SWUTC/12/161027-1 Getting the Parking Right for Transit-Oriented
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Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Project No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. SWUTC/12/161027-1 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Getting the Parking Right for Transit-Oriented Development March 2012 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Ming Zhang, Katie Mulholland, Jane Zhang, and Ana J. Report 161027-1 Gomez-Sanchez 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Center for Transportation Research University of Texas at Austin 1616 Guadalupe Street, Suite 4.200 11. Contract or Grant No. Austin, TX 78701 10727 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Southwest Region University Transportation Center Final Report Texas Transportation Institute The Texas A&M University System 14. Sponsoring Agency Code College Station, TX 77843-3135 15. Supplementary Notes Supported by general revenues from the State of Texas 16. Abstract Increasingly MPOs in Texas are incorporating Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) or similar concepts into their long-range plans for the purpose of achieving sustainable transportation. One major challenge to implementing these TOD-type strategies is parking. The conventional parking policies likely produce excessive parking, undermining the expected community benefits of TOD and could even cause the TOD initiative to fail. Getting the parking right is essential to ensure the desirable form and functionality of TOD. There are few studies of the topic on Texas cities. The main objective of this study is to report the state-of-the-knowledge on parking regulations and practice influencing the planning, design, and implementation of TOD. The report first offers a narrative review of the published works on TOD-Parking. Based on the review findings it then presents a matrix of best parking practices for TOD. Finally, the report provides an annotated bibliography of TOD-Parking studies. Appendix 1 assembles parking regulations and practice policies in selected cities in the Austin-Round Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area. 17. Key Word 18. Distribution Statement Parking, Transit-Oriented Development, Pricing, No restrictions. This document is Zoning, Austin-Round Rock MSA available to the public through NTIS: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 154 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized ii Getting the Parking Right for Transit-Oriented Development by Ming Zhang, Ph.D. Associate Professor Community and Regional Planning The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 Tel: 512-471-1922 Fax: 512-471-0716 Email: [email protected] Katie Mulholland, Jane Zhang, and Ana J. Gomez-Sanchez Research Assistants Community and Regional Planning The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 Sponsored by the Southwest Region University Transportation Center Research Report SWUTC/12/161027-1 Center for Transportation Research University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78712 March 2012 iii iv Disclaimer The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Program, in the interest of information exchange. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Acknowledgements Dr. Daniel Yang (Project Monitor) at the Capital Area Metro Planning Organization (CAMPO), Austin, TX provided invaluable help to the project. Any errors remain the responsibilities of the authors. The authors recognize that support for this research was provided by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Program to the Southwest Region University Transportation Center, which is funded, in part, with general revenue funds from the State of Texas. v vi Table of Contents Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... v Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... x 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. TOD and Parking: A Narrative Review ............................................................................ 3 2.1 Physical-Design for TOD Parking ............................................................................... 4 2.2 The Human Dimension of TOD Parking ..................................................................... 6 2.3 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Case Studies ................................................................................................................. 9 2.5 Summary of Case Studies .......................................................................................... 19 2.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 20 3. Best Practices for TOD-Parking ...................................................................................... 22 3.1 Parking Location/Type ............................................................................................... 25 3.2 Land Use Type ........................................................................................................... 27 3.3 Parking Management ................................................................................................. 31 3.4 Parking Regulation..................................................................................................... 36 3.5 Parking Reduction Strategies ..................................................................................... 39 3.6 Parking Design ........................................................................................................... 43 3.7 Consumer Characteristics .......................................................................................... 48 3.8 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................ 50 4. Annotated Bibliography of TOD-Parking Studies .......................................................... 55 References ........................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix 1: Local Parking Policies in the Austin – Round Rock MSA ............................. 85 List of Communities ........................................................................................................ 85 vii AUSTIN ........................................................................................................................... 86 BASTROP........................................................................................................................ 89 CEDAR PARK ................................................................................................................ 97 GEORGETOWN ........................................................................................................... 104 LAKEWAY ................................................................................................................... 111 LEANDER ..................................................................................................................... 112 LOCKHART .................................................................................................................. 116 ROUND ROCK ............................................................................................................. 125 PFLUGERVILLE .......................................................................................................... 133 SAN MARCOS .............................................................................................................. 139 TAYLOR ....................................................................................................................... 142 viii List of Figures Figure 1 Curitiba, Brazil Trinary Structural Axis ......................................................... 10 Figure 2 Curitiba BRT stops .......................................................................................... 11 Figure 3 Orenco Park-and-ride lot ................................................................................. 13 Figure 4 Orenco Downtown Center .............................................................................. 14 Figure 5 Orenco New .................................................................................................... 15 Figure 6 Arlington County ............................................................................................ 17 Figure 7 Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Clarendon Station Mixed-Use development ................... 18 ix Executive Summary Increasingly MPOs in Texas are incorporating Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) or similar concepts into their long-range plans for the purpose of achieving