTEFACT OVERVIEW 446 4.1 BACKGROUND & METHODOLOGY 446 4.2 SUMMARY OF ARTEFACTS ACROSS THE SITE 448 4.3 AREA A, LOT 30 454 4.4 AREA B, LOT 30 556 4.5 AREA C, LOT 32 570 4.6 AREA D, LOT 28, 1(181) 578

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4.7 COUNTRIES, MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCERS 593 4.8 BUTTON TYPES 603 4.9 BEAD TYPES 606 4.10 RESEARCH THEMES 610

5.0 RESPONSE TO RESEARCH QUESTIONS 623 5.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 623 5.2 ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE & WATER 627 5.3 CULTURAL CONTACT 642 5.4 LANDSCAPE OF COLONIAL PARRAMATTA 643 5.5 CONVICT AND FREE LIFE IN COLONIAL PARRAMATTA 648 5.6 THE DEVELOPING MIDDLE CLASS 656

6.0 REFERENCES 674 6.1 PRIMARY SOURCES 674 6.2 SECONDARY SOURCES 678

VOLUME 2: SUBSIDIARY REPORTS 1 7.0 TRENCH REPORTS 7.1 AREA A AND A SOUTH 7.2 AREA B 7.3 AREA C 7.4 AREA D

VOLUME 3: SUBSIDIARY REPORTS 2 8.0 SPECIALIST REPORTS 8.1 CERAMICS REPORT 8.2 GLASS REPORT 8.3 FAUNAL MATERIAL REPORT 8.4 SHELL REPORT 8.5 POLLEN REPORT 8.6 SOIL REPORT 8.7 ORGANICS, METAL & BUILDING MATERIALS REPORT

VOLUME 4: SITE PLANS & HARRIS MATRIX 9.0 SURVEY PLANS AND ORTHOPHOTOS 10.0 DETAILED SITE PLANS 11.0 INTERPRETIVE PLANS AND GRAPHICS 12.0 HARRIS MATRIX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS

VOLUME 5: APPENDICES APPENDIX 5.1: LISTS AND REGISTERS Appendix 5.1.1: Context List Appendix 5.1.2: Soil & Pollen List Appendix 5.1.3: Building Materials Sample Register

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Appendix 5.1.4: Digital Photo Register 1 (Canon) Appendix 5.1.5 Digital Photo Register 2 (Nikon) Appendix 5.1.6 Test Trench Register Appendix 5.1.7 Artefact Photo List APPENDIX 5.2 HISTORICAL APPENDICES Appendix 5.2.1: Extracts from Sands Directory APPENDIX 5.3: ARTEFACT TABLES FOR SECTION 4.0

VOLUME 6: ARTEFACT CATALOGUE 6.1: COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 6.2: ANIMAL BONE 6.3: BUILDING MATERIALS 6.4: CERAMICS 6.5: GLASS 6.6: METALS 6.7: MISCELLANEOUS 6.8: ORGANICS 6.9: SHELL

SITE ARCHIVE (DIGITAL ONLY)

Intellectual Property & Copyright Significant amounts of information/analysis/research included in this report was pre- existing and is the property of both Dr Mary Casey and Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd. The Intellectual Property rights and Copyright of this document belong to Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd. The project specific Intellectual Property rights in this report has been licensed to the client for this report and in fulfilment of their statutory obligations.

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Date Client Purpose Authors Reviewed/Authorised Submitted

31/10/2019 Walker Draft issue to Dr Amanda Dusting Dr Mary Casey Heritage Dr Mary Casey, Jill Dr Amanda Dusting NSW Miskella, Rhian Jones, Jill Miskella Sandra Kuiters, Robyn Stocks & others

29/12/2020 Walker Final Dr Amanda Dusting Dr Mary Casey Dr Mary Casey, Jill Dr Amanda Dusting Miskella, Rhian Jones, Jill Miskella Sandra Kuiters, Robyn Robyn Stocks Stocks & others

CASEY & LOWE 3 PARRAMATTA SQUARE (3PS) PARRAMATTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND Casey & Lowe were commissioned by Parramatta City Council to undertake the historical archaeological investigations at 3 Parramatta Square (3PS), 153 Macquarie Street Parramatta, the former Australia Post Office site on the corner of Macquarie Street and Leigh Place. The archaeological resource of the site was assessed as being of both State and local heritage significance. Excavation of the historical archaeological remains was undertaken by Casey & Lowe from October 2015 to March 2016. During this time Comber Consultants Pty Ltd were engaged to undertake the salvage excavation of the Aboriginal archaeological remains.

The study area referred to as 3PS, relates to Lot 1 DP863571 known as 153 Macquarie Street (Former Australia Post Office Building) and Part of Lot 2 DP1192394 known as Civic Place. The site consists of land bounded to the north by Macquarie Street, to the south by the former Parramatta City Library, to the east by PS1 (the University of Western Sydney) and the west by the Leigh Memorial Church Mission Building (Figure 1.1). This report provides details of the background history of Lot 28, Lot 1 (formerly 181), Lot 30, and part of Lot 32.

Figure 1.1: 3PS study area shaded orange over street plan of Parramatta Square prior to the current redevelopment.

CASEY & LOWE 3 PARRAMATTA SQUARE (3PS) PARRAMATTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

The 3PS study area is comprised of three historical lots: Lot 28, Lot 1 (formerly 181), Lot 30 and a narrow portion of Lot 32 (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2: Historic lots Lot 28, Lot 1 (formerly 181), Lot 30 and Lot 32 (outlined in pink) shown with the 3PS study area shaded over the street plan.

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Figure 1.3: Study Area plan: An accurate site location and site plan (with scale and north arrow) and including geo-reference data.

1.2 CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL & COMPLIANCE There were a series of S.140 and S.144 approvals issued for the project. The original S140 approval was for the former post office site:

POST OFFICE SITE/ 153 MACQUARIE STREET . S.2013/S140/19, signed 16/10/2013, Applicant Michael Braithwaite, Alfasi Property Development. It allowed for the salvage of State and local archaeology. . S.2015/S.144/04 amended owner to City of Parramatta, changed applicant and land portion and secondary excavation director. This was the main approval for the project and compliance with this is addressed below (Table 1.1). . S.144/2019/04 which amended applicant, ownership, portion, and other conditions.

LEIGH PLACE / 3PS WESTERN PRECINCT . 2015/S140/1 7 original approval to City of Parramatta for the salvage of archaeology within Leigh Place roadway and footpaths, includes relics associated with the Town Drain. It only allowed for the removal of locally significant archaeology. This permit expires on the 28/7/2020. It is possible there may be some minor works to complete within the western footpath. This report will close out all final conditions of approval for the Leigh Place roadway and footpath.

Table 1.1: Conditions of Approval from S.2015/s144/04

CoA . S.2015/S144/04 Status Comment

1 All works shall be in accordance with the approved All archaeological work research design and methodology outlined in the reports: for the project was undertaken in c) Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd, Archaeological Assessment & accordance with this Heritage Impact Statement, Non-Indigenous Archaeology, 153 Macquarie Street, Parramatta, Report to Alfasi Property requirement. CLOSED Development & Parramatta City Council, August 2013; and OUT

d) Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd, S140 Research Design Non- Indigenous Archaeology 153 Macquarie Street, Parramatta, Report to Alfasi Property Development & Parramatta City

Council, June 2013.

2 This permit is issued for archaeological salvage, testing, monitoring and recording of ‘relics’ and deposits affected by excavations for the construction of a new building development at 153 Macquarie Street, Parramatta and Civic CLOSED Place Parramatta (Lot 1 DP863571 and Lot 2 DP 1192394 OUT (Part of). These investigations will include the removal of archaeological relics and deposits assessed to be of local and State significance.

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CoA . S.2015/S144/04 Status Comment

3 This archaeological approval is valid for five (5) years from Main archaeological the date of approval. Requests for extensions beyond this excavation was time must be made in writing prior to expiry of the permit. completed in March 2017. A minor piece or work may need to be completed in Leigh Place (Western CLOSED Precinct) which is OUT under the other s.1140 approval.

FIELDWORK

4 The Heritage Council of NSW or its delegate must be Email was issued in informed of the commencement and completion of the relation to this archaeological program at least 5 days prior to the commencement and within 5 days of the completion of work CLOSED on site. The Heritage Council and staff of the Office of OUT Environment and Heritage authorised under section 148(1) of the Heritage Act 1977, reserve the right to inspect the site and records at all times and to access any relics recovered from the site.

5 The Applicant must ensure that if substantial intact archaeological deposits or any State significant relics are discovered, work must cease immediately in the affected CLOSED area(s) and the Heritage Council of NSW must be notified. OUT Additional assessment and approval may be required prior to works continuing in the affected area(s) based on the nature of the discovery.

6 Should any Aboriginal ‘objects’ be uncovered by the work, The site was covered by excavation or disturbance of the area is to stop immediately. a permit to HARM under The Excavation Director must inform the Office of the NPW Act which Environment and Heritage in accordance with Section 89A permitted the removal CLOSED of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (as amended). of Aboriginal objects. OUT Works affecting Aboriginal ‘objects’ on the site must not continue until the Office of Environment and Heritage has been informed. Aboriginal ‘objects’ must be managed in accordance with the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974.

7 The Heritage Council of NSW must approve any substantial There were no deviations from the approved research design outlined in substantial deviations the report: for the approved research design. b) Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd, s.140 Research Design Non- CLOSED Indigenous Archaeology 153 Macquarie Street, Parramatta, OUT Report to Alfasi Property Development & Parramatta City Council, June 2013 including extent and techniques of excavations, as an application for the variation or revocation of a permit under section 144 of the Heritage Act 1977.

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CoA . S.2015/S144/04 Status Comment

8 The Applicant must ensure that the approved Primary Dr Mary Casey was Excavation Director, Dr Mary Casey nominated in the present as requested. Section 140 application number 2013/S140/19 and s.144 application number 2015/S144/04, is present at the site CLOSED supervising all ground disturbance activity likely to expose OUT state significant relics. Dr Amanda Dusting is approved as the Secondary Excavation Director for this permit for excavation of locally significant archaeology.

9 The Applicant must ensure that the approved Excavation Archaeological Directors take adequate steps to record to scale and in recording was detail relics, structures and features discovered on the site consistent with these during the archaeological works in accordance with the guidelines. approved research design and current best practice CLOSED guidelines. This work must be undertaken in accordance OUT with the Heritage Council guidelines, How to Prepare Archival Records of Heritage Items (1998) and Photographic Recording of Heritage Items Using Film or Digital Capture (2006). Photographs must be in permanent archive formats as well as digital formats.

10 The Applicant must ensure that the approved Excavation Required briefings were Directors brief all personnel involved in the project about the undertaken at a number requirements of the Heritage Act 1977 in relation to the of stages during the CLOSED proposed archaeological program. This briefing should be project. OUT undertaken prior to the commencement of on-site excavation works.

11 The Applicant must ensure that the approved Excavation City of Parramatta Directors and the excavation team are given adequate Council provided CLOSED resources to allow full and detailed recording to be adequate resources for OUT undertaken to the satisfaction of the Heritage Council. this project.

12 The Applicant must ensure that the site under The site was made archaeological investigation is made secure and that the secure during the CLOSED unexcavated artefacts, structures and features are not archaeological project. OUT subject to deterioration, damage, destruction or theft during fieldwork.

13 The Applicant is responsible for the safe-keeping of all relics This responsibility has In lockable recovered from the site. been explained to storage in Walker and they are 3PS providing an artefact carpark. storage for the three sites they own, 3PS, 4 & CLOSED 6PS and 8PS. Further OUT details to be provided in the final report. The artefacts will be stored within the new building to be completed at 4 S

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CoA S.2015/S144/04 Status Comment

PUBLIC OUTCOMES

14 Throughout the archaeological excavation works and post- All these actions were excavation analysis, the Applicant must ensure that: completed and implemented during a) Appropriate signage to explain the history of the site the life of the and the archaeological excavation works is placed at archaeological project. the site during the work; See Sections 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.3 below. b) A local public information programme is implemented including press releases to ensure the public is informed CLOSED about the project and its outcomes; OUT

c) Free public brochures on archaeological investigation are available on the site for the public to collect. These public brochures must be available from the first week of the archaeological works on the site;

d) The site is fenced in a way that allows the public to view the archaeological remains and works on a daily basis.

15 It is essential that the Applicant and the approved Primary A public Open Day was Excavation Director nominated in the section 140 co-ordinated by City of application number 2013/S140/19 and S144 application Parramatta Council number 2015/S144/04, Dr Mary Casey, allow for and present media team, with opportunities for interpretation, public education and public multiple radio, access to the results of the archaeological investigation newspaper and TV during and upon completion of the works programme. A interviews and stories. CLOSED Public Open Day must be scheduled to take place during a See Section 1.2.4 below. OUT weekend (to facilitate public attendance) and must be advertised at least one week ahead (to facilitate greater public awareness of the opportunity). Details of the proposed Public Open Day(s) during the excavation programme must be submitted to the Heritage Council of NSW or its Delegate approval.

16 The Applicant must ensure that local historical societies and Dr Casey provided the other relevant cultural organisations are formally notified media team with CLOSED and invited to the Public Open Day. appropriate contacts to OUT inform them about the Public Open Day.

ANALYSIS AND REPORTING

17 The Applicant must ensure that the approved Excavation The Casey & Lowe Directors or an appropriate specialist, cleans, stabilises, team has completed CLOSED identifies, labels, catalogues and stores any artefacts this work. OUT uncovered from the site in a way that allows them to be retrieved according to both type and provenance.

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CoA S.2015/S144/04 Status Comment

18 The Applicant must ensure that a summary of the results of The summary report the field work, up to 500 words in length, prepared by the was issued to the approved Excavation Directors, is submitted to the Heritage Heritage Division on 25 Council of NSW for approval within one (1) month of May 2016 to Ms Felicity completion of archaeological field work. This information is Barry. Link to this required in accordance with section 146(b) of the Heritage report: CLOSED Act 1977. http://www.caseyandlo OUT we.com.au/wp- content/uploads/2016/ 03/PS3-153-Macquarie- Street-Parramatta- Preliminary-Results- Report-V2.pdf

19 The Applicant must ensure that a final excavation report is This report fulfils this written by the approved Primary Excavation Director requirement nominated in the section 140 application 2013/S140/19, Dr Mary Casey and s.144 application number 2015/S144/04, to CLOSED publication standard, within one (1) year of the completion OUT of the field based archaeological activity unless an extension of time or other variation is approved by the Heritage Council of NSW in accordance with section 144 of the Heritage Act 1977.

20 The Applicant must ensure that one (1) electronic copy of A hard copy and a USB the final excavation report is submitted on CD to the digital copy have bene Heritage Council of NSW together with two (2) printed provided. copies of the final excavation report. These reports are required in accordance with section 146(b) of the Heritage Act 1977. The Applicant must also ensure that further copies CLOSED are lodged with the local library and/or another appropriate OUT local repository in the area in which the site is located. It is also required that all digital resources (including reports, context and artefact data, scanned field notes, other datasets and documentation) should be lodged with a sustainable, online and open-access repository.

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CoA S.2015/S144/04 Status Comment

21 The Applicant must ensure that the information presented This report fulfils this in a final excavation report includes the following: requirement

a) An executive summary of the archaeological programme;

b) Due credit to the client paying for the excavation, on the title page;

c) An accurate site location and site plan (with scale and north arrow) and including geo-reference data;

d) Historical research, references, and bibliography;

e) Detailed information on the excavation including the aim, the context for the excavation, procedures, treatment of artefacts (cleaning, conserving, sorting, cataloguing, labelling, scale photographs and/or drawings, location of repository) and analysis of the information retrieved;

f) Nominated repository for the items; CLOSED g) Detailed response to research questions (at minimum OUT those stated in the Heritage Council approved Research Design);

h) Conclusions from the archaeological programme. This information must include a reassessment of the site’s heritage significance, and statement(s) on how archaeological investigations at this site have contributed to the community’s understanding of the archaeology of Parramatta, and recommendations for the future management of the site and/or ‘relics’ recovered from the site;

i) Details of how this information about this excavation has been publicly disseminated (for example, provide details about Public Open Days and include copies of press releases, public brochures and information signs produced to explain the archaeological significance of the site).

This information is required in accordance with section 146(b) of the Heritage Act 1977.

INTERPRETATION

22 The Applicant must ensure that at the completion of The installation of the archaeological works, the results of the archaeological Approved Heritage programme are interpreted within the completed Interpretation was redevelopment of the site. This interpretation should help implemented in March the public understand the history and significance of the 2020. The site. The Applicant must ensure that an outline of the on-site archaeological CLOSED interpretation plan, including information on the display and reporting under this OUT housing of artefacts, is submitted to the Heritage Council of approval formed a key NSW or its Delegate for approval within 12 months of the component of the completion of the excavation programme. Final details of reporting. the interpretation plan must be submitted to the Heritage Council of NSW for approval within 6 months of the completion of the final excavation report for the site.

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CoA S.2015/S144/04 Status Comment

23 The Applicant must ensure that after the completion of Finalised archaeological works, the results of the archaeological and programme are interpreted within the completed installed in redevelopment at the 153 Macquarie Street site. This March interpretation should help the public understand the history 2020 and significance of the site. The Interpretation and associated displays must be installed at the site prior to the occupation of any development on the land.

1.2.1 HOARDING SIGNAGE This sign was placed on the hoarding of 3PS during the life of the archaeological program in 2016 and 2017. It was designed and produced by City of Parramatta, the applicant for the project.

Figure 1.4: Hoarding signage erected during the life of the archaeological project in compliance with CoA 14(a).

1.2.2 MEDIA STORIES & LOCAL PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM Below are examples of print media stories published prior to the Open Day in compliance with CoA 14(b). This was a small component of a substantial media campaign (see media release below). Below are four newspaper stories. The media report produced by the Communitarians team for the breadth of the reporting over the week was that there were 14 media stories. These reached a total of 1,200,210 people and was the equivalent of spending $97,107 on advertising, these included:

1. Radio: 2GB Sydney, ABC news 2. TV a. ABC News Sydney x 2 b. ABC News 24 c. Channel 9 news 3. Newspapers: Parramatta Advertiser (4/11/2015 and 11/11/2015), Parramatta Sun (12 and 15/11/2015). 4. Web: ABC Online, ABC Sydney webcast

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1.2.2.1 COUNCIL MEDIA RELEASE Issued as part of the Open Day media information program. The media report for the project reached 1,200,213 people over nine days with fourteen items. The value of the media was $97,107.

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1.2.3 FREE PUBLIC BROCHURE PLACED ON HOARDING The leaflet below was placed on the hoarding to be collected by members of the public and handed out on the Open Day, compliance with CoA 14(c).

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1.2.4 PUBLIC OPEN DAY The Open Day was held on Saturday 7 November 2015. This was co-ordinated by Council in compliance with CoA 15. The Open Day was decided to be held on this day to show the full extent of the archaeology before parts of the site were handed over for early works along the eastern side.

Figure 1.5: Setting up the artefacts table, Robyn Stocks. 7/11/2015.

Figure 1.6: Dr Amanda Dusting explaining the site to some journalists and Council people. 7/11/2015.

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Figure 1.7: Members of the public during the open day, along the western side. 7/11/2015.

Figure 1.8: Members of the public using gravel walkways to access the site and speaking to archaeologists, Dr Amanda Dusting and Kylie McDonald. 7/11/2015.

Figure 1.9: Members of the public taking photos and discussing the archaeology with Rhian Jones. 7/11/2015.

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Figure 1.10: The public gathered around the artefact display. 7/11/2015.

Figure 1.11: General view across the site during the Open Day. 7/11/2015.

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Figure 1.12: Site set up for the Open Day 7/11/2015 with walkways at the southern side of the site, orange and white barricading along the western side with shelter where the public entered the site. Looking northwest. G. Hazell (ArcSurv) 2015.

1.3 EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY The study area was divided into five excavation areas based on lot boundaries and civil works programming, see Section 3.1 for details of excavation methodology and general archaeological programming (Figure 1.13).

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Figure 1.13: Plan showing the location of the main archaeological areas: A, A South, B, C and D discussed in their report.

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1.4 REPORT METHODOLOGY This report is intended to respond to the standard conditions (Section 1.2) set by the NSW Heritage Council to produce a report presenting the results of an historical archaeological investigation. This report complies with Conditions 19 and 21 of the approval (Table 1.1) which requires that a final report is written outlining the findings of the archaeological program and in compliance with S146 of the Heritage Act, 1977. The main synthesis of the results of the excavation program is presented in Volume 1, Sections 3, 4 and 5. The final report includes:

VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Historical Background 3.0 Results of the Archaeological Investigation 4.0 Artefact Overview 5.0 Response to Research Questions 6.0 Bibliography

VOLUME 2: SUBSIDIARY REPORTS 1 7.0 Trench Reports All Areas 7.1 Area A and A South 7.2 Area B 7.3 Area C 7.4 Area D

VOLUME 3: SUBSIDIARY REPORTS 2 8.0 Specialists’ Reports 8.1 Ceramics Report 8.2 Glass Report 8.3 Faunal Report 8.4 Shell Report 8.5 Pollen Report 8.6 Soil Report 8.7 Organics, Metal & Building Materials Report

VOLUME 4: SITE PLANS & HARRIS MATRIX (A3) 9.0 Survey Plans and Orthophotos 10.0 Detailed Site Plans 11.0 Interpretive Plans and Graphics 12.0 Harris Matrix of Archaeological Contexts

VOLUME 5: APPENDICES APPENDIX 5.1 Lists and Registers 5.1.1 Context List 5.1.2 Soil & Pollen List

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5.1.3 Building Materials Sample Register 5.1.4 Digital Photo Register 1 (Canon) 5.1.5 Digital Photo Register 2 (Nikon) 5.1.6 Test Trench Register 5.1.7 Artefact Photo List APPENDIX 5.2 Historical Appendices 5.2.1 Extracts from Sands Directory APPENDIX 5.3 Artefact Tables for Section 4.0

VOLUME 6: ARTEFACT CATALOGUE 6.1: Common Abbreviations 6.2: Animal Bone 6.3: Building Materials 6.4: Ceramics 6.5: Glass 6.6: Metals 6.7: Miscellaneous 6.8: Organics 6.9: Shell

SITE ARCHIVE (Digital Only)

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Following the writing of the ARD for 3PS (post office site) in 2013 and the ARD for 3PS western precinct in 2016 Dr Mary Casey undertook further analysis of a suitable research framework for the archaeology of Parramatta. Specific themes have been added to those identified previously. Those listed below are address in Section 5: Response to Research Questions.

ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE & WATER . Description and analysis of site hydrology, geology and palynological evidence for native flora as a basis for understand the site and how and why it was extensively modified by the British settlers. . Nature of early agricultural practices, evidence for Public or Government farming by early convicts, such as clearing and cultivation, as well as later dairying and cattle grazing. Address this issue through the analysis of archaeological features, pollen and soil samples, related artefacts and the landscape of the site had how it was modified. Consider the role of climate in understanding new evidence. . Description and analysis of site hydrology, geology and evidence for native flora as a basis for understand the site and why it was extensively modified by the British settlers. This feeds into an analysis of how water was managed on the site, especially the convict Town Drain, the creekline and how it was managed and why it was modified during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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CULTURAL CONTACT . Is there evidence for the Parramatta Fairs or the Annual Feasts held for Aboriginal people? If so, what does this information tell us about:  The interaction between Aboriginal and colonial society, particularly at the Annual Feasts?  the nature of colonial society as expressed at the half-yearly Parramatta Fairs? . Evidence for Aboriginal and British peoples’ activities and contact during early settlement.

LANDSCAPE OF COLONIAL PARRAMATTA . How does the evidence from this site feed into the current perceptions of the convict-period landscape of Parramatta? Was it a landscape of control or more a result of Georgian design influences? Other issues to be considered are resistance to the way in which control may have manifested itself in the landscape and in daily life. Issues of power are central to the expression of landscapes of control. . Evidence for the pre-European landscape, especially in relation to the placement of the drain, the presumed swampy ground in this area, the marked ponds on the 1858 map within the rear of this site. How was this landscape modified to make it useable? . Nature and effect of modification of the pre-European landscape. . Remaking of the landscape, the social, cultural and political context and how it was manifest in this landscape.1 Are many of the same issues influencing the way in which the landscape was formed similar to those which affected the Sydney Domain? This is much more likely due to the relationship of St John’s church to the site and how the Macquarie’s remade the colonial landscape with the architecture and the use of neo-classical architecture. . Order and amenity; was the layout of houses and other structures the result of cultural and social practices? What was the role of these practices in changing the landscape and modifying people’s behaviour?2 . Was the pond at the southern side infilled and was it a short-term communal infilling or site-specific infilling? Does it contain quantities of artefacts associated with the lives of the surrounding residents?

CONVICT AND FREE LIFE IN COLONIAL PARRAMATTA3 . What differences were there between the lives of free and forced or institutionalised settlers? . How did the deprivations of a frontier life alter the ways in which free people lived in early colonial Parramatta? . Local-pottery manufacturing, is typically found on early Parramatta sites where it is both glazed and unglazed. Was the pottery of Thomas Ball found? What does this pottery suggest about the use of his pottery and the condition in which it was sold?4 . Evidence associated with the occupation of this site by known individuals may reveal interesting insights into family patterns and behaviour. . Consumption and commerce in colonial Parramatta:  How does it link into issues associated with local, regional and global economies?

1 This general topic was the focus of Mary Casey’s PhD thesis but in relation to the Sydney Domain (Casey 2002). 2 Some of these issues were the focus of analysis in Casey 2002. 3 I have drawn on some of the more relevant questions in PHALMS 2000 Figure 6.4, p. 167-175. 4 This question was updated to reflect 2020 questions on Thomas Ball rather than ones from 2013.

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 What does it tell us about cultural and social practices in colonial Parramatta, relating to lifeways, diet and other issues associated with consumption?  How do patterns of consumption further our understanding of how early residents of Parramatta used material culture in the construction of personal and group identity, including ethnic identity?  Evidence for evolving patterns of consumption and commerce from early colonial period into the early 20th century.

1.6 HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE The statement of Heritage Significance -Archaeological Assessment and Heritage Impact Statement, Non-Indigenous Archaeology- 153 Macquarie Street Parramatta (Report to Alfasi Property Development and Parramatta City Council) 2013.

1.6.1 UPDATED STATEMENT OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE FOR 3PS The following is a combined statement of significance based on the two separate assessment completed for the project as submitted as part of the 2013 S.140 application and the 2016 S.140 application for Leigh Place. It is also updated based on the results of the archaeological excavation.

The study area has the potential to contain a range of archaeological remains with historical, social, technical/research, rare and representative significance, representing the evolution of Parramatta from an agricultural settlement, to burgeoning township and onto an urban centre. Among these potential remains were:

. Early Public or Government Farming which involved extensive clearing of land in Rose Hill/Parramatta for early cultivation. . While the study area was the site of the bi-annual fairs little evidence associated with this activity was anticipated or found. . The site of a house c.1822 including outbuildings, cesspits, well, rubbish pits, drains, fence lines, deposits, and artefacts. It was part of the leaseholder expansion of the town at the end of the Macquarie governorship. . Later additions to the same house including a kitchen and outbuildings located on the 1858 plan and various garden features.

Important surviving evidence associated with the early house included:

. Surviving elements of a quartered ironbark log used as a timber baseplate. . Some early deposits with artefacts associated with the occupants of the c.1822-1884 house.

Three houses dating after 1874 with associated outbuildings, cesspits, fencelines, and deposits, etc. were built by Harriet Holland who with her convict husband had operated the nearby Star Inn on Church Street. Archaeological remains from this late phase are rarely considered to be significant but in the case of 3PS they tell a substantial and profound story of early British Australia. Where a former convict and his wife ran a successful business, had three children, and some years after his death Harried was able to sell the inn, and build two terrace houses for lease and then built her own villa house in which she lived until her death. She also owned other property in Parramatta and was able to educate her son and two daughters. This site provides some alternative views on the historical, technical and social values of post-1870s archaeology which needs to be considered when

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addressing a site with two main phases of residential occupation. In the case of this site, it has the unexpected ability to tell quite a powerful story.

Along the western side of the site was a former creekline with two phases of modification by the British: . Remains of an ironbark barrier along the western side of the creek which may have meant water was channelled to the east along the creekline and may date to the 1800s. . The convict-built Town Drain which channelised this drain across the site and was an important part of making 3PS a habitable site. . . Evidence of plough lines dated to the 1830s suggest some private opportunities for cultivation persisted within early Parramatta.

All of these remains, through archaeological excavation, recording, analysis and interpretation, have the ability to address a range of substantive research questions, notably those relating to the broad themes of:

. Environment, Climate, Agriculture & Water. . The modification and evolving landscapes of Parramatta in particular and colonial landscapes in general. . The nature of convict and free life in Parramatta. . The lifeways of a range of different households through 180 years of life in Parramatta and the expression of them through material culture and consumption practices. . Material expression on the beginnings of middle-class life in Parramatta and the success of families where one or more of the couples were former convicts.

Potential archaeological remains dating from c.1789-1790s, c.1819 and the mid to late nineteenth-century retained evidence relating to the development of Parramatta as a commercial and social centre. These remains assisted in addressing a range of archaeological research questions which will affect how we understand and interpret the history and archaeology of Parramatta. The archaeological remains have some social values associated with the study area as seen through the media interest and attendance for the Public Open Day organised by City of Parramatta. These remains are considered to have both State and local significance.

1.6.1.1 LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE The assessment of significance for this site was generally correct. Despite the impacts of the 1960s post office footings being more substantial than expected the depth of stratigraphy was such that two distinct phases of residential development survived. The 1830s plough lines revealed in the western precinct of Leigh Place are considered noteworthy and of local significance. The fabric of the Town Drain and its timber predecessor were considered to be of local significance. The substantial remains including surviving timber elements within the c.1822 cottage on Lot 30 were considerable and worthy of State Significance. The environmental evidence is also of State significance in how we have been able to deepen our understanding of the site and how it was modified to make it habitable by early British settlers.

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Further historic research using the resources of the Trove newspaper archive has provided considerable further information on the history and development of the site which aided in producing a more nuanced phasing of the site’s archaeology, history and understanding of activities on this site which were specifically associated with Harriet Holland and her family. The remains late 1884 terrace houses and 1888 villa highlighting the gentrification of Parramatta in this period is considered of local significance.

The assessment of the site noted that the frequent redevelopment of the site will have impacted the survival of the archaeological potential. This was found to be a fair analysis of the archaeological potential and its survival across the site.

1.7 ARTEFACTS AND SAMPLES There were 341 boxes of artefacts and samples, and 21 shelf items from this archaeological project. These are to be stored at 3 Parramatta Square following completion of its construction in November 2019.

Table 1.2: Artefact and sample box count

Category Number of Boxes

Animal Bone 23 Architectural/Building materials Bricks, mortar, plaster, pipe, slate, 50 tile, marble, concrete and other 1 shelf item (asphalt etc.) Ceramics Local Pottery 95 Chinese pottery Glass 128 Metal 15 Miscellaneous 6 Organic Leather 5 Fibre, matting, hair? 20 shelf items Wood and seeds Shell 4 Soil and Pollen samples 15 341 TOTAL (21 shelf items)

1.8 LIMITATIONS The excavation of 3PS was part of a larger program of development of the Parramatta Square. As such some areas of the site were unable to be investigated as they were in use for the ongoing construction works at 1PS (ramps and concrete pumping facilities) or demolition activities on 4&6PS and 8PS (access corridors and telecommunications use).

This report is based on information recorded during the archaeological excavation, historical research, and maps and plans from the period. The area under investigation was large and generated a considerable quantity of archaeological data and artefacts that

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required an extended period of post-excavation cataloguing, analysis and reporting. The synthesis of the investigation results and the production of this report also required a considerable amount of time.

1.9 REPORT AUTHORSHIP The team at Casey & Lowe and several external specialists were involved in the writing and production of this report. The historic background was written by Dr Terry Kass with additional research on the Holland family undertaken by Nick Pitt and Dr Amanda Dusting. The main authors of the Volume 1 synthesis were Dr Amanda Dusting, Dr Mary Casey and Jill Miskella, based on the work of trench supervisors and trench reports from each excavation area. The Artefact Overview was written by Robyn Stocks based on the cataloguing, analysis and reports from all of the artefact specialists. The response to the research questions was written by Dr Mary Casey and Dr Amanda Dusting.

Table 1.3: Casey & Lowe team and authors

Name Role Responsible for authorship Dr Mary Casey Primary Excavation Director Overall vision for the report and the archaeological program. Sets the research framework and methodologies. Main reviewer of the excavation report and specialist reports. Contributed to and finalised Sections 1, 2, 3, and wrote most of Section 5. Dr Amanda Dusting Secondary Excavation Director Reviewed the trench reports and specialists’ reports. Wrote draft of Vol. 1, Section 3 (Phases 1, 2, 3, 4.1), additional historical research Section 2. Wrote Area D Trench Report. Worked closely with Dr Casey on the report and contributed to Section 5. Jill Miskella Area A Supervisor, manager and Trench Report A and parts of Vol. 1, author of sections of the final Section 3 (Phases 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2 and report in September-December 6), Co-wrote Area A & A South Trench 2019. Report, wrote part of the Organics, Metals & Building Materials Report. Robyn Stocks Manager of artefact overview and Artefact Overview, Miscellaneous reviewer of artefact catalogue report, audit of Building Materials and training of cataloguers. catalogue. Wrote Vol 1. Section 4. Cataloguer of miscellaneous artefacts. Also, manager of the 3PS Interpretation on behalf of Casey &Lowe Rhian Jones Area B & C Supervisor Trench Report Areas B & C. Sandra Kuiters Area A Supervisor Aspects of Trench Report A. Ceramic Ceramic Specialist catalogue and specialist report. Assisted with review of dating of archaeological contexts and phasing. Kylie McDonald Production of plans for report Produced the final excavation plans and schematic interpretative plans for the project.

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Name Role Responsible for authorship Jane Rooke Organic and metal cataloguing. Part of structural report which included Manager of aspects of the organic and metals. cataloguing project. Jeanne Harris Catalogue glass artefacts Glass artefact report Maggie Butcher Initial catalogue of building materials James Roberts Catalogue faunal material Specialist faunal report Mike Macphail Analysis of pollen samples Specialist pollen report Dr Melissa Carter Catalogue of shell Specialist shell report Dr Roy Lawrie Analysis of soil samples Specialist soil report DR Bernadette Locally-made pottery cataloguing Locally-made pottery specialist McCall and reporting Hannah Flood Assistant to report production Holly Winter Assistant to report production Catherine Munro Assistant to report production

Table 1.4: Excavation team for 3PS.

Name Project Role Dr Mary Casey Primary Director Dr Amanda Dusting Secondary Director Jill Miskella Supervisor Sandra Kuiters Supervisor/Planner Rhian Jones Supervisor Guy Hazell Surveyor/Orthophotos Tony Lowe Consultant Dr Iona McRae Planner/Archaeologist James McGuinness Planner Robyn Stocks Specialist Archaeologist Mike Hincks Archaeologist Jane Rooke Archaeologist Maggie Butcher Archaeologist James Fraser Archaeologist Michael Spate Archaeologist Andrew Crisp Archaeologist Nick Harrop Archaeologist Kylie McDonald Archaeologist Luke Benbow Archaeologist Waleed Aziz Archaeologist Adam Carr Archaeologist Tristram Miller Archaeologist Adrian Dreyer Archaeologist/Photographer Susan Hearne Archaeologist Damien Tybussek Archaeologist Alba Mazzia Archaeologist Rebecka Hawkins Student Lara Tooby Student

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1.10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Katrina Stankowski (Heritage NSW) Felicity Barry (Heritage NSW) DR Siobhan Lavelle (Heritage NSW) Chris Demertze (former Parramatta City Council) Martin Mambraku (former Parramatta City Council) Will Morris (Walker Corporation) Andrew McGaw (Aver) Ross Lentell (Aver) Alex Boag (QMC) George Apokis (QMC) Steve Commissio (QMC)

1.11 ABBREVIATIONS AA Archaeological Assessment ARD Archaeological Research Design ML Mitchell Library SLNSW State Library of New South Wales ADB Australian Dictionary of Biography c. Circa CBD Central Business District CRM Cultural Resources Management ha Hectare n.d. Not dated HRA Historical Records of Australia HRNSW Historical Records of NSW LGA Local Government Area LRS Land Registry Services LTOD Land Titles Office, Deed MIC Minimum Item Count PS Parramatta Square SAG Society of Australian Genealogists SG Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser SMH Sydney Morning Herald SRNSW State Records of NSW TOSS Top of Sub Soil

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2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE Parramatta was occupied by the Darug Aboriginal people prior to the arrival of the British in 1788. It is part of their traditional hunting and fishing grounds. The Burramattagal clan of the Darug lived at the head of the harbour. Areas near the Parramatta River were an important area for camping and fishing for 10,000 or more years. In the fresh water they caught mullet, crayfish, shellfish and turtles and in the salt water, eels, fish, shellfish and molluscs. Fish were an important part of the diet of people living in the Sydney region in pre-colonial times. Trees, stringybark (E agglomerates) and bangalay (E botryoides) provided resources for making canoes for fishing. An extensive Aboriginal presence in the area of Parramatta was documented by the British who set out from Sydney Cove to explore the Parramatta River and locate fertile land to grow the crops needed to sustain the new arrivals.1

Excavation undertaken at 3PS by Comber Consultants revealed the presence of an alluvial terrace across the entire site. Analysis of the assemblage of 617 cultural lithics retrieved, indicated that the site was occupied repeatedly from about 10,000 years BP, in the terminal Pleistocene, through to the Holocene and the colonial contact periods in the late 18th century.2

2.2 EARLY SETTLEMENT OF ROSE HILL3 The area of Parramatta, then called Rose Hill, was settled in November 1788 and was the second British settlement on mainland Australia. Governor Phillip sent out exploring parties to survey Sydney Harbour and the river at the head of the harbour shortly after landing at Sydney Cove. On Sunday 3 November 1788, the governor and others, including marines, established a military redoubt at Rose Hill. Convicts were sent to commence farming as this land was considered to be more fertile than around Sydney. Initially an agricultural settlement, it soon became the ‘first township’ in June 1791 and grew in importance.4 Part of its importance relied on Phillip’s dependence on Henry Dodd to run the farming and the convicts who were doing the work. No other superintendent had Dodd’s farming skills or his ability to manage unwilling convicts to achieve results in clearing and tilling of the land. The only way Phillip saw it was possible for farming land further afield than Rose Hill was by private settlers.5

In July 1790, Governor Phillip and Surveyor Augustus Alt laid out a town plan at Rose Hill with High Street (George Street) running between the planned site of Government House and the Landing Place at the eastern end, near modern Harris Street. The township was laid out on land previously used for growing crops.6 Phillip chose this location for the town because they were unable to move supplies any distance inland, it had a healthy climate, and there was a ‘considerable extent of good land’.7 I would also add, because they had spent 18 months clearing land by cutting down trees, tilling the soil and returning some burnt trees to the soil. This land extended a few miles to the south and 20 miles to the west to the Nepean River.8 Therefore, the new township was designed to take advantage of the

1 PHALMS 2000:94; Australian Museum website. 2 Comber Consultants Parramatta Square 3 (PS3): Excavation Report April 2018. 3 This text is similar to Casey 2009, but with some later additions by Mary Casey in August/September 2019. 4 Kass et al 1996:14; HRNSW 1(2):182, 211-213, 218, 349, 2:394; Collins 1798:45; Hunter 1793:202; Tench 1793:6 5 HRNSW 1(2):349; HRA 1:196 6 Tench 1793:78 (Nov 16, 1790). 7 HRNSW 1(2): 349. 8 HRNSW 1(2):306.

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31 labour already expended in this location and allowed for convict labour to be managed by the only suitable superintendent. Further, with the arrival of the Lady Juliana on 3 June 1790, a store ship with the Second Fleet, Phillip received warning hundreds more convicts were about to arrive and he needed to provide accommodation close to the areas where they would be working, clearing, tilling land and growing crops. He does note that the ‘huts now building are for convicts who came out last’ (Second Fleet).9

The main street in Rose Hill, later George Street, was set out as 200 feet (61m) wide and a mile (1.6 km) long. On either side of the street huts were to be erected, each capable of containing 10 persons on lots of 100 feet (30.5m) by 200 feet (61m) at a distance of 100 feet (30.5m) from each other, with a garden area allotted for each hut. Watkin Tench and Collins wrote they were 60 feet (18.5m) apart but Governor Phillip had written to the British Government they were to be 100 feet apart. Analysis of the various historic plans suggests that Phillip’s 100 feet between huts is more correct. The huts were to be built of wattle and daub with thatched roof and were 12 feet by 24 feet (3.7 x 7.4m). The new street and the huts were built by the convicts from July 1790.10

By September 1790, bricks were being fired for a barracks and store house and 27 huts were being built along High Street (George Street) as well as completion of a new wharf and landing place. Public buildings included a house for the Governor, a barracks, a hospital, a store, and other buildings such as a barn, granary, stockyard and blacksmiths were constructed of both timber and brick. The huts were to be made with ‘wattles and plaster’ and covered with thatch. The width of the streets and the distance from each hut ensured they would not all burn down in a fire. Governor Phillip directed this work which continued into August 1790 when they built huts and formed the main street of the town. He also laid out a garden for the NSW Corps, near where the new barracks was to be built. In September, the first brickmaking at Rose Hill was established by a convict who had been making bricks at the Sydney brickfield.11

Phillip renamed the township ‘Parramatta’ in June 1791, after the local Aboriginal name for the area, and on the birthday of King George III. Parramatta township referred to the land from the foot of Rose Hill and for one mile along the Parramatta River.12 In a 1793 painting by Brambila, an Italian artist on the Spanish Malaspina expedition, the main street is shown with rows of wattle and daub huts regularly spaced along the street leading towards Government House (Figure 2.1). For a period, Parramatta, as the main agricultural settlement and focus of convict labour, became the main township with Sydney being less important.13

In time, as convicts were freed and free settlers acquired houses in the town, a less rudimentary town emerged. Huts, and later houses, were bought and sold although the possessors had no title to them apart from the right of occupancy of the piece of land assigned to them by the magistrates or the governor. In order to regularise the situation, the crown commenced to issue leases for town allotments, both in Sydney and Parramatta, for either 14 years or 21 years duration. A trickle of leases issued from the 1790s onwards, were usually to people with business interests in the town who were seeking security of tenure. Between 1790 and 1820 convicts had to provide their own accommodation. After this time, they were housed in barracks rather than the earlier huts allowing the land to

9 HRNSW 1(2):362. 10 Collins 1975 (1798):125-126; Tench 1979 (1793):78; HRNSW 1(2):362; Johnson 1987. I have used Governor Phillip’s description of the dimensions as further analysis has shown this to be the most accurate. 11 Collins 1975 (1798):103, 108, 113, 117, 137. 12 HRNSW 1(2):539, 549; Collins 1975 (1798):137; Tench 1979 (1793):239. 13 Tench 1975 (1793):140, 8 December 1791.

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32 become available for emancipists and new settlers. Soon convicts were sent on assignment to labour on rural properties where the owners had to provide food, clothing and accommodation. Married convicts were often assigned to their free or emancipist spouse or relative.14

Figure 2.1: Fernando Brambila’s view of George Street, looking east, showing convict huts aligned along George Street (middle ground) with Government House (middle left) at the western end, 1793. The convict huts are also aligned along the northern side of Macquarie Street (right) while there are none to the south. The approximate location of the study area is arrowed. British Library, MAPS T.TOP.124 SUPP F44.

In 1802 François Péron described Parramatta as:

Seated in the middle of a fine plain on the banks of a river of the same name, which can be ascended by small vessels as high as the town itself. It is not so large as Sydney Town but contains about a hundred and eighty houses, which form a grand street, parallel with the river…At one of the extremities of Parramatta are barracks, capable of accommodating two hundred and fifty to three hundred infantry…The whole population of Parramatta, including the garrison, and the inhabitants of the neighbouring farms, is estimated at from fourteen to fifteen hundred souls.15 During the 1790s, the town grew in population and emancipated convicts and free settlers leased land and established their own businesses. By 1800, there were 19 properties leased to a range of people such as civil servants, members of the NSW Corps and churchmen. A further 55 leases (increasing the total to 74), were granted between 1800 and 1809. These early leases in Parramatta were mostly granted to members of the military and the colonial administration.16 During Lachlan Macquarie’s time as Governor the town expanded. The convicts were moved out of town allotments to the convict barracks, several new streets were laid out and building regulations were introduced. By 1814, Governor Macquarie had set out O’Connell, Marsden, Phillip and Smith streets (Figure 2.5). The extended street grid for Parramatta, other than the original early streets, mostly dates from 1814. The free

14 Kass 1990; Liston in Godden Mackay Logan 2000:97. 15 Translation in Currey 1966:51. 16 Higginbotham 1989: 9-10.

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33 population of Parramatta did increase during the Macquarie era though there were few new grants or leases, perhaps due to tougher building regulations. Many residents held land under permissive occupancy, seemingly rent-free, as land titles could not be secured.

Muster records (early type of census) that provide population statistics for Parramatta between 1811 and 1823 are for areas extending beyond the boundaries of Parramatta, they include Prospect Hill, Baulkham Hills, Toongabbee, Northern Boundaries, Field of Mars, Dundas and nearby districts.17

After the replacement of Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1821 by Sir Thomas Brisbane and in the wake of the Bigge commission18 into the colony, the Surveyor-General, John Oxley, was delegated to create order from the chaos of town tenures across the colony. After Parramatta was comprehensively mapped in 1823, in order to establish the identity of the holders of town lands, many occupiers were offered leases from the Crown, many accepted. In May 1823, new regulations were implemented in an attempt to increase revenue from town leases, and formal leases or grants were secured by many of the town’s occupants by June. All leases were dated 30 June 1823. On the basis of these leases, householders in Parramatta could apply for a grant of land if they had erected buildings worth over £1,000 or, alternately, they could obtain a grant by the payment of 21 years quit rent.

Once the Crown took much greater interest in the nature of landholding in Parramatta after 1823, there was consequently, far greater information about the nature of buildings, improvements and the identity of landholders in Parramatta.

2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF 3PS19 Early maps of Parramatta, dated 1791 and 1792, show that the 3PS study area lay outside the initial town where huts were built and in 1791 was within an area of cultivation (Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3). Some of the historical plans of Parramatta show features such as water courses, ponds and roadways as well as allotment boundaries, occasional topographic anomalies and annotations.

The 1791 plan shows the study area as ‘ground in cultivation’ there were no water channels or other anomalies noted on the plan, other than a nearby fenceline. Macquarie Street (originally South Street) does not extend east of Church Street and is not aligned or indicated along the northern side of the study area. The annotation of this plan with ‘The Town of Parramatta’, in the same hand as all other labels, indicates it dates after June 1791 and the renaming or the township to Parramatta.

The 1792 plan shows that Macquarie Street or South Street extended to the east as a dotted line to the north of the study area but not lots were aligned or huts were erected to the east of Church Street (Figure 2.3). It shows huts aligned along High, Church, South and Marsden streets, the latter was the only remnant of the agricultural settlement of 1789. There were 79 huts along these key streets with approximately 790 plus convicts residing within them. It also shows a western creekline and two largish ponds. Dodd’s residence within the farm buildings is to the north of the river.

17 Baxter (ed.) 1987:xiii 18 A special inquiry to examine the government of the Colony of NSW instigated by Lord Bathurst, reporting on all aspects of the colonial government, including finances, the church and judiciary and the convict system. Report of the Commissioner of Inquiry into the state of the colony of New South Wales, Bigge, John Thomas, 1780-1843. 19 Extracts from the Historical Background, (Section 2) of the Archaeological Assessment and Heritage Impact Statement, Non-Indigenous Archaeology, 153 Macquarie Street, Parramatta, C&L, Aug 2013.

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Twelve years later, Evans’ 1804 map indicates the land on the southern side of Macquarie Street, to the east of Church Street, was subdivided into lots, with larger grants to the south given to Wentworth and Piper (Figure 2.4). The 1804 plan also indicates the land within the study area was not built on, as no houses are shown on the south side of Macquarie Street, although the land was subdivided.

Figure 2.2: Approximate location of the 3PS, study area. In the 1791 plan land which now forms Parramatta Square was part of ‘ground in cultivation’. This is now dated after June 1791 when the town was renamed ‘Parramatta’. CO 700NSW 3, UK Archives.

The 3PS study area, was not developed as part of the early convict township, which included rows of ‘convict huts’ constructed between c.1790 and 1792 along George Street and the northern side of Macquarie Street. By 1804, the study area was shown as vacant land but with identified allotments and agricultural grants to the south. The land to the north of George Street had been substantially subdivided and built on. In 1813, there were references to parts of the study area being reserved as a fairground, with fairs held twice annually at the Market Place.20

By 1814, Governor Macquarie had laid out additional streets in Parramatta, including O’Connell, Marsden (to the south), Smith, Elizabeth, Pitt, Hunter and Argyle. The 1814 plan does not show any buildings in the study area but it does include annotations for the Market Place and the space reserved for half-yearly fairs (Figure 2.5). These outlines are different to the 1804 plan which included lots aligned along Macquarie Street.

20 Sydney Gazette 26 December 1812, p 1b; 30 January 1813, p 2a; 6 March 1813, p 1b; 13 March 1813, p 2b; Casey & Lowe 2012:53.

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Figure 2.3: Detail of ‘Plan of the Town of Parramatta in New South Wales’, c.1792, and the approximate location of 3PS study area outlined in red. The National Archives [UK], CO 700/NSW4.

Figure 2.4: 3PS study area outlined in red. There are no houses built within the study area in 1804. Detail of ‘Plan of the Township of Parramatta,’ G. W. Evans Acting Surveyor, Sydney, 1804.TNA (UK) CO/700/New South Wales No.22. Evans’ plan of Parramatta, 1804.

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The Parramatta Market Place was established in 1812, with the first weekly market held in January 1813. A market house and stalls for livestock were built to facilitate the markets, which Governor Macquarie included in his list of public works.21 Fairs were also instituted at Parramatta in 1813 and were held twice a year at the Market Place, from March 1813.22 From October 1823, agricultural shows were held to coincide with the fairs.

Unlike the Market Place, there appear to have been no specific structures associated with the space reserved for the fairs. Two watercolours by Joseph Lycett from c.1819 and 1820 do not show any structures within the study area, although a structure appears in the area of the Market Place (Figure 2.6, Figure 2.8). The fairs were held twice a year and were public holidays. They were the precursor to the first agricultural show held at Parramatta in October 1823. The early fairs seemed to coincide with the markets and focused on selling livestock.23 There is limited information about the fairs other than the Sydney Gazette. On the 12 March 1814:

The half-yearly Fair at Parramatta on Thurs-day last was thinly attended, in consequence of a supposition gaining ground that it would be, or was likely to be deferred to a future day. The attendance was in consequence considerably less than on any former occasion, but there was nevertheless a good deal of business done. The cattle exhibited for sale were generally poor, owing to the long droughts, and brought low prices, and those of a middling, order found tolerable sale, as did such sheep and pigs as were in anything of fair condition.24 It was typically advertised by the Clerk of the Market.25 From 1821 onwards there were mentions of the selling of merino rams at the fair by Mr Macarthur and Mr Howe.26 There is also a mention of formation of the Agricultural Society where a meeting was to be held on the same day as the fair in 1822.27 As there is a house shown within the study area by 1822 it is likely that the fairs were being held within the market place or had relocated elsewhere (Figure 2.9).

Buildings were first indicated within the study area on an 1822 plan which shows the site divided into three separate allotments, Lots 28, 30 and 32, with houses on both 30 and 32 (Figure 2.9). The building shown on Lot 32 was already standing by 1819.28 By the time the 1822 plan is finalised in 1823, the study area was divided into four separate allotments Lots 181, 28, 30 and 32, with houses on both Lot 30 and 32 (Figure 2.10, Figure 2.3).29 An aquatint by Lycett thought to date to around 1822 also shows structures on the study area and adjacent lots fronting on to Church Street (Figure 2.11). However, it should be noted that lithographs are frequently unreliable as an accurate resource for historic buildings and more reliance needs to be placed on historic maps. This is supported by Lycett returning to England in September 1822 and continuing to work on his views of the colony, away from Parramatta. Lycett published his Views of Australia in 1824-25.30

21 Historical Records of Australia, series 1 vol 10 January 1819 – December 1822 ‘Governors’ Despatches to and from England’ published by Library Committee of the Commonwealth. 22 Sydney Gazette 26 December 1812, p 1b; 30 January 1813, p 2a; 6 March 1813, p 1b; 13 March 1813, p 2b; Casey & Lowe 2012:53. 23 Kass et al 1996:125 24 SG 12 March 1814:2a 25 SG: 30 September 1815, 28 September 1816, 23 September 1820. 26 SG: 7 October 1820, 29 September 1821, 20 September 1822. 27 SG: 27 September 1822 28 Sydney Gazette, 20 Nov. 1819, p 2. 29 ‘Plan of the Township of Parramatta’, G. C. Stewart, draftsman, SARNSW Item No.4907, P.1.1022. 30 McCormick 1987:325.

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Figure 2.5: Detail of ‘Plan of the Township of Parramatta in New South Wales 1814’, showing the study area dashed in red. The annotation shows that the site was reserved space for the fairs. SLNSW M2 811.1301/1814/1.

Figure 2.6: Study area (arrowed) shown as vacant land. Detail of ‘South view of Parramatta, N.S.W. 1820’ Joseph Lycett. NLA PIC T1633 NK6416/C LOC 745*, reproduced in McCormick 1987 pl 215.

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barracks

market

Figure 2.7: Detail for view above showing the Lancer Barrack’s buildings to the east of the study area and the Market Place to the west. The study area is shown as vacant and separated from the market by a fenceline. There is some foreshortening of the vacant ground in this image. Detail of ‘South view of Parramatta, N.S.W. 1820’ Joseph Lycett. NLA PIC T1633 NK6416/C LOC 745*.

Figure 2.8: Study area (arrowed) shown as vacant land. This view is later than the previous one as the roads are more fully fenced, the trees are taller. There is a different building in Market Place. Detail of ‘West view of Parramatta’, c.1819, attributed J. Lycett. SLNSW ML 53.

These initial subdivisions form the basis for the allotment numbers and individual ownership of the 3PS site, namely, Section 15, Crown Allotments, Lot 1 (181), 28, 30 and a part of 32.

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Figure 2.9: Detail of a McBrien’s 1822 plan. This is the first plan to show a house on Lot 30. There is also a house shown on Lot 32 but no house is on Lot 28. Crown Plan P.1.OR, LRS.

Figure 2.10: Detail of Stewart’s 1823 map of Parramatta. Study area 3PS is dashed. The only structure within the study area is the house in the western half of Lot 30. No buildings are shown on the strip of land on the western boundary of Lot 32 although a building is shown outside the study area. SARNSW Item No 4907.

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Figure 2.11: Detail of Lycett aquatint of Parramatta c.1822. Showing some buildings on the Parramatta Square site by this time. The accuracy of this lithograph is questionable, it is probable his depiction of the study area is indicative of the development from the previous views of 1819 and 1820 as the density of housing, fences and height of the trees suggest. (FL102532243) (ML SLNSW).

The 2004 Archaeological Management Strategy (AMS) for Parramatta Square,31 provided historical background for the lots within 3PS by examining each of the Crown Allotments, Lot 1 (181), 28, 30 and 32 individually, this was updated in 2013 in the Archaeological Assessment and Heritage Impact Statement for the project.32 The following historical overview and archaeological synthesis is based on these allotment boundaries, as different activities and events were undertaken on the properties once they entered private ownership, and were no longer ‘reserved space for the fairs.’ Further to this, it draws on other reports written for Parramatta Square.33 Table 2.1 provides a brief timeline for the whole of 3PS which will then be discussed by examining the history of each allotment in turn, commencing with Lot 30, Lot 32 and then Lot 1 (181) & Lot 28. Much of the specific histories for each allotment, other than the land title information, and the various occupants has been gleaned from newspaper articles and notices and is therefore often anecdotal rather than comprehensive.

31 Casey & Lowe 2004 (updated 2012). Historical background by Terry Kass. 32 Casey & Lowe 2013. 33 Casey & Lowe 2016.

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Table 2.1: Brief Historical Timeline of 3PS.

Date Description 1791 1791 plan shows the study area as ‘ground in cultivation’ (Figure 2.2). 1804 The study area shown as vacant land with allotments and agricultural land grants to the south (Figure 2.5)34. Evans’ water colour shows an orchard to the south on Wentworth’s land. 1813 Fairs held twice annually at the Market Place.35

1814 The study area is shown on plan as being ‘Reserved space for the Fairs.’ (Figure 2.5)36 1814 The first Annual Feast held by Governor Macquarie 28 December at the Market Place immediately to the west of the study area.37 c.1819 Two related watercolours by Joseph Lycett from c.1819 and 1820 show the space reserved for fairs and the Market Place as largely open ground, with some fences (Figure 2.6, Figure 2.8).38 1823 The 3PS site is shown as divided into four separate allotments – Lot 1 and Lot 28, Section 15 (Civic Place), - leased to Robert Bateman, Lot 30, Section 15, leased to John Thorn,39 and the western edge of Lot 32, Section 15 to Blake.40 A building is shown on Lot 30 and one on the eastern side of Lot 32 (Figure 2.10). 1830 Robert Bateman sells his grant (Lot 28) to John Mouten. 1831 A house is shown on Lot 27 next to Lot 28 in Richards field book survey which is also owned by Mouten (Figure 2.37). 1833 Edward Lakeman has his publican’s licence renewed for the White Horse Inn on the western side of Lot 32, Section 15.41 1835 Last Annual Feast (the event was abolished by Governor Bourke). 42 Lot 27 along with Lot 28 and Lot 1 are sold with a partially constructed house on it. 1838 John Thorn killed in an accident in a gig.43 c.1840 A sandstone section of the Town Drain is built within an existing creek line in the northwest corner of Lot 28. 1844 On Brownrigg’s plan a second building is shown on Lot 32, probably the White Horse Inn, run by Lakeman. 44 1845 Lot 30 is conveyed from John Thorn to George Cavill.45 1851 John Hilt purchases White Horse Public House, Lot 32 – Section 15, and operates Hilt’s Coach Service from the premises. 1852 Lot 1, part of Lot 27 and Lot 28 are offered for sale with ‘a handsome well-built stone cottage’ on it. 1858 Railway resumptions plan shows the house on Lot 30 was extended with a pond at the rear of the lot. A second pond is on the southern boundary of Lot 1 (181), the Town Drain is marked crossing Lot 28 and large buildings appear in the rear yard of Lot 32, which are probably stables. 46 It also shows changes to the stone cottage on Lot 27, a small structure north of the pond (Figure 2.15, Figure 2.16).

34 Plan of the Township of Parramatta, G.W. Evans Acting Surveyor, Sydney 1804. TNA (UK) CO/700/New South Wales No.22 Evans’ plan of Parramatta, 1804. 35 Sydney Gazette 26 December 1812, p 1b; 30 January 1813, p 2a; 6 March 1813, p 1b; 13 March 1813, p 2b; Casey & Lowe 2012:53. 36 G. W. Evans, ‘Plan of the Township of Parramatta’ 1814, SLNSW M2 811.1301/1814/1. 37 Smith 1992:77. 38 It is to be noted that, Lycett’s watercolours are not reliable sets of evidence as he has been found to be inaccurate on a number of instances. 39 Grants register 25 No. 63. 40 ‘Plan of the Township of Parramatta’, G. C. Stewart, draftsman, SARNSW Item No.4907, P.1.1022. 41 Butts of Publicans Licences, 1833, No. 35, SARNSW 4/64. 42 Smith 1992:77. 43 Sydney Monitor 6/08/1838, p 2e; Sydney Gazette 7/08/1838, p 2d. 44‘Plan of the Town of Parramatta and the adjacent properties as surveyed by W. Meadows Brownrigg surveyor’, SLNSW M4 811.1301/1844/1. 45 Grants Register 2838 No. 170. 46 ‘Great Western Railway, Extension Parramatta to Penrith Part 1’, Proclaimed Plan. SARNSW NRS 15244, item [1]; formerly in State Rail Archives, Plan 965/2, NID.

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Date Description 1860 Cavill conveys Lot 30 to John Holland, innkeeper and licensee of the Star Inn on Church Street.47 He continues to reside in the house. 1863 Before committing suicide Cavill leaves Lot 30, along with its wooden cottage, to John Holland. c.1864- Eleazar Little occupies the cottage on Lot 30, now owned by Holland. The Holland’s 1874 continue to reside at the Star Inn on Church Street. 1864 Thomas Flynn owns House on Lot 27 and vacant land on Lot 28 & 1. John Holland conveys Lot 30 to William Walker and Silas Sheather in trust for Harriet Holland. 1873-74 Catherine Hilt replaces the extended Hilt’s Coach Service brick house with a pair of two/three-storey brick terraces on Lot 32. 1874 John Holland dies leaving Lot 30 to his wife Harriet Holland. Harriet continues to operate and live at the Star Inn on Church Street with her three small children. 1875 Harriet leases the wooden cottage on Lot 30 to Benjamin Selkild. c.1876 A new brick house, Wyverne, is built on Lot 27 (Figure 2.39). 1879 Lot 1, part of Lot 27 and Lot 28 sold to Dr Charles Johnson. The house is listed as brick in rates book of 1882 – valued at £75. 1882-3 Wooden cottage on Lot 30 occupied by Henry Burton. 1884 The wooden cottage on Lot 30 is demolished and Harriet Holland builds a pair of two- storey brick terraces on the eastern half of the allotment, named Northiam and Harleyville. 1888 Harriet builds a large single-storey brick house on the western half of Lot 30, ‘Cranbrook’. Harriet Holland resides in this house or villa until her death in 1898. By 1895 1895 plan shows a pair of terraces on the western half of Lot 32 with an outbuilding (within the study area) on the western boundary, the houses, outbuildings and cesspits of Harleyville, Northiam and Cranbrook,48 and an outbuilding and fence associated with Wyverne (Lot 27), on the eastern boundary extending into Lot 28. 1898 Harriet Holland dies – leaving her terraces on Macquarie St to her eldest daughter Harriet Ferguson and Cranbrook for the use of her younger daughter Edith, in her life, held in trust for her granddaughter Nell. Her other three Parramatta properties are bequeathed to her son John Alexander. 1898-1955 Cranbrook, Northiam and Harleyville leased to various tenants during the early to mid- 20th century. 1920s Thomas Dalton operated a fibrous plaster manufacturing workshop at the rear of Lot 1.49 1927 Ethel Georgina Argent purchases Cranbrook from John Alexander Holland and Isabel Sunter Miller.50 1929 Dr Sydney Woolnough – purchases Cranbrook and sets up his practice in the house. He was closely associated with the Wesleyan Church.51 1946 Dr Arthur Ronald Woolnough takes ownership of Cranbrook when his father Sydney retires and carries the medical practice.52 1950s Single-storey shop constructed on enclosed land on Lot 32 between Harleyville and Hilt’s buildings where the Norfolk Island pines once stood (Figure 2.34). 1955–1956 An aerial photo shows that the fibrous plasterworks building at the south end of Lot 1 had been demolished but Wyverne is still standing53 By 1958 Wyverne demolished – plan notes an ‘Old stone cottage now demolished’ on Lot 27 (Figure 2.42). 1961 Lot 1 and Lot 28 used to create a road access into Civic Place and the new Parramatta City Library and Council chambers (Figure 2.43).

47 LTOD Book 66 No 905. 48 ‘Parramatta Sheet 18’, Parramatta Detail Sheets, NSW Dept. of Lands. SLNSW Z/M SE 4 811.1301/1. Digital order no. a1364020. 49 Cumberland Argus 26 July 1944 p.6d. 50 LTOD Book 1491 No 108. 51 LTOD Book 1574-282. 52 LTOD Book 2423 No 142. 53 [Aerial of Parramatta district], NSW Run 233-5130. NSW LPI Aerial Photographs.

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Date Description 1962 All extant houses demolished on Lot 30 and the Parramatta Post Office is built. 1964 Leigh Memorial Fellowship Centre (Parramatta Mission) built on Lot 27. 1978 Shop on Lot 32 demolished and used as a car park for the Post Office. Macquarie flats demolished to make way for Macquarie House office block, opened in 1981. 2015 Parramatta Post Office is demolished as part of redevelopment of Parramatta Square.

2.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LOT 30 The central and largest portion of the 3PS study area was Lot 30, in the centre of the three allotments shown on Evans 1804 plan (Figure 2.4). The 1822 plan and Stewart’s 1823 plan showed a house in the northwest corner of Lot 30 (Figure 2.9, Figure 2.10). The remains of this early house were discovered during the excavation and is referred to as House 4 throughout this report.

2.4.1 EARLY OCCUPANCY OF LOT 30

2.4.1.1 JOHN THORN The earliest known owner of Lot 30 was John Thorn. The details of the initial issuing of leaseholds in Parramatta are rarely clearly spelt out in historical records and therefore, most information about early occupants is gleaned from land records. The house may have been already standing by c.1819 as the house on Lot 32 definitely was, according to an advertisement for the sale of that house discussed below. However, no documentary evidence has yet been found to support the theory of a pre-1820s date for the house on Lot 30. As part of the formalisation on allotments, the Return of Parramatta Allotments of 5 April 1823 listed Lot 30 Macquarie Street as leased to John Thorn, measuring 123 rods.54

John Thorn was born in the colony in 1794, the son of Humphrey and Rebecca Thorn.55 His father Humphrey, was a blacksmith who had been transported as part of the Second Fleet, arriving on the Neptune in 1790.56 In 1804, Thorn senior’s forge and house in Parramatta are mentioned in the fieldbooks of surveyor Meehan.57 When Humphrey died in 1823, his death notice stated he had been a resident of Parramatta for 32 years, which in turn suggests that John Thorn, his son, had lived at Parramatta his entire life.58

The 1814 Muster showed John Thorn as landholder, free and off the stores.59 He had received 40 acres as a grant which he was now cultivating. By May 1819, Thorn was established enough to tender to supply 1000 pounds of fresh meat to the Government Stores.60 He had several cattle and 50 sheep. In 1820, he requested a further grant and his appeal was minuted as ‘100 acres’.61

Thorn was appointed as Chief Constable at Parramatta in October 1821.62 The 1822 Muster showed John Thorn, born in the colony, as a constable at Parramatta. He had a wife, Jane, also born in the colony, and three children. By then, he held 90 acres in the District of

54 Colonial Secretary, Return of Parramatta Allotments, 1823, SARNSW 4/7576, p 5. 55 Births Deaths Marriages V1794320 1A/1794. 56 The National Archive (Kew, UK) HO 10 Piece 1/2, p 162 57 Meehan 1804 Field book 32 SR 2/4710, P.7 (922) 58 Sydney Gazette 10/04/1823, p 3a 59 C J Baxter, General Muster of New South Wales: 1814, ABGR, Sydney, 1987, Nos 1879, 2931. 60 Sydney Gazette 1/05/1819, p 2c 61 Colonial Secretary, Memorials, 1820, SARNSW 4/1825B, No 737. 62 Sydney Gazette, 20 Oct 1821.

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Parramatta, by grant and purchase, plus 2 horses, 22 cattle, 4 hogs and 50 bushels of maize.63

The November 1828 Census showed John Thorn as aged 35, born in the colony and a Protestant. He was the Chief Constable, Parramatta with his wife, Jane Matilda, 32, and his six children, John, James, Mary, William Joseph, De Humphrey, and Jane Matilda. He also held 1,850 acres, of which 60 were cleared, and 25 were cultivated, plus 10 horses, 275 cattle, and 300 sheep.64

In his role as Chief Constable, Thorn was frequently called upon to provide evidence in court.65 In 1830, his role in the apprehension of the bushrangers William Dalton and John McNamara (who was killed in the exchange) led to a reward of a grant of land, free of quit rent, measuring one square mile (2.6 km2, 640 acres).66 Thorn and two constables were attacked by the bushrangers (John was shot at but the bullet passed through his hat). Dalton was executed for highway robbery in 1830. This grant of 640 acres is now the location of the modern suburb of Thornleigh, which takes its name from Thorn.67

Figure 2.12: Detail of Richards fieldbook additions 6 August 1831 showing other allotments held by Thorn on the northern side of Macquarie Street, between Barrack Lane and Smith Street. AO Map No 4811, Richards Section 17, 18, 22, 23 (P 4.714), SARNSW.

63 C J Baxter, General Muster & Land &Stock Muster of New South Wales: 1822, ABGR, 1988, A 20965-9, B 2003. 64 1828 census, T 0663-70, SARNSW. 65 E.g. Division of Law, Macquarie University 2011; Sydney Gazette 14/04/1825, p 3a, 5/09/1829, p 2e, 19/05/1836, p 3e; The Australian 10/02/1824, p 4b 66 Sydney Monitor 26/06/1830, p 3a; Sydney Gazette 1/07/1830, p 1a 67 Hornsby Shire Historical Society 1979

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On 17 November 1831, John Thorn of Parramatta, gentleman, assigned three parcels of land, including Lot 30, by mortgage to Peter William Plomer of Parramatta for £360.68 No reconveyance of this mortgage was registered but it does appear to have been repaid.

The 1831 field-books of the survey undertaken by Richards, and the subsequent 1836 plan of Parramatta shows J. Thorn as owning Lot 30, and also owning allotments in Section 1, on the northern side of Macquarie Street, adjacent to Barrack Lane and the lumber yard (Figure 2.12).

Chief Constable John Thorn was listed as the owner of the White Horse Cellars (corner of George and Church streets) originally called the Glasgow Arms from 1834.69 Apparently, at this time, and much to his disgust, he found that ballads sympathetic to MacNamara and Dalton were being sung in his hotel. John complained and bushranger ballads were banned by the governor.70

Figure 2.13: Thorn’s cottage on Lot 30 is shown on a detail of 1836 plan of Parramatta. SARNSW, AO Map 4799.

In March 1838, John Thorn retired as Chief Constable at Parramatta, with a dinner given in his honour.71 In August 1838, Thorn was killed when he was thrown out of his gig while driving down to Berrima.72 Thorn was not living in the cottage on Lot 30 at the time of his death, as a notice in the Sydney Monitor indicated that Thorn was living in George Street,

68 LTOD, No 730 Bk D. 69 Kass:1996: 122. 70 https://australianroyalty.net.au/individual.php?pid=I51522&ged=purnellmccord.ged (accessed 26/06/2019). 71 Sydney Gazette 1/03/1838, p 3b; The Australian 2/03/1838, p 2d 72 Sydney Monitor 6/08/1838, p 2e; Sydney Gazette 7/08/1838, p 2d

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Parramatta.73 Thorn was 46 years old when he died, he left a widow and eight children.74 The 1836 and 1844 plans of Parramatta (Figure 2.13,Figure 2.14) show the building in much the same position as the 1823 plan, close to the Macquarie street frontage.

Figure 2.14: Brownrigg’s plan of 1844 showing the wooden cottage on Thorn’s Lot 30 Section 15, study area is dashed in red. Plan of the town of Parramatta and the adjacent properties, M4 811.1301/1844/1, digital order no. a3705001, SLNSW.

2.4.1.2 GEORGE CAVILL It is not known who lived at Lot 30 until 1845 when it was sold by Thorn’s estate, although reference to George Harvey residing on Thorn’s property was in a description of the transfer of the western part of Lot 32 in 1833.75 On 9 January 1845, Thorn’s son, George Henry Thorn of Goulburn, esquire, conveyed the land to George Jenkins Cavill, of Parramatta, freeholder. The 1845 conveyance also mentioned a cottage on the land; the sale was for £525.76 It was described as 3 rods 3perches, a description that matched that of the deed of grant to George Henry Thorn. However, that grant was dated 11 May 1854. The anomaly is explained by the fact that this conveyance was not registered until 11 January 1855, i.e., after the official deed of grant was issued. George Thorn does not appear to have taken advantage of the facility to convert the town lease of his father into a grant. On 11 May 1854, he received a deed for a Town Purchase, of Allotment 30 Section 15, measuring 3 rods 3 perches for £20/10/0.77

73 Sydney Monitor 8/08/1838, p 3c 74 Sydney Monitor 6 August 1838. 75 LTOD, no 905 bk 66. 76 LTOD, No 970 Bk 35 77 Grants, Register 238 No 170

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Cavill lived in the cottage and seemingly made improvements to the property during his occupancy from 1845. The 1844 Brownrigg plan (Figure 2.14) shows a simple rectangular structure, with the same configuration as the 1836 and 1823 plans, whereas the 1858 railway resumption plan (Figure 2.15, Figure 2.16) shows the buildings extended and enhanced, with an addition on the eastern side, a pond, pathways and garden beds. The extensions to the cottage included a new brick kitchen to the east of the original kitchen. Evidence for this extension and renovation to the cottage was found during the excavation.

Figure 2.15: Detail of 1858 railway resumptions plan showing an extension on east side of the house and a rectangular pond at the southern end of the property. The red shaded area is the new railway easement. SARNSW NRS 15244, item [1].

The 1858 plan shows a pond at the rear (south end) of Lot 30 (Figure 2.15). There is also a pond shown at the south end of Lot 1. These ponds were thought to relate to either swampy areas or swampy areas reformed to make ponds accessible to cattle grazing on the Wentworth land to the south and act as groundwater sinks so the surrounding land could be developed. However, during the archaeological excavation, it became evident that the ponds were intentionally dug, were located further up slope on higher ground and were not necessarily associated with swampy areas. These probably functioned as dams for water collection and storage, either for stock or garden irrigation.

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Figure 2.16: Detail of 1858 plan with kitchen extension and ponds indicated. Structures shown on the eastern boundary with Lot 32 are stables and outbuildings associated with Hilt’s Coaching Service.

On 5 May 1860 George Jenkins Cavill of Parramatta, freeholder, conveyed the land to John Holland, of Parramatta, innkeeper and licensee of the Star Inn on Church Street. The consideration was a mere £10, but the sale came with a rent charge of £40 per annum payable by Holland to Cavill.78 George Cavill committed suicide by drinking strychnine on 5 December 1863, releasing John Holland from his obligation. John Holland was one of the witnesses at the inquest. According to the newspaper article reporting on the inquest into the death, Cavill was in the habit of keeping strychnine to kill cats. The following is an excerpt from the inquest held by the Coroner upon the body of George Jenkins Cavill.

The inquest was held at the house of the deceased. John Holland, publican, deposed, he had known deceased for the last ten years, deceased had resided in these premises for the greater part of that time, he lived with a person named Amelia Bond, he was not married; witness saw him that morning about half past eight o'clock in his public-house, deceased seemed rather flurried, he said "I want you," he handed witness his gold watch and chain, witness asked him what he was going to do, and deceased replied that he was going away, witness remonstrated with him, but deceased pressed him to take the watch and keep it for his sake, and also gave him a memorandum-book (produced), in which he told witness would be found a memorandum; deceased went away, and again returned in about a quarter of on hour, witness was in the bar, and again remonstrated with him, and advised him to go home, deceased said, "Give me a drop of rum, and I'll go home," witness poured him out some rum, and deceased asked for some cloves, and said he would go into the kitchen and make it hot for himself, deceased went into the kitchen, and shortly afterword’s returned to witness, who was in front of the house,

78 LTOD, No 905 Bk 66

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deceased gave him a bunch of keys, giving him directions where to find his tin box , deceased then shook hands, said "good bye," and went away , witness did not see deceased drink anything as he went into the kitchen, he had the tumbler produced, at about nine o clock, witness was sent for to see deceased, whom he found lying on the sofa in his bedroom , he was sick, witness, asked him what he had taken, but he made no reply, and did not speak until about an hour and a half afterwards, after Dr. Gwynne had been sent for and had seen him, witness again asked if he had taken anything, and deceased said he had taken strychnine in the kitchen, in the rum witness gave him, on both these occasions deceased was quite rational and composed, when asked why he had taken the strychnine, deceased shook his head and did not speak, witness asked him if he was sorry for what he had done, and deceased said " Yes," witness could assign no reason whatever for such an act. The poison taken was undoubtedly the cause of death. Elizabeth Watson,79 niece to Mr Holland, deposed to the fact of deceased coming into the kitchen in the morning with a glass of spirits in his hand; witness saw him throw a paper into the fire before he drank the contents of the glass. From the evidence of another witness, Mary Hillyard, residing (on a visit) at deceased’s house, it appeared that deceased had been in the habit of keeping strychnine in has box for the purpose of killing cats; she had known him kill two cats in this manner; deceased drank a good deal lately; witness could assign no reason whatever for the act; deceased seemed much as usual that morning at breakfast – rational and composed; there had been no quarrel or words in the house; the memorandum book produced was examined, but contained only sundry letters, receipts, &c., and on one leaf the words “George J Cavill leaves these to John Holland.” The Coroner having drawn attention to the leading features of the case, and explained the law as now existing, the jury returned a verdict of felo de se. 80

On 17 February 1864, John Holland of Parramatta, innkeeper, conveyed the land and cottage to William Walker of Sydney, merchant, and Silas Sheather,81 of Parramatta, nurseryman, as trustees for the benefit of his wife Harriet Holland.82 Harriet Holland then rented the wooden cottage to Eleazar Little from 1864 to 1874.83

ELEAZAR LITTLE Eleazar Little, born in London on Gate Street, in the Parish of St Giles in the Fields on 10 September 1814 to David Little and Margaret, daughter of Edward Williams.84 They appear to have been non-conformists, as the birth was recorded in a non-conformist register.85 Little arrived with his family as assisted immigrant passengers on board the Palmyra in November 1854.86 Little was listed as a coach lace maker; his wife Margaret a domestic servant. They could both read and write and are known to have had four children when they arrived. Coach lace is a trim, used almost exclusively in the upholstery of carriages and coaches.87 In 1864, Eleazar Little was listed as living at Lot 30, Macquarie Street, Parramatta, when the site was first assessed for rates.88 After 1874, Little moves out of the

79 Sarah Elizabeth aka Elizabeth Watson was the niece of Harriet and John Holland. First child of Harriet’s sister Sarah. 80 Sydney Morning Herald, 8 December 1863, p. 3. 81 Sheather was a fellow horticulturist and friend of Holland, owner of the Camellia Grove Nursery on Parramatta River. 82 LTOD, No 195 Bk 87 83 Parramatta Council Archives, Rate Assessment Books, Anderson ward 1864 entry 213, Anderson Ward 1868 entry 264, Anderson Ward 1870 entry 223, Anderson Ward 1871 entry 213, Anderson Ward 1872 entry 216, Anderson Ward 1874 entry 294 84 Births Deaths Marriages, Family History Search, Deaths Search, Reg. no. 6785/1883. 85 TNA ‘Dr Williams´ Library Registry, Birth Certificates, 1812-1817’, class no. RG4, piece no. 4662. 86 SARNSW Persons on bounty ships to Sydney, Newcastle, and Moreton Bay (Board's Immigrant Lists), Series 5317, Reel 2467, item: [4/4939], vessel Palmyra 1854. 87 Britton, N. 1998: 81. 88 Parramatta Council Archives, Rate Books, Borough of Parramatta, August 1864-February 1868.

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50 house, based on Rates notices, which last named him as tenant in 1874.89 He may have moved to Church Street into one of several properties owned by James Galloway as shown in the rates book of that year.90 Little died 28 January 1883, aged 68 years, he was buried in Rookwood Cemetery.91

2.4.1.3 THE HOLLANDS John and then Harriet Holland kept the public house, the Star Inn on Church Street, Parramatta from the 1850s to 1887.

2.4.1.3.1 JOHN HOLLAND John Holland was born in Derby in 1820, to father George and mother Sarah.92 He was tried in Derby on 11 July 1839 and convicted of Highway Robbery. This case involved the assault of a certain man named Samuel Fowke and robbing him of money and items of clothing and other articles, in cooperation with five others, John Stain, Mary Smith, John Lacey, Edward Groom and William Parker. John Holland, John Stain and Mary Smith were sentenced to 15 years transportation, Edward Groom to ten years transportation, and the others to periods of imprisonment.93 John Holland was transported to NSW on the Maitland arriving in 1840.94

According to the printed convict indent, he could read, but not write, was Protestant, single and a gardener by trade. He was 5 feet 3½ inches tall (161.3cm), with a dark sallow complexion, brown hair and blue eyes. He had the following particular marks or scars, ‘Eyebrows meeting, long horizontal scar on left side of forehead, seven stars, sun, half moon, J. H M.M, flower pot, D inside lower right arm, ring on third finger of left hand, scar back of left thumb’.95 He was given a Ticket of Leave in 1847, received a Conditional Pardon on 15 March 1852 and a Certificate of Freedom on 2 January, 1855, when he was listed as a baker.96 In 1849, Holland married the daughter of free settlers and Parramatta residents, Harriet Watson. By 1855, John Holland was the licensee of the Star Inn on Church Street, first at the corner of Argyle and Church Streets, then further to the north in the building formerly occupied by the Baker’s Arms.

John Horgan had the licence for the original Star Inn, Church Street from 1844-1846.97 Then John Young ran the Star Inn on Church Street from 1847-1848, when he died at the Inn.98 It is possible that his wife Barbara Young continued the licence in 1849 following his death.99 The original Star Inn hotel attributed to Horgan, Young then Holland was south of Darcy Street at the corner of Argyle and Church Streets on the Wentworth Estate. Curiously however, a sketch of a building with John Young’s name over the door is certainly the later Star Inn, the former Bakers Arms, where John Holland was the licensee, although the date of the sketch may be suspect (Figure 2.17).

89 Parramatta Council Archives, Rate Assessment Books, Anderson Ward, 1874-1875. 90 Parramatta Council Archives, Rate Assessment Books, Marsden Ward 1875 91 Sydney Morning Herald 29 January 1883, pp 1a, 12a. 92 Births, Deaths Marriages Family History Search, reg. no. 7274/1874. 93 Derby Mercury 17 July 1839, p 1e; NSW Certificate of Freedom, No. 55/2, 2 January 1855, SARNSW 94 NSW Certificate of Freedom, No. 55/2, 2 January 1855, SARNSW 95 NSW Convict Indents, ‘List of 305 Male Convicts by the Ship Maitland, John Baker, Master, SARNSW Item: [X642A]; Microfiche: 743, frame 55, p. 114. 96 SARNSW Reg. 45, p 115-116. 97 The Australian, 18 April 1844, p. 3. Sydney Morning Herald 23 April 1846, p.2. 98 Sydney Morning Herald 21 April 1847, p. 3. Sydney Morning Herald 22 May 1848, p. 3 99 Sydney Morning Herald 2 May 1849, p.9.

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Figure 2.17: Sketch of the Star Inn run by John Young from an article from the Tribune, 3 March 1954.p. 7.

An anecdotal reference to Holland made in 1913, suggested that in 1855, John Holland took up the licence of the Star Hotel, which he kept for six years, he then had to remove the building as it was on land taken by the railway resumption when the track was extended to Blacktown.100 Following the railway resumption he moved the Star Inn to the north on Church Street to the former Bakers Arms Inn, originally conducted by Thomas Blake.101 The Holland’s resided at the Star Inn which was on land leased from the Wentworth Estate, to the southeast of the 3PS Study Area and Lot 30.

Holland was seemingly a well-known and colourful Parramatta personality. In an article about the Star Inn in 1900, he and his wife Harriet were shown in a photo outside the hotel and it is noted that he is typically attired in ‘cabbage tree hat, doe-skin pants, frill shirt and velvet vest’ (Figure 2.18).102 The article, describing him as a ‘notable boniface’, continued with an anecdote about Holland and his passion for horticulture, dislike of cats and use of guns. According to an account of a lightning strike, in the late 1850s, the Star Inn boasted a bust of Sir Robert Peel in Parian marble and some costly vases.103 Holland died at the Star Inn on 27 December 1874. Harriet continued running the Inn with a transfer of hotel licence from John to Harriet noted in 1875. When he died, John not only left Harriet the Star Inn but in 1864 had previously conveyed Lot 30 to Harriet held in trust by Walker and Sheather. In conveying this property to Harriet, John had given her an independent source of income, where she was the sole recipient of any rents associated with Lot 30, ‘not being subject to the debts or control of her then present husband...’.104

100 ‘Glimpses of the Past by Word and Picture’. (1913 November 1) The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate p.13. 101 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 27 December 1847. 102 ‘The Star Inn’, (1900, December 19) The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate p. 7. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article85817527. 103 Sydney Morning Herald, 10 December 1859, p.5. 104 Deed of Confirmation, 1925 p.1.

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Figure 2.18: Photo of the Star Inn on Church Street in 1870. John Holland can be seen at the left in his ‘cabbage tree hat’, the woman to his right is probably his wife Harriet. SAG. 5/6354

2.4.1.3.2 HARRIET HOLLAND Harriet Holland nee Watson was born on 30 July 1828 to parents John and Sarah Watson. The Watsons arrived as assisted immigrants on the Palmyra in September 1838. They were living in Northiam, Sussex, prior to migrating, although John Watson was originally from Roverdon, Kent. At the time of their migration, John was working as a farm labourer, Sarah was a laundress, while John’s brother was a bargeman at Northiam, and Sarah’s mother a farm servant. Harriet was free born, of free parents. In addition to Harriet, John and Sarah had three children when they migrated: Sarah (b.1825), Hannah (b.1835) and Elizabeth (b.1838, died at sea).105 The Watson family settled in Parramatta. Sarah Watson Snr died on 4 November 1839 and was buried at St John’s Cemetery, Parramatta.106 Sarah Watson Jnr had a daughter Sarah Elizabeth Watson in 1844 when she was nineteen. She married a year later and Harriet was a witness at her wedding. Interestingly, Sarah signed the marriage documents with her mark (x) whereas Harriet signed her name ‘Harriet Watson’ in elegant copperplate.107

Prior to her marriage to John Holland, Harriett was previously married to Edward Holden,.108 Edward Holden (c.1808-1848) was a former convict who arrived in NSW on the Lord Melville in 1830. On limited evidence, he appears to have been a miner, perhaps in the Port Stephens area, which has coal deposits. From 1830 until at least 1837 he was assigned to the ‘Mineral Surveyors Dept. Sydney’, while in 1843 he was living in the district of Port

105 Entitlement certificates of persons on bounty ships, SARNSW series 5314, reel 1293, Vessel Palmyra 1838, frames 110-111. 106 St John’s Parramatta, Burial Register, vol 4, p. 13, no. 181. 107 St John’s Parramatta, Marriage Register, vol 4, p. 86, no. 149. Harriet Watson was the only member of the wedding party who signed her own name. 108 Thank you Ancestry.com user rjhopkinson, whose ‘Duncan Family Tree’ initially alerted me to this (http://trees.ancestry.com.au/tree/47783652/).

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Stephens when he received his Ticket of Leave.109 In 1845, he married Harriet Watson in the Parish of the Field of Mars.110 Harriet was 17 at the time and Edward 37, 20 years older than her. Edward and Harriet appeared to have remained in the Parramatta area during the few years they were married. They were both witnesses at the marriage of Sarah Watson, Harriet’s sister, on 6 October 1845.111 Edward Holden died on 17 June 1848 and was buried at St John’s Cemetery, Parramatta. At the time of his death, his occupation was given as ‘miner’.112

Harriet Holden married John Holland in 1849 in the Parish of the Field of Mars, North Parramatta.113 Permission to marry was granted on 6 March 1849, with Rev. Fraser Cameron of Parramatta as the clergyman.114 Harriet’s age at the time was given as 19, when her expected age based on the 1838 immigration documents would have been 20.

The identification of Harriet Watson with Harriet Holland is certain. John and Sarah Watson were buried in the plot neighbouring John and Harriet Holland in St John’s Cemetery Parramatta.115 A John Watson was working for John Holland as a barman in 1865116 and John Watson died ‘at the residence of his son-in-law, Mr John Holland, Star Inn, Parramatta’ in 1871.117

John and Harriet Holland had four children: . John Henry Holland (15 November 1867 – lived only 5 weeks)118 . Harriet Holland (1869-1955) (m. Stanley Ferguson, 1890)119 . John Alexander Holland (1870-1939) (m. Eveline Harrison, 1897)120 . Edith Emma Holland (1872/3-1932) (m. Ernest Withers)

Interestingly Harriet and John did not have children until they had been married for 18 years, unless there were unregistered pregnancies and still births. Harriet was 39 years old when her first registered child John Henry was born in 1867, he died after five weeks. They subsequently had three children who survived into the 20th century.

109 Ancestry.com. New South Wales, Australia, Settler and Convict Lists, 1787-1834, reproducing ‘List of Male Prisoners of the Crown who have arrived in the Colony from November 1828 to December 1832’, The National Archive HO10, Piece 29, frame 176, no. 4598; Biographical Database of Australia, Biographical report for Edward HOLDEN, person id. T#11071270501, citing NSW 1837 Convict Muster and Tickets of Leave index. 110 Births, Deaths Marriages, Family History Search, 246/1845 V1845246 30B; New South Wales, Australia, Registers of Convicts' Applications to Marry, 1826-1851, SARNSW Item 4/4514, p. 106. Permission to marry was granted on 24 October 1845. 111 St John’s Parramatta, Marriage Register, vol 4, p. 86, no. 149. 112 St John’s Parramatta, Burial Register, vol 4, p. 73, no. 1101. 113 Births DM Family History Search, reg. no. 170/1849 V1849170 34C. 114 New South Wales, Australia, Registers of Convicts' Applications to Marry, 1826-1851, SARNSW Item: 4/4514; p. 158. In 1849 the Rev. F. Cameron was the incumbent at All Saints Church, North Parramatta, see Sydney Morning Herald 8 February 1849, p 3b. 115 Dunn 1991:34; Section 1, row A, graves 15 and 15B [nb grave 15A is much earlier and is out of alignment with other burials]. 116 Empire 24 October 1865, p 5c. 117 Sydney Morning Herald 6 June 1870, p 1a; Evening News 6 June 1870, p 2b; Empire 7 June 1870, p 1a. 118 Sydney Morning Herald 16 November 1867, p 1a. 119 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate 20 December 1890, p 8g 120 Sydney Morning Herald 4 January 1871, p 1a.

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Figure 2.19: Oil painting by unknown artist post c.1882, depicting the Star Inn with a sign on the side showing Harriet Holland as licensee. The wooden water trough is still on the footpath as seen in the photograph of 1870, however there is now an awning and a telegraph pole to the north of the building, and the open yard to the south of the hotel has a two-storey building. The figure in the doorway is anachronistic and may be a sentimental ghost-like rendering of then-deceased John Holland (Private collection of descendant Paul Holland).

In 1875, Harriet became the licensee of the Star Inn in the year following the death of her husband. An oil painting of the Star Inn c.1882, reflects this change of licensee on the side of the building (Figure 2.19). Interestingly, the painting appears to depict a ‘ghost’ version of John Holland standing in the doorway. As the painting is unsigned, it may be that Harriet herself was the artist? It seems that Harriet was fond of her husband John, as in 1883, nine years after his death, Harriet posted a remembrance tribute to him in the Family Notices section of the Sydney Morning Herald.121 She, and her three young children continued to live at the inn for another 12 years, where Harriet raised her children, continued to run the hotel and administered her rental property on Lot 30. In 1884, Harriet was charged with supplying drunken men with liquor,122 although she was not on the premises at the time, she was fined 40shillings.

After the death of John Holland, Harriet continued to rent out the c.1822 wooden cottage on Lot 30 Macquarie Street to tenants. Following the departure of long-term tenant

121 Sydney Morning Herald, 29 December 1883, p.1. 122 Evening News 25 October 1884, p. 4. The Cumberland Mercury 15 November 1884 p. 4.

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Eleazar Little in 1874, the property had various occupants the first of which were: Benjamin Selkild123 from 1875 to 1877 and Henry Burton124 from 1882 to 1883.

HARRIET’S PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT While continuing to run the Star Inn, and renting out the cottage on Lot 30, Harriet started to expand her property portfolio. In the early 1880s Harriet increased her portfolio by purchasing two properties on Church Street and a third in Wentworth Street. In 1883, she began building two, two-storey terraces on the eastern half of Lot 30 in Macquarie Street and demolished the c.1822 wooden cottage on the allotment, ending Henry Burton’s tenancy.

She is shown in the rates book of 1882 as leasing the property next door to (north) of the Star Inn, to Edward Walsh; both of these Church Street properties continued to be owned by the Wentworth Estate.125 By 1883, this building was tenanted by Mary Lawler, fruitier. 126 In 1884, Harriet applied to have Lawler removed so she could recover possession of the property and Lawler was ordered by the magistrate to give up possession within seven days.127 In 1885, Harriet rented this building to C. R. Tunks.128 The building comprised two shops (see sale notice of Star Inn below Figure 2.21).

In 1882 and 1883, Harriet is shown in rates books as the owner of an untenanted brick house on the east side of Church Street, to the south of the Star Inn, part of the Wentworth Estate subdivision.129 By 1884, this house is rented to Robert Hopkins.130 By 1884, Harriet also owned a house on Wentworth Street, rented out to James Ryder until 1889. In 1885, Harriet is listed as the owner and occupier of the brick house in Church Street.131 By 1886, she has a second house next to the first in Church Street.132 She does not seem to be occupying either house at this time. Harriet’s son John Alexander married Eveline Harrison in 1897133, her youngest daughter Edith Emma married clerk Ernest Withers in 1894134 and her eldest daughter Harriet aka Harley, married Cumberland Argus journalist Stanley Ferguson in 15 December 1890.

From 1891 until 1896, Harriet’s daughter Harriet aka Harley and her husband Stanley Ferguson were living in the Wentworth Street house.135 They may have been installed there by Harriet after their wedding in 1890. Stanley Ferguson died of typhoid on 16 May 1896 and the house was then rented out to someone else (Figure 2.20). It is possible that the young widow Harley and her children moved back in with her mother at this time as she does not appear in any Rates Books or Sands Directories until after her mother’s death.

123 Rates Books Anderson Ward 1875 entry 229, Anderson Ward 1876 entry 248, Anderson Ward 1877 entry 260. 124 Rates Books Anderson Ward 1882 entry 278, Anderson Ward 1882 entry 280. 125 Rates Books Anderson Ward 1882: entry: 234. 126 Rates Books Anderson Ward 1883: entry: 234. 127 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 27 December 1884, p.4. 128 Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1885: Entry: 249. 129 Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1882: Entry: 214. 130 Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1884: Entry: 243. 131 Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1884: Entry: 228. Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1883: Entry: 210. 132 Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1886: Entry: 228 & 229. 133 Australian Marriage Index 1788-1850 Reg. No. 1775. 134 Australian Marriage Index 1788-1850 Reg. No. 6643. 135 Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1891 Entry 406, 1892: Entry: 405.

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Figure 2.20: Stanley Ferguson, Argus reporter and husband of Harriet/Harley, died of typhoid in 1896. Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate 16 May 1896 p. 4.

2.4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF LOT 30 On Lot 30, in 1884, the c.1822 wooden cottage on the western half of the allotment was demolished and Harriet built a pair of two-storey brick terraces on the eastern half of the lot. These terraces were called Northiam (after her parents’ home town) and Harleyville (after her daughter Harley), as shown on a plan of 1895 (Figure 2.22). Both of these terraces were rented out to C. W. Lloyd from 1884–1886.

In April 1887, Harriet sold the Star Inn for £4050 (equivalent to $448,800) (Figure 2.21).136 The land was still held by the Estate of D’arcy Wentworth.137 In 1888, Harriet built a large single-storey, double fronted brick house or villa on the western half of the allotment in the same location as the earlier wooden cottage. Named Cranbrook, it was probably built with the proceeds of the sale of the Star Inn. Cranbrook was an example of late Victorian architecture, with an ornate bay window and wrought iron framed tessellated tiled verandahs on three sides, as shown on the plan of 1895 (Figure 2.22). Cranbrook remained extant until the 1960s. Harriet occupied the house from 1888 onwards (Figure 2.23).

Harriet died in her house Cranbrook in Macquarie Street Parramatta on 1 May 1898 aged 70, and was buried in St John’s Cemetery, Parramatta with her husband John and infant son.138 She lived 24 years after being widowed.

136 The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, 16 April 1887, p.795. 137 LTOD, No 781 Bk 386. 138 Births, Deaths Marriages. Family History Search, reg. no. 6684/1898. Australia, Death Index, 1787-1985 [database on-line]; REG/BUR/5; Description: Vol 05, 1890-1912; Parish: St. John's Anglican Church Parramatta. The Sydney Morning Herald 2 May 1898, p. 1a.

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Figure 2.21: Report of sale of the Star Inn. The sale includes two shops, which are represented by the single storey shingled house to the north of the Star Inn leased by first John then Harriet Holland from the Wentworth Estate. The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, 16 April 1887.

Figure 2.22: 1895 Detail Plan, showing the brick terraces and villa on Lot 30 with associated outbuildings. Note the two new semi-detached brick houses to the east but within Lot 32 built by Catherine Hilt c.1874. ‘Parramatta Sheet 18’, Metropolitan Detail Series. SLNSW Z/M Ser 4 811.1301/1.

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Figure 2.23: View to the southwest along Macquarie Street showing the corner and front verandah of Northiam (blue arrow) and the bay window façade of Cranbrook c.1890s (red arrow) and the verandah to the east. Parramatta Mission Archives.

2.4.2.1 OTHER INTERESTS Occasional insights into some of Harriet’s other interests emerge from historic newspapers. In 1868, she exhibited ‘some beautiful specimens of tapestry’ at a major Horticultural Fete. These tapestries were ‘The Coronation of Esther by Ahasuerus’, ‘The Pet’ (described at the time as ‘an Eastern child toying with a gazelle’) and ‘The Morning Wash’ (described as ‘a child playfully engaged with her sable nurse’). According to a contemporary press report, ‘the figures in all are clearly defined, the colouring is very fine, and the drapery and details are worked out with great taste’. Harriet won a siler medal at this exhibition. This was a very important fete as it was attended by the Royal Highness Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, and were held in a marquee in the ‘Botanical Gardens’.139 She also exhibited more ‘woolwork’ of ‘several large and valuable pictures’ in 1878 at the Parramatta Agricultural society.140 In 1884 she was bought up on two charges pf supplying liquor to drunken men but was in Melbourne at the time.141 The charges were heard on 15 November 1884. It appears Harriet’s main defence is that she travelled to Melbourne at that evening was therefore not in the hotel when the person became drunk. The trial noted that

Mrs Holland had always conducted her house in a proper manner, and the offence, if any, had been committed in her absence…At the same time they considered that the houses had been and was still being excellently conducted’.

139 Sydney Morning Herald, 30 January 1868, p 5c; Sydney Mail 1 February 1868, p. 15. 140 The Cumberland Mercury, Saturday 2 March 1878, p. 7a. 141 Evening News Saturday 25 October 1884 p.4f

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Harriet was fined 40s for the offence.142

In 1887, following an illness and operation Harriet was described as: ‘the popular landlady of the Star Inn’.143 In August 1897 she complained to Parramatta Council about the ‘state of gutters near her property in Macquarie-street –Received and referred to the Inspector of nuisances – action to be taken immediately by that officer’.144

Harriet’s youngest daughter Edith was deemed a notable musician and wrote a piece of music entitled ‘The Brassey Waltz” in honour of Lord and Lady Brassey in 1895. Brassey was the Governor of Victoria and his wife Anna was the author of ‘A Voyage in the Sunbeam’.145 Edith was described in a review as Mrs E. Withers (née Miss Edie Holland) of Macquarie Street, Parramatta (Figure 2.24).146 This piece of music was described as:

music which is calculated to charm the ears of those accustomed to search for features the highest and the best in every whisper of the heavenly muse. But the composition does not lack a simple majesty of its own. 147

Figure 2.24: Cover of sheet music for the Brassey Waltz by Parramatta resident Edith Holland. The yacht depicted is the one the Brassey’s sailed around the world in, named the ‘Sunbeam’. NLA digitised item, nla.obj-661613916.

142 The Cumberland Mercury, Saturday 15 November 1884, p. 4c. 143 The Cumberland Mercury 1 October 1887 p. 4. 144 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 14 August 189 p. 14f. 145 ADB http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brassey-thomas-5339 146 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 14 December 1896 p. 11. 147 The Cumberland Free Press 31 August 1895 p.4.

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2.4.2.2 HARRIET’S WILL148 At the time of her death Harriet was a well to do woman with six properties in her portfolio, including the three Macquarie Street houses on Lot 30, her two Church Street houses and her Wentworth Street house.

In her last will and testament dated 26 October 1897, something of Harriet’s relationship with her children and her attitude to inheritance can be seen. She bequeathed her two shops in Church Street, Parramatta, her house in Wentworth Street, Parramatta and one quarter of all money belonging to her at death, to her son John Alexander, who was also nominated as one of the executers of her will. John, was a printer who was residing in one of the Church Street properties at the time of her death. John, was in the public service employed by the Government Printing Office in the reading and revising branch from 1913 until 1922149, he resided in Haberfield and died there in 1939.

Harriet left one of the terraces to her eldest widowed daughter, Harriet Ferguson outright. The will described the property as ‘the Easternmost of my two Villas in Macquarie Street Parramatta and known as Harley-ville together with the ground’.150 She left the western most of her villas ‘Northiam’, in trust for Harriet Ferguson to receive, ‘issues and profits for the term of her natural life the rents and upon her death to provide for the maintenance, education and support of her children under 21 years’. When the youngest child reached 21 years the properties were to be sold and the proceeds distributed in equal shares to the children of Harriet Ferguson. Therefore, Harriet senior provides her daughter Harriet with a home and rental income, and her grandchildren with capital when they reached 21. Harriet Ferguson’s children were not mentioned by name in the will.

Harriet’s relationship with her youngest daughter Edith Emma Withers and her husband Ernest appears less straightforward. She may have had reservations concerning the financial acumen of Edith and Ernest, as she did not leave Edith any property, except in trust for her granddaughter Nell (born 1894), who was specifically named in the will. Rather, she left Edith all her: jewellery, clothes, household furniture, plate and china, silver, glass, linen, prints, books and three quarters of her money held at death. She bequeathed her organ and piano to Edith (a notable musician) for her life, then to Edith’s daughter Nell, or if she was dead to the next living daughter. Harriet therefore, left Edith most of her portable possessions, but put a caveat on her ownership of the organ and piano, ensuring they were not to be sold but kept for her granddaughters.

Edith also received, ‘upon trust’, the cottage Cranbrook, which had been Harriet’s home for 10 years (Figure 2.24). The will allowed her to occupy the house or receive rents, issues and profits for her own use during her life and after her death:

to apply the net annual income thereof in or towards the maintenance education and support of the female child of my said daughter Edith Emma Withers by Ernest Arthur Frederick Withers aforesaid who’s called Nell if she is then under the age of twenty one years until she attains the age of twenty one years and upon the happening of that event but subject as aforesaid to stand possessed of the said premises called “Cranbrook” upon such trusts and to and for such ends interests and purposes as my said granddaughter Nell shall by any deed or deeds or by her last will and testament appoint and in default of and subject to such appointment or if my said granddaughter Nell the daughter of Edith Emma Withers shall die before attaining twenty one years of age I direct that aforesaid property known as “Cranbrook” shall upon the death of my said

148 Information used in this section comes directly from the will of Harriet Holland 1897 and Deed of Confirmation 1925. 149 Public Service list of 1929 p.22. (Accessed through Ancestry.com). 150 Recited in LTOD, No 531 Bk 1406.

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daughter Edith Emma Withers be held by my said trustees upon trusts for the benefit of the other children or child if only one of the said Edith Emma Withers whether by her present or any future husband.151 Therefore, Cranbrook was held in trust for Nell or her siblings. Edith could reside in it should she wish or benefit from its rental, but could not sell it. Harriet also stipulated that the inheritance would go to Edith’s children, circumventing any claim Edith’s husband Ernest may have attempted to exercise. Edith had a second daughter Edith Gwendoline Withers born in 1896.152 Unfortunately, Nell died in 1903 aged nine years.

In 1903, one month after the death of her daughter, Edith was tried for failing to pay a merchant’s bill from 1899, when she had previously purchased goods for her family and had not settled the account. The judge berated her for purchasing ‘evening shoes’ as they ‘are not necessaries for the wife of a man who cannot pay’, as her husband Ernest was an unemployed clerk recently returned from the Boer War in Africa.153 At some point Edith moved to Melbourne and continued to receive rents from Cranbrook until 1925.

Through her will, Harriet ensured her legacy to her daughters and grandchildren was not dissipated or subsumed by their marriages or husbands. The management of the properties was assigned to her trustees who had the task of managing and ordering the letting, occupation, repairs, insurance against fire, receipts of rents, payment of rates and taxes etc. However, this planning was ultimately somewhat subverted in 1925, when by ‘Deed of Confirmation’ an alleged error in the original ‘Indenture of Conveyance’ between John Holland, William Walker and Silas Sheather and Harriet Holland, was settled with the conveyance of all of Lot 30 to her son John Alexander Holland, in agreement with Harriet Ferguson (widow) and Edith Withers (widow), ‘In order to avoid questions and disputes as to the division of the real and personal estate of the said Harriet Holland’.154 In 1926, Cranbrook was sold at auction as part of the Estate of Harriet Holland, Deceased, under order of the Supreme Court of NSW in Equity.155 It is not clear who was the recipient of the sale, Edith or her brother John. Edith died in 1932 and John in 1939.

2.4.3 LATER OCCUPATION OF LOT 30

2.4.3.1 CRANBROOK Rates notices show that Edith and Ernest Withers were in residence at Cranbrook from at least 1899 through to 1902. In 1903, at the time of her daughter Nell’s death, Edith and Ernest were living at a house called ‘Hiawatha’ in Church St, Parramatta.156 From 1902, Edith leased Cranbrook to a Mrs Minnie Kemp who lived there for a number of years. Kemp’s daughter, married to Arthur Slinn, seems to have taken up residence from 1906.

By 1908, Edith was still listed as owner of the property, but with her address in the Rates book shown as care of her sister Mrs Harriet Ferguson, who was residing at 26 Goodhope Street Paddington.157 Edith was widowed in 1915, when Ernest died in Balmain.

Tenancy changed to John Robert Durham, who was in residence from 1914 till his death in 1920.158 His widow continued to live there until 1928.

151 Will of Harriet Holland 1897 p.3. 152 Australia Birth Index 1788-1922, registration no. 24530. 153 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 21 September 1903 p. 3. 154 Deed of Confirmation Regd. No. 531 Book 1406. 16 November 1925. 155 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 11 June 1926 p. 5. 156 Sydney Morning Herald, 24 October 1903 p. 10. 157 Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1908. Entry: 305. 158 Sydney Morning Herald, 23 January 1920 p.5.

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In 1926, Cranbrook was advertised for auction, it was described as:

a spacious and well-built brick cottage (cement plastered) with slate roof, containing a tiled verandah on three sides, wide through hall, sitting room, dining room, 4 bedrooms (all large rooms with marble mantles), pantry, kitchen, storeroom, breakfast room, bathroom, detached laundry, and brick lumber room. gas and sewer connected. Electric light available. The land has a frontage of 73 feet by a depth of 223 feet on the east side and 242 feet on the west side, and a rear of 76 feet.159 Durham was a dentist and after his death another dentist, William Argent and nurse Mrs E G Argent purchased Cranbrook in 1927 from John Alexander Holland and Isabel Sunter Miller.160 Cranbrook was eventually sold by Argent’s wife Ethel to Dr Sydney Woolnough in 1929.161 It then continued to be used as professional rooms and residence for medical practitioners for most of the early to mid-20th century. Interestingly, Wyverne, the property next door on Lot 27 & 28, was also used as a medical practice in the late 19th to early 20th century.

2.4.3.1.1 DR WOOLNOUGH Dr Sydney James Woolnough (born 1889) purchased Cranbrook. He was the son of well- known Methodist clergyman, Rev. James Woolnough and brother of prominent geologist Walter George Woolnough. Sydney Woolnough commenced studying medicine while he was a clergyman with the Church of England and practised in Parramatta from 1929. He was a student of Esperanto and favoured its adoption as the universal language. He held a close association with Leigh Memorial Church and during his time in Parramatta was a: Bible class leader; preacher and trustee.162 In 1946, his health deteriorated and he retired to Hazelbrook while his son, Dr. Arthur Ronald Woolnough, took ownership of Cranbrook and continued the medical practice (Figure 2.25).

Figure 2.25: Cranbrook, Dr Woolnough’s residence in Macquarie Street 1962. Parramatta Heritage Centre. http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2016/05/03/dr-woolnoughs- residence-111-macquarie-street/

159 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 11 June 1926 p.5. 160 LTOD Bk 1491 No 108. 161 LTOD Bk 1574 No 282. 162 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 8 February 1950 p. 2.

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In 1949 Dr Arthur Ronald Woolnough complained to Council about the creation of a new street as part of the Civic Place development, stating that:

…the plan would result in a complete loss of his privacy, much added noise, and a number of minor discomforts following upon the loss of amenities such as garden and out-door storage space.163 Despite his protestations, Woolnough continued to live in and practice from the house until it was purchased by the Commonwealth Government in 1962.164 The building was soon demolished to make way for a new Post Office building, which opened in 1966.

2.4.3.2 HARLEYVILLE AND NORTHIAM Built in 1883, Harleyville and Northiam, the terrace houses on the eastern side of Lot 30, were rented to tenants from the beginning (Figure 2.23, Figure 2.26). Harriet Holland did not live in them. The first residents were F.W. Tunks and Mrs F. Winter residing in ‘Northiam’ and W. Johnson and Mrs Budd in ‘Harley Villa’.

Figure 2.26: Harleyville and Northiam shown (left) with striped corrugated iron awnings on the upper verandah (red arrow). The photograph dates to before 1919 when the spire of Leigh memorial church was burnt down. The roof of Cranbrook (yellow arrowed) and Wyverne (blue arrow) are just visible. SAG 05-006333 – Image no. Housion 600_218.

163 The Cumberland Argus, and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 16 November 1949. 164 ‘Dr. Woolnough’s Residence, 153 Macquarie Street’, P. Arfanis and G. Barker, Parramatta Heritage Centre, 2016, http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2016/05/03/dr-woolnoughs-residence-111-macquarie-street/ (accessed 20/6/2016).

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In 1898, Harriet Holland died and Harriet Ferguson, her eldest daughter, inherited Harleyville outright and the use of Northiam for her life to provide for her children, as discussed above. Rates books from 1898 onwards do not show Harriet Ferguson ever residing at either of these two properties. Instead, she appears to continue to rent them out. By 1910, Tunks was still in residence in ‘Northiam’. In 1917, Tunks advertised strong, healthy ferrets for sale from his residence Harleyville on Macquarie Street.165 From 1922-33 Mrs Annie Ling resided there. By 1905, Harleyville was run as a boarding house by Miss Mary Elliott. It then returned to the single residence of Mrs Watsford in 1908. The 1908 rates books show that Harriet Ferguson was residing at 26 Goodhope Street, Paddington.166 By 1927, Sands Directory shows that the two houses were a boarding house with various tenants, first run by Maurice Gleeson and then Jason Graves (Figure 2.27).

Harriet Ferguson died in 1955 and ownership of the houses was transferred by the trustees of her estate to her daughters Mona Hay and Beryl Edith Cade, who then sold the properties to the Council of the City of Parramatta in 1957.167 The houses on this lot were still standing in 1961 as can be seen in an aerial photograph (Figure 2.28). The following table lists the various tenants of the three houses on Lot 30 from the 1880s until 2014 (Table 2.2).

By at least 1962, Lot 30 was subdivided and the plot of land with Harleyville on it had been annexed (Figure 2.29). The Commonwealth acquired the rest of Lot 30 for use by the Postal Services in August 1962 and the Harleyville plot was resumed by the Commonwealth in August 1965.168

Table 2.2: List of tenants of the three houses on Lot 30 as noted in Parramatta Rates Books, Anderson Ward from 1883 to 1930.

Date Cranbrook Northiam Harleyville 1883 Wooden cottage (Burton) Untenanted brick house Untenanted brick house 1884 Vacant land Charles W. Lloyd Charles W. Lloyd 1885 Enclosed land Charles W. Lloyd Charles W. Lloyd 1886 Enclosed land Charles W. Lloyd Charles W. Lloyd 1887 Enclosed land Henry Richardson J J Brennan manager (solicitor) Mercantile Bank 1888 Harriet Holland Henry Richardson J J. Brennan 1889 Harriet Holland Henry Richardson J J. Brennan 1890 Harriet Holland Henry Richardson J J. Brennan 1891 Harriet Holland Henry Richardson Justice J. Brennan 1892 Harriet Holland Henry Richardson H. Schwartzkoft 1893 Harriet Holland Alfred Mason H. Schwartzkoft 1894 Harriet Holland Alfred Mason H. Schwartzkoft 1895 Harriet Holland Alfred Mason H. Schwartzkoft 1896 Harriet Holland Untenanted Untenanted 1897 Harriet Holland William H Tunks E P Pearce (Auctioneer) 1898 Harriet Holland & Withers William H Tunks E P Pearce (Auctioneer) 1899 Ernest A F Withers & William H Tunks Frederick White Edith 1900 Ernest A F Withers & William H Tunks Frederick White Edith

165 The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 23 June 1917 p. 7. 166 Rates Books – Anderson Ward 1908. Entry: 303 & 304. 167 Geotechnical Report by JCS&B 5.10 p.17. Siting Coffey – 153 Macquarie Street (2014). LTOD DP502198, LTOD DP229199. LTOD Bk 2400 No 687. 168 Geotechnical Report by JCS&B 5.10 p.17. Siting Coffey – 153 Macquarie Street (2014).

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Date Cranbrook Northiam Harleyville 1901 Ernest A F Withers & William H Tunks Frederick White Edith 1902 Mrs Minnie Kemp William H Tunks Frederick White 1903 Mrs Minnie Kemp William H Tunks Frederick White 1904 Mrs Minnie Kemp William H Tunks Mary Elliott (Boarding House) 1905 Mrs Minnie Kemp William H Tunks Mary Elliott (Boarding House) 1906 Mrs Minnie Kemp William H Tunks Mary Elliott (Boarding House) 1907 Mrs Minnie Kemp William H Tunks ? 1908 (William) Fred Slinn William H Tunks Mrs M Watsford 1909 (William) Fred Slinn William H Tunks Mrs M Watsford 1910 (William) Fred Slinn William H Tunks Mrs M Watsford 1911 (William) Fred Slinn William H Tunks Mrs M Watsford 1912 (William) Fred Slinn William H Tunks Mrs M Watsford 1913 John Robert Durham William H Tunks Walter Ling (dentist) 1914 John Robert Durham William H Tunks Aubrey John Tunks (tailor) 1915 John Robert Durham William H Tunks Aubrey John Tunks 1916 John Robert Durham William H Tunks Aubrey John Tunks 1917 John Robert Durham Mrs Annie Ling Aubrey John Tunks 1918 John Robert Durham Mrs Annie Ling Aubrey John Tunks 1919 John Robert Durham Mrs Annie Ling Aubrey John Tunks 1920 John Robert Durham Mrs Annie Ling John R W Tunks 1921 Mrs J Durham Mrs Annie Ling John R W Tunks 1922 Mrs J Durham Mrs Annie Ling John R W Tunks 1923 Mrs J Durham Mrs Annie Ling Mrs Annie Pye 1924 Mrs J Durham Mrs Annie Ling Mrs Annie Pye 1925 Mrs J Durham Mrs Annie Ling Mrs Annie Pye 1926 Mrs J Durham Maurice Gleeson? Maurice Gleeson? (Boarding Boarding House House) 1927 Mrs J Durham Maurice Gleeson? Maurice Gleeson Boarding Boarding House House 1928 Mrs J Durham Maurice Gleeson? Maurice Gleeson Boarding Boarding House House 1929 William Argent (dentist) Jas. Graves (Boarding Jas. Graves (Boarding House) Mrs E Argent (nurse) House) 1930 William Argent (dentist) Jas. Graves (Boarding Jas. Graves (Boarding House) Mrs E Argent (nurse) House) 1931 Sydney J. Woolnough Jas. Graves (Boarding Jas. Graves (Boarding House) (surgeon) House) 1932-33 Sydney J. Woolnough Jas. Graves (Boarding Jas. Graves (Boarding House) (surgeon) House) 1946- Arthur Woolnough 1962 1962- Commonwealth of 1988 Australia 1957- Council of the City of Council of the City of 1963 Parramatta Parramatta 1963- Commonwealth of Commonwealth of Australia 1988 Australia 1988- Australian Postal Australian Postal Australian Postal Corporation 2014 Corporation Corporation

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Figure 2.27: Detail of Searle 1935 aerial showing the rear yards of Harleyville, Northiam (yellow arrow) and Cranbrook (red arrow). By this time the outbuildings in the rear yards of the terraces had been removed, however the Norfolk Island pines (circled in white) were extant. NLA-141919607.

Figure 2.28: Detail of 1961 aerial photo, with study area outlined, showing the introduction of Leigh and Civic Places and prior to the construction of the Parramatta City Library. A long narrow structure is shown on the eastern boundary of Lot 30 and the Norfolk Island pines have gone. Parramatta City Council.

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Figure 2.29: Plan showing the subdivision of Lot 30, into DP502198 and DP229199. Parish plan FP 939368.

2.5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LOT 32 2.5.1 OVERVIEW Lot 32, Section 15 was the easternmost of the lots within the study area. Only a narrow, 6m wide, sliver of the allotment on the western boundary of Lot 32 was included within this project. This portion of land become part of the Post Office carpark and outbuildings at in the mid-20th century. Although the very early history of Lot 32 is shared with the rest of the study area, its later development is different to that of Lot 30 and Lot 1 & 28 and therefore discussed separately.

2.5.2 EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF LOT 32 By 1804, the whole of the 3PS study area was shown as vacant land divided into three allotments with larger agricultural grants to the south (Figure 2.4). In 1813, there were references to the study area being used as a fairground, with fairs held bi-annually at the Market Place.169 The 1814 Plan of the Township of Parramatta, authorised by Governor Macquarie, shows the site as ‘Reserved space for the Fairs etc’ (Figure 2.5). No structures are shown on this plan associated with the area.170 By 1822/23, the study area was subdivided into four separate allotments within Section 15 and were aligned with Macquarie Street to the north: Lot 28, Lot 181 (later Lot 1), Lot 30 and Lot 32 (Figure 2.9, Figure 2.10).

Both McBrien’s field survey and Stewart’s 1823 Map of Parramatta showed a house at the northeast corner of Lot 32 and a house near the western boundary on Lot 30. On 30th June 1823, a Crown Lease for Lot 32 was issued to ‘William Mahon’ for 101 rods in Macquarie

169 Sydney Gazette 26 December 1812, p 1b; 30 January 1813, p 2a; 6 March 1813, p 1b; 13 March 1813, p 2b; Casey & Lowe 2012:53. 170 G. W. Evans, ‘Plan of the Township of Parramatta’ 1814, SLNSW M2 811.1301/1814/1.

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Street.171 His name was spelt in various ways in the records (Mahon, Mahony and Maughan), Maughan is used in this report for consistency. The 1811 Muster showed William Mahony, who had arrived on the Minerva, in 1799, with a life sentence after a trial in Mayo, Ireland.172 The 1814 Muster showed William Maughan, alias Mahony, who had arrived on the Minerva, as a free labourer, who was off the stores and living at Parramatta. Also listed with him was Anne Diggins, arrived on Experiment 1, living in Parramatta, as free and off the stores as the wife to W. Maughan.173 It is uncertain where they were living at this time, probably not on Lot 32.

Miscellaneous Records of the Colonial Secretary regarding land show that William Maughan of Parramatta had received a 50-acre grant and had been recommended for it by Reverend Samuel Marsden. The listing noted that he ‘has a large stock’.174

A sale notice appeared in the press on 20 November 1819, stating:

To be sold or let for a term of five, six or seven years, a neat, substantial, commodious, and lately erected DWELLING-HOUSE, eligibly situate in the Town of Parramatta, adjoining the New Barracks Inclosures, well calculated for Business of any kind. The Premises comprise two spacious Rooms, floored and ceiled; has a good Garden fenced in, and at present cultivated. The Proprietor would not wish either to Sell or Let the same, was it not his Intention to re-visit his native land as early as possible. Apply to proprietor, William Maughan, on the premises.175 The Census of November 1828 showed William Maughan aged 49, Absolute Pardon Minerva, 1799, with a life sentence as a Catholic and a householder, at Parramatta. His wife, Anne was aged 63, and had arrived on the Experiment in 1803 with a 7-year sentence. She too was a Catholic.176

In the 1830s, Maughan sold all of this land, dividing it into two parcels. On 22 August 1833, William Maughan transferred the western part of Allotment 32 to Edward Lakeman for a price of 100 guineas.177 The land was described as bounded on one side by the premises of John Thorn, then occupied by George Harvey and the other side by the premises of William Maughan and on the rear by the land of Mr Wentworth. In January 1835, Maughan conveyed the eastern section of the allotment with a dwelling house on it, to William Lackey, bounded to the east by the Lancer Military Barracks and on the west by Lakeman.178 Lackey’s land contained Maughan’s original cottage, which is outside the study area.179

Edward Lakeman in the 1828 Census was aged 24 and a freeman who had arrived in 1825 on the Castle Forbes. He was then the postillion (person who drives a coach or chaise by riding one of the drawing horses, as opposed to a coachman who sat on the vehicle) to Governor Darling, at Sydney.180 A publican’s licence, for the ‘Joiners Arms’ in Marsden Street, Parramatta was issued to Edward Lakeman on 3 July 1832.181 When his publican’s licence was renewed on 27 June 1833, it was issued to him for the ‘White Horse’, Macquarie Street, Parramatta (Lot 32). Edward Lakeman held a licence for the ‘White Horse’ from

171 Grants 25 No 64. 172 C J Baxter, General Musters of New South Wales Norfolk Island and Van Dieman’s Land: 1811, ABGR, Sydney, 1987, 3719. 173 C J, General Muster of New South Wales: 1814, ABGR, Sydney, 1987, Nos 1879, 2931. 174 Colonial Secretary, Miscellaneous Records – Land Grants, SARNSW 9/2652, p 49. 175 Sydney Gazette, 20 Nov. 1819, p 2. 176 1828 census, M 2074-5, SARNSW. 177 LTOD, No 330 Bk F. 178 LTOD, No 840 Bk G. 179 It was part of 1 Parramatta Square which was the subject of an archaeological excavation by GML in 2015. 180 1828 census, L 0062. SARNSW. 181 Butts of Publicans Licenses, 1832, No 133, SARNSW 4/63.

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1834 to 1842.182 This is probably the building shown on Brownrigg’s 1844 map of Parramatta (Figure 2.14). This establishment is not to be confused with references to the ‘White Horse Cellars’, located in Church Street opposite the Court House from the 1830s.183 That hotel was owned by John Thorn in 1834, the lessee of the Lot 30 (discussed above).

On 26 May 1842, Edward Lakeman and his wife Mary mortgaged their property to Charles Porter. It was described as the land and tenement known as the ‘White Horse Public House’; the loan was for £300 for one year.184 Lakeman could not repay the loan so on 1 February 1843, he and Mary conveyed their equity to Charles Porter, for the value of the money owed (£319, plus £531 which they received in cash).185 Despite the Lakeman’s money problems, they continued to operate the hotel until 25 October 1843, when Mary Lakeman of Macquarie Street, Parramatta, publican, filed her insolvency schedule.186

Charles Porter, mortgaged the land to Benjamin Lee, on 28 January 1846.187 Five years later, on 11 February 1851, a deed of Conveyance in trust, from Charles Porter of Parramatta, landholder, conveyed this land to Benjamin Lee of Parramatta, landholder, and Charles Blakefield, of Parramatta, wheelwright, as trustees. The conveyance included a number of properties in Parramatta, including the White Horse Public House, and states that it was in consideration of his natural love and affection to the children of Edward and Mary Lakeman. The land was to be sold after Porter’s death, to be divided amongst the Lakeman children.188 It appears that there must have been a strong family or personal relationship between Lakeman and Porter, given that the Lakeman’s continued to operate the hotel even after their bankruptcy, and their children benefited from the sale of the property by Porter. Given that the conveyance of the property in February 1851 specifically mentions that the profits from the sale of the land was to be divided amongst the Lakeman children, the Lakeman’s may have operated the White Horse Inn until the early 1850s.

Solomon Phillips, auctioneer of Church Street Parramatta, announced the sale of the site by auction on 31 May 1851, saying:

That well-known and old established premises known as the ‘White Horse Inn’, Macquarie – Street, Parramatta, and now in full trade…The building is of brick, with sufficient room to carry on a very respectable trade, and contains excellent roomy back premises, with stables etc.189 On 21 May 1851, by a deed of Release between the following parties, 1st Benjamin Lee, Parramatta, gentleman, 2nd, Charles Blakefield, Parramatta, wheelwright, 3rd John Hilt, Parramatta, coach proprietor (purchaser), the White Horse Inn was conveyed to Hilt.190 Some of the outbuildings that appear on plan in 1858 are thought to have been built by Hilt during his occupation of the site in the proceeding seven years (Figure 2.15).

A review of the Parramatta Rates Books show that John Hilt is listed as the owner of the property in 1864, but that from 1868 Mrs Hilt is listed as the owner. John Hilt died in 1866 but his will, which left his estate in trust to his wife Catherine and daughter Mariane for life, and then to Mariane’s children, was still being contested by his descendants in 1929.191 By

182 Butts of Publicans Licenses, 1834, No 41, SARNSW 4/65: No 8 SARNSW 4/66; No 231 SARNSW 4/67. And 1837-42, No 133, SARNSW 4/68-4/74. 183 Brown, S and Brown, K., 1995: 113. 184 LTOD No 620 Bk 2. 185 LTOD No 193 Bk 3. 186 Supreme Court, Insolvency Files, No 1008, Mary Lakeman, SARNSW 2/8757. 187 LTOD No 822 Bk 10. 188 LTOD No 159 Bk 20. 189 Sydney Morning Herald, 29 March 1851, p 8. 190 LTOD No 907 Bk 20. 191 Government Gazette 22 Feb 1929, Sydney Morning Herald 20 April 1929 p.14 – In Equity

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1870, rates books show the owner and occupier of a brick house on the property listed as Hannah Hilt; the brick house is probably still some form of the White Horse Inn building and was valued at £52. There is some confusion with the name of John Hilt’s widow as she appears to be referred to in the rates books as variously Hannah or Catherine, whereas his will refers to her consistently as Catherine and Catherine Hilt is buried in St John’s Cemetery with John Hilt (Figure 2.30). It is likely that Hannah and Catherine are one and the same person. A Hannah Hilt is listed in rates books as owning a wooden house on the western side of Church Street from 1869-1872192 then by 1874 the rates book entry shows Catherine Hilt as owner of the same house.193 In 1875 and 1876, the entry shows the name Hannah with Catherine pencilled above.194 By 1879, the entry was Catherine, then the name became interchangeable from year to year for this property, with an Anna Hilt listed in 1887.195

Figure 2.30: Excerpt from rates book of 1875 showing the name Hannah Hilt with Catherine written in the column in front.196

2.5.3 LATER DEVELOPMENT OF LOT 32 By 1874, the land containing the White Horse Inn, and the brick house where Catherine Hilt had lived, had been redeveloped with the construction of two new semi-detached brick terrace houses and outbuildings. These fronted Macquarie Street and were rented out to various tenants. The White Horse Inn and associated outbuildings were demolished prior to the construction of these houses. The houses are shown in photographs from the c.1885 (Figure 2.31) and a bird’s eye Panorama from 1877197 but first appear on plan in 1895 (Figure 2.22). While the two terrace houses were located to the east, outside of the 3PS study area, one of the outbuildings at the rear of the westernmost brick house was uncovered during the archaeological investigation and recorded as Structure 6.

In 1874, the names Mrs Hilt and Hilt are listed as the owner but not occupier of the two brick houses (both houses were valued at £50 each). At this time Mrs Hilt had seemingly chosen to embark on a program of property development and construction. There was reportedly a building boom in Parramatta between 1870 and 1880, in response to the accessibility to Sydney and the west gained through the extension of the railway line and the construction of the new Parramatta train station immediately to the south of Parramatta Square. Council rates books indicate that at least 300 new houses were constructed between 1871 and 1881 with the population increasing from 8432 in 1881 to 11,677 in 1891.198

192 Rates Books Marsden Ward 1869:310, 1870:307, 1871:307, 1872:345. 193 Rates Book Marsden Ward 1874:353. 194 Rates Book Marsden Ward 1875:323. 1876:36. 195 Rates Book Marsden Ward 1879:35. Rates Book Marsden Ward 1887: 42. 196 Council Rates Books Anderson Ward 1875 Entry 227 & 225. 197 Town and district of Parramatta. New South Wales: Bird's eye view and insets of buildings / engraved by Gibbs, Shallard & Co. XV1B / Parr / 1, a1528440. 198 Kass, Liston & McClymont 1996: 187, 213.

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The new railway line into Parramatta Station (immediately to the south of Darcy Street) opened in April 1860 creating a new environment for expansion of commercial activities and job opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers in Parramatta. Due to the high cost of fares, it was not used for commuting between nearby locations, most trips were between Sydney and Parramatta.199 Much of this new construction was focussed close to the railway line and new railway station as the centre of trade and goods transportation and a shift away from the river transportation. This also coincided with the subdivision and sale of allotments in the Wentworth Estate in 1873 as the railway and station were built through land resumed from that Estate. Given the proximity of Hilt’s property to the railway station it is likely that the development of the building of the White Horse coaching inn into the two or three-storey terraces can be seen as part of this building boom.

Figure 2.31: View of Macquarie Street c.1885 showing the northwest corner of the terraces on Lot 32 and the enclosed land between this terrace and Harleyville to the west with Norfolk Island pines. Parramatta Mission archives.

A review of the rates books also shows that there are three entries under the name Catherine Hilt in 1882: the two brick terraces (each valued at £65); and ‘Enclosed Land’ (valued at £10) between the westernmost semi-detached house and Harriet Holland’s wood house on Lot 30 (Figure 2.32). No one is listed as the occupier of the vacant land and it does not appear as a separate entry in any other rates book. It is most likely that the small sandstone structure on the very western edge of Lot 32 (Structure 6) was built after this date as there are no built structures mentioned on the ‘Enclosed Land’. Catherine Hilt died in January 1908. At the time of her death a newspaper article mentioned that since the

199 Kass, Liston & McClymont 1996: 156-157.

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72 death of her husband John Hilt, Mrs Hilt was resident at Rosehill Street, Parramatta.200 She died at her daughter Mariane Richards house Holkham, Randwick aged 83 years.201

Figure 2.32: Excerpt from 1882 Parramatta Rates Book showing the three entries for ‘Hilt Catherine’. Two brick houses and enclosed land and the entry for Harriet Holland – wood house.202

The Hilt family remained the owners of the brick terraces until c.1927 when the property was purchased by Thomas Lucas Stoney, who renamed the two terraces, Macquarie Flats.203 Stoney did not live on the property as a newspaper notice identified his address as Castle Villa, Castle Street, North Parramatta.204 The Stoney family owned the property from 1927 to 1973.205 The 1943 aerial shows the long narrow strip of enclosed land with two large Norfolk Island pines close to the Macquarie Street frontage; these are also seen in the photos of the 1880s and 1890s (Figure 2.33). At some time between 1943 and 1951 a long narrow single-storey structure was built on the western strip of enclosed land. The structure can be seen in the 1960s photo of the Parramatta Post Office construction site (Figure 2.35). This photo also shows the building has a shop front facing on to Macquarie Street. The semi-detached brick houses were occupied and the single storey-structure were still standing in 1978 (Figure 2.36) but were soon after demolished to make way for Macquarie House, a multi-storey commercial building at 169 Macquarie Street, opened in February 1981. Macquarie House had a substantial basement which removed much of the early archaeology from the site.206 The strip of land, now identified as DP368467, was owned by Bunine Pty Ltd from 1973 to 1978. Then by Tovana Pty Ltd from 1978 until it was transferred to the Australian Postal Corporation in 1989.207

200 Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 4 January 1908, p.4. 201 Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 2 January 1908, p. 4. Dunn, J. 1991: 101. 202 Rates Book Anderson Ward 1882. Entry 277. 203Parramatta Heritage Centre: http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2015/11/28/john-hilt-a-great-whip- macquarie-street/ (accessed 20/05/19). 204 Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, 2 January 1927, p.14. 205 JBS&G 2015, Appendix 5.10:17. 206 Casey & Lowe 2012. 207 JBS&G 2015, Appendix 5.10:17.

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Figure 2.33: Aerial from 1943 showing the strip of enclosed land between Harleyville and the Macquarie Flats on Lot 32, without any buildings, but with the two Norfolk Island pines still in place (circled). The outbuilding shown on the 1895 plan is no longer standing. A north south fence (dashed in red) can also be seen to the west of the current property boundaries that reflects the original boundary between Lot 30 and Lot 32. Six Maps.

Lot 30 Lot 32

Figure 2.34: Detail of 1958 Council Plan showing Macquarie Flats, Harleyville and Northiam, Dr Woolnough’s residence (formerly Cranbrook) and the proposed plasterworks on Lot 1. Council Plan No. 9149 (PRS108/005), City of Parramatta.

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Figure 2.35: Photo (c.1965) taken from the roof of the Council Chambers shows the semidetached terraces Macquarie Flats with a brick structure on the land between the terrace on Lot 32 and the construction site of Lot 30 (arrowed in red). http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2016/05/03/dr-woolnoughs-residence-111-macquarie- street/

Figure 2.36: 1975 aerial photo showing the buildings on the western boundary of Lot 32, Macquarie Flats, still standing (arrowed in blue). 3PS study area outlined in red & indicated by red arrow. (Aerial of Parramatta district, NSW 2327, run 06, no. 089. NSW LPI Aerial Photographs).

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2.6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LOT 1 (181) & LOT 28 2.6.1 OVERVIEW This historical overview relates to Lot 1 (also known as Lot 181 or Lot 26) and Lot 28 (Figure 1.2) within Section 15 of the Town of Parramatta. For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, Lots 28 and 1, together with the eastern half of the neighbouring Lot 27 (outside the study area to the west), had the same owner and were effectively one property. However, there were slight differences in their early land title histories.

By 1814, the whole of the study area formed part of the ground reserved for the fairs at Parramatta (Figure 2.5). By 1822, a house was built on Lot 30, to the east while Lot 28 remained vacant (Figure 2.9). By 1831, a house had been built on Lot 27, to the west, recorded by Surveyor Richards and as seen in Brownrigg’s plan of 1844 (Figure 2.13, Figure 2.14). The 1858 plan indicates that the southern section of Lot 1 (formerly 181) included a pond and the Town Drain is shown running diagonally across the northern end of Lot 28 (Figure 2.15). Lots 1 and 28 remained vacant land until late into the 19th century. By the late 19th century (1879), Lot 1 contained part of an outbuilding associated with Wyverne, the house on Lot 27, and the eastern side of Wyverne extended onto Lot 28 (Figure 2.22, Figure 2.26, Figure 2.39). During the 1920s, Lot 1 was used to manufacture fibrous plaster, and a large shed was built at the southern end of the yard (Figure 2.34, Figure 2.41). During the 1950s the plasterworks shed was demolished and the study area was transformed into the road and parking area in front of the Parramatta City Library known as Leigh Place and Civic Place.

2.6.2 EARLY LEASE AND OCCUPATION OF LOT 1 & LOT 28 Robert Bateman obtained a lease Lot 28, Section 15 on Macquarie Street Parramatta on 30 June 1823. Bateman (c.1795–1867) was the son of William Bateman and older brother of John Batman (sic), the pioneer of Melbourne; he had arrived free on the Ganges in 1797.208 The 1814 Muster,209 showed Robert Bateman as a landholder at Parramatta, who was free and ‘off the stores’.210 Bateman was appointed as a district constable for Parramatta in October 1821 at the same time as John Thorn, holder of the neighbouring Lot 30.211 He resigned his post in June 1822.212

Stewart's 1823 Map of Parramatta showed Lot 28 and Lot 181 (later known as Lot 1) as vacant land (Figure 2.10).213 Bateman also held the neighbouring Lot 27. Bateman sold Lot 28 to John Mouten on 16 January 1830 for £134.214 On 31 July 1832, John Mouten conveyed the Lot 28 to Robert Day.215 By 1834, Robert Day also held Lot 1 (29 & half rods) to the south.216

The two lots changed hands throughout the 1830s until in April 1835, Emanuel Harrison Cliffe, a marine captain, secured them both along with the adjacent Lot 27 through different

208 P. L. Brown, 'Batman, John (1801–1839)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/batman-john-1752/text1947, published first in hardcopy 1966, accessed online 19 June 2019. 209 A muster was a type of census. Musters were held annually between 1795 and 1828, (replaced at this time by a census), as a systematic survey of the population of the New South Wales settlement, used to determine the number of people who were victualled (received provisions) from the Government, as a means of assessing whether the Colony could maintain itself without the assistance of the Public Stores or be ‘off the stores’. 210 C J Baxter, General Muster of New South Wales: 1814, ABGR, Sydney, 1987, Nos 1879, 2002. 211 Sydney Gazette, 20 Oct 1821. 212 Sydney Gazette, 21 June 1822. 213 SR Map 4907. 214 LTOD No 222 Bk G. 215 Recited in Col Sec. Court of Claims, Rep 1220, SRNSW 2/1772. 216 LTOD No 24 Bk G.

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76 transactions. The sale was made, ‘Together with the cottage now erecting thereon and all timber and other materials now prepared for the completing the said cottage and other erection...’.217 The cottage referred to was the one located on Lot 27, the same cottage identified on the earlier 1831 survey by Richards (Figure 2.37). Plans from the 1830s to the 1850s show a cottage on Lot 27 but nothing on Lots 1 or 28 (Figure 2.13 to Figure 2.15).

Lot 28, Lot 1 and Lot 27 were purchased by Thomas Flynn in 1852. The land was described as:

THREE ALLOTMENTS in Macquarie-street [Parramatta] adjoining the Wesleyan Chapel, containing two roods and twelve perches, upon which there has recently been erected A HANDSOME WELL-BUILT STONE COTTAGE, Of four rooms, with detached kitchen, loft Flynn sold all three allotments, including the eastern part of Lot 27, all of Lot 28 and Lot 1 to Charles Johnson, of Parramatta, doctor of medicine, on 1 October 1879 for £1210.218 The house was improved or rebuilt during the period of Flynn’s ownership as the difference in the value of the property is considerable, increasing from £335 to £1210, suggesting that Wyverne was built prior to 1879, and the construction of Harriet Holland’s houses, and is shown on the 1895 plan (Figure 2.22). A plan of 1870 shows the cottage on Lot 27 with the same configuration as the 1858 Railway Resumptions plan (Figure 2.38).

Figure 2.37: Section 15, Parramatta, nd, probably c.1831, Surveyor Richards with Lot 1 & Lot 28 outlined in red. This survey showed Henry Cliffe’s, Robert Day’s and Robert Bateman’s land, Lot 27, with the Pound at the rear. LTO: P.2.714, Crown Plan.

217 LTOD, No 201 Bk H; also in Colonial Secretary. Court of Claims, Rep 1220, SARNSW 2/1772. 218 LTOD, No 689 Bk 195.

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Figure 2.38: This 1870 survey of the Pound site before it was granted to the Wesleyan Church shows nearby buildings. The cottage on the eastern side of Lot 27 (arrowed) has the same configuration as in 1858 on the Railway Resumptions plan. Study area outlined in red. Survey of Parramatta Market, 1870, P.182.1984, Crown Plan.

2.6.3 LATER OCCUPATION LOT 1 & LOT 28 It was reported on 30 August 1879 that Thomas Flynn's Macquarie Street property had been sold to Dr Johnson, who had been occupying it as a tenant for some time.219 By the late-19th century many of the older buildings had been extended or converted and by 1891 the house on Lot 27 was a much larger structure with a different ground plan called Wyverne (Figure 2.39).

Wyverne was situated on the Lot 27, however, the eastern wall of the house extended into Lot 28 as did an outbuilding. The 1895 plan shows the extent of the encroachment of buildings into Lot 28 as well as the presence of a substantial fence line or wall extending from the southern end of the outbuilding to the east to the boundary with Lot 30 (Figure 2.22). Historical photographs show the frontage on the property on to Macquarie Street with as small doctors reception rooms projecting out into Macquarie Street footpath (Figure 2.40). Johnson died aged 71 at his residence on Macquarie Street, Parramatta on 10 April 1902.220 His widow, Mrs M H Johnson, continued to live there until 1919, when Thomas Edward Dalton moved into the house.221

219 Cumberland Mercury, 30 August 1879. 220 Sydney Morning Herald 11 April 1902, p 6e; Evening News 11 April 1902, p 3c; Cumberland Argus 12 April 1902, p 4b. 221 Sands Directory 1918, 1919.

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Figure 2.39: Plan of Wyverne. This 1891 Real Property Application Plan was related to Lots 1 and 28 as well as part of Lot 27. The house Wyverne was principally sited on Lot 27, but encroaches upon Lot 28. Survey of Allotments in Macquarie Street 1891. LTO DP 58482.

Figure 2.40: Wyverne, Dr Johnson’s house and consulting rooms, next to the Leigh Memorial Church. Nd, Parramatta Mission Archives.

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During the 1920s, Thomas Dalton operated a fibrous plaster manufacturing works on the site.222 This required the construction of a large shed at the rear of the site by 1930 (Figure 2.41, Figure 2.34). Fibrous plaster is plaster which either contains fibre, such as hemp or sisal or which has a cloth backing.223 In 1944, Thomas Dalton died at his residence on Macquarie Street, aged 82. The property was transferred into the ownership of by Dalton’s daughters Marie and Ruth up to 1958.224

From the late 1940s planning began for the redevelopment of Civic Place, which was mostly located to the south within land once owned by D’Arcy Wentworth. This development was designed to use the land between Wyverne and Cranbrook, Lot 1 and Lot 28, to provide vehicular access to the centre of the once suburban block, this became Leigh Place.225 A 1958 subdivision plan showed that Wyverne had been removed, where it was described as ‘old cottage now demolished’ (Figure 2.42). The area was cleared by 1961 and was in use as a road owned by the Council of the City of Parramatta. The former Parramatta Central Library Building, erected to the south of the study area, was opened in 1964 (Figure 2.43).226

Figure 2.41: Aerial view of Church Street, Parramatta, c. 1930s. Shed associated with Thomas Dalton’s fibrous plaster manufacturing works within study area marked by red arrow. Parramatta Heritage Centre, Local Studies Collection, LSOP 381.

222 Sands Directory (Appendix 1, this report); Cumberland Argus 26 July 1944, p 6d. 223 Capon 1993:49-50; ‘Plastering over the cracks’, Architecture & Design.com.au, 16 October 2008. Available at http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/news/industry-news/plastering-over-the-cracks; ‘Fibrous Plaster’, Meriam-Webster Dictionary. Available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fibrous%20plaster. 224 LTOD Vol. 2836 Fol. 242. 225 Greeves in Jervis 1978:214-216; McClymont 2003:37. 226 Greeves in Jervis 1978:216.

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Figure 2.42: Subdivision plan, DP412996 (Misc. Plan 112996), surveyed 10/11/1958, registered 3/3/1960. Study area outlined in blue annotated ‘old cottage now demolished’, referring to Wyverne.

Figure 2.43: Civic Place in front of Parramatta Central Public Library 1979, looking southwest. Parramatta Council Archives http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/home/projects/civic-place-to- parramatta-square/.

CASEY & LOWE 3 PARRAMATTA SQUARE (3PS) PARRAMATTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION