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Lyophyllum Turcicum (Agaricomycetes: Lyophyllaceae), a New Species from Turkey

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Lyophyllum Turcicum (Agaricomycetes: Lyophyllaceae), a New Species from Turkey Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2015) 39: 512-519 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1407-16 Lyophyllum turcicum (Agaricomycetes: Lyophyllaceae), a new species from Turkey 1, 2 3 Ertuğrul SESLİ *, Alfredo VIZZINI , Marco CONTU 1 Department of Biology Education, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey 2 Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy 3 Via Marmilla, Olbia, Italy Received: 03.07.2014 Accepted: 21.11.2014 Published Online: 04.05.2015 Printed: 29.05.2015 Abstract: A new species, Lyophyllum turcicum, from the Kümbet plateau of the Dereli district in Giresun Province, Turkey, is described, taxonomically delimited, and illustrated based on morphological and molecular data. The new species belongs to a small group of species in the Lyophyllum sect. Difformia as traditionally circumscribed. Lyophyllum turcicum is easily distinguished mainly by the light tinges of the basidiomes, filiform-fusiform to cylindro-flexuose marginal cells, and elongate, ellipsoid spores. Key words: Lyophyllaceae, Lyophyllum turcicum, new species, Turkey 1. Introduction L. soniae Picillo & Contu (Italy); and L. tucumanense In recent years some new taxa have been described in Sing. (Argentina, South America). The genus Lyophyllum the complex of the not blackening, caespitose-growing presently consists of about 230 taxa worldwide (Robert et Lyophyllum P. Karst. species belonging to section Difformia al., 1999; Consiglio and Contu, 2002). (Bon, 1999). Lyophyllum sect. Difformia is presently Seven Lyophyllum species [L. decastes (Fr.) Singer, L. known to include 14 caespitose and/or not blackening fumosum (Pers.) P.D. Orton, L. infumatum (Bres.) Kühner, Lyophyllum species worldwide. Most of them are from L. loricatum (Fr.) Kühner ex Kalamees, L. multiforme Europe, with a few exceptions: L. multiforme from North (Peck) H.E. Bigelow, L. semitale (Fr.) Kühner ex Kalamees, America, L. tucumanense from Argentina, and L. shimeji and L. transforme (Britzelm.) Singer] have been reported from Japan. Two subsections have been distinguished: the from Turkey prior to the present study (Sesli and Denchev, first subsection, Difformia, encompasses the caespitose- 2008). Four of them (L. decastes, L. fumosum, L. loricatum, growing species, which are the majority; the second and L. multiforme) belong to the section Difformia. subsection, Lanzoniana Consiglio & Contu, encompasses According to recent studies, the other species recorded the not caespitose-growing species. No species belonging in Turkey are not classified in Lyophyllum [L. ambustum to the second subsection seem to be known outside Europe (Fr.) Singer = Tephrocybe, L. connatum (Schumach.) Singer (Consiglio and Contu, 2002). Although new species are in = Clitocybe, L. favrei (R. Haller Aar. & R. Haller Suhr) R. print and the number of taxa will increase, the following Haller Aar. & R. Haller Suhr, and L. leucophaeatum (P. species are currently known: L. brunneun Dähncke, Contu Karst.) P. Karst. = Calocybe]. & Vizzini (Canary Islands); L. calabrum Lavorato & Contu L. favrei (R. Haller Aar. & R. Haller Suhr) R. Haller Aar. (Italy); L. cistophilum Vila & Llimona (Spain, Italy); L. & R. Haller Suhr was collected from İzmir (Solak et al., conglobatum (Vitt.) Bon (widespread in Europe); L. decastes 1999) and L. decastes (Fr.: Fr.) Singer from Samsun (Pekşen (Fr.) Sing. (widespread in Europe); L. fumosum (Pers.) and Karaca, 2000). “L. connatum (Schumach.: Fr.) Singer” P.D. Orton (widespread in Europe); L. lanzonii Candusso was collected for the first time from Mersin-Mut (Doğan (Italy); L. multiforme (Peck.) Bigelow (North America, et al., 2003) and later from Gümüşhane (Uzun et al., 2006). Turkey); L. pergamenum (Cooke) Hornicek (= connatum In an earlier study, the first author collected L. multiforme ss Auct pl., widespread in Europe); L. pseudoloricatum (Peck) H.E. Bigelow from the roadside in a Picea orientalis Dähncke, Contu & Vizzini (Canary Islands); L. shimeji forest near Giresun-Görele-Deregözü (Sesli, 2007). (Kawamura) Hongo (East Asia, Northern Europe); L. During field work in the Kümbet plateau of the Dereli subglobisporum Consiglio & Contu (Italy, France, Spain); district in Giresun Province in Turkey (8 October 2010), * Correspondence: [email protected] 512 SESLİ et al. / Turk J Bot unusual Lyophyllum specimens were collected by the first were taken at the collection site. Other photos were taken author. Giresun is located in Turkey’s Eastern Black Sea in the laboratory after evaporation of excess water of the Region, having a steep, rocky area with elevations of 1500 basidiomes. One basidiome was used for a spore print and to 1800 m in the west and 3000 to 4000 m in the east. The the rest were dried for future microscopic studies. A Zeiss higher slopes facing the northwest are densely forested Axio Imager A2 trinocular research microscope was used depending on natural conditions. The collection site is in to observe microscopic structures. Microscopic sections the Euro-Siberian phytogeographical region of Turkey and of the basidiomes were reinflated in a concentrated the most common trees and shrubs are Alnus glutinosa (L.) ammonia solution and subsequently in Congo red; they Gaertn., Carpinus betulus L., C. orientalis Mill., Corylus were finally investigated under a light microscope. Iron avellana Thunb., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Picea orientalis chloride solution, acetocarmine, and chloral hydrate were (L.) Peterm., Rhododendron luteum Sweet, and R. ponticum used to observe carminophilous granules (Clémençon, L.. The mild, damp oceanic climate with high and evenly 2009). Spore dimensions were measured with the Axio distributed rainfall makes fungal biodiversity very rich. Imager software from 350 spores obtained from the spore At the collection site, summers are warm and humid, and print. Color terms in capital letters (e.g., Pale Ochraceous- winters are cool and damp. Following a detailed study and Salmon) refer to Ridgway (1912). For identification of molecular analysis of the described specimens, they were the species, Bon (1999), Consiglio and Contu (2002), determined to belong to a new species, given the name Kalamees (2004), Knudsen and Vesterholt (2012), and Lyophyllum turcicum. The new species belongs to sect. Dähncke et al. (2010, 2011) were used. Author names Difformia as traditionally circumscribed (Figure 1). are given according to Kirk et al. (2008), fungal names follow MycoBank (Robert et al., 1999), and nomenclature 2. Materials and methods and taxonomy were made according to Bon (1999). The The basidiomes of Lyophyllum turcicum were collected in type materials are kept at Karadeniz Technical University the Kümbet high plateau (Dereli, Giresun, Turkey) on 8 (KATO) and the Department of Life Sciences and Systems October 2010. Field notes and photos of the basidiomes Biology of the University of Turin (TO). a c b d Figure 1. Lyophyllum turcicum: a, b, c, and d- basidiomes (scale bars: 2 cm). 513 SESLİ et al. / Turk J Bot 2.1. DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and DNA each primer, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.25 mM of each dNTP, and sequencing 0.5 unit of Taq polymerase (Promega, USA). The PCR Genomic DNA was isolated from 1 mg of one herbarium program was as follows: 3 min at 95 °C for 1 cycle; 30 s at specimen using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN, 94 °C, 45 s at 50 °C, and 2 min at 72 °C for 35 cycles; and 10 Milan, Italy). Universal primers ITS1F/ITS4 were used for min at 72 °C for 1 cycle. PCR products were resolved on a ITS region amplification (White et al., 1990; Gardes and 1.0% agarose gel and visualized by staining with ethidium Bruns, 1993). Amplification reactions were performed in a bromide. PCR products were purified and sequenced PE9700 thermal cycler (PerkinElmer, Applied Biosystems, by MACROGEN (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Sequence USA) in a 25-µL reaction mixture using the following assembly and editing were performed using Geneious v.5.4 final concentrations or total amounts: 5 ng DNA, 1X PCR (http://www.geneious.com). The sequence was deposited buffer (20 mM Tris/HCl pH 8.4, 50 mM KCl), 1 µM of in GenBank under the accession number given in Figure 2. 0.99/88 Lyophyllum decastes FJ810160 Lyophyllum decastes HM119485 1/84 Lyophyllum aff. decastes PBM3069 HQ832451 Lyophyllum decastes HM572547 Lyophyllum sp. ql6 KF702394 Lyophyllum loricatum JX280406 1/99 Lyophyllum loricatum JX280407 1/98 Lyophyllum loricatum JF908336 Lyophyllum sp. Aase8110 HM572550 Lyophyllum sp. Cultivar Jpn HM572551 Lyophyllum littoralis JX280410 1/92 1/100 Lyophyllum fumosum JN983977 0.95/75 Lyophyllum fumosum JX966310 Lyophyllum fumosum HM572539 0.99/64 Lyophyllum fumosum HM572541 Lyophyllum fumosum JF908340 1/90 1/89 Lyophyllum sp. JN001 FJ687270 0.95/68 Lyophyllum sp. SB102 FJ687273 Lyophyllum shimeji HM572530 0.75/- 0.99/95 Lyophyllum shimeji JN983985 Lyophyllum shimeji JX966311 Lyophyllum ambustum AF357057 1/100 Lyophyllum anthracophilum AF357055 Lyophyllum atratum AF357053 0.8/69 Lyophyllum deliberatum JF908338 0.85/59 Lyophyllum semitale AF357049 1/72 Lyophyllum. sp PBM 2688 DQ182502 0.98/87 Lyophyllum gangraenosum JF908335 0.82/- Lyophyllum sykosporum AF357050 0.99/100 Lyophyllum sp. SL2013 JX966308 1/85 Lyophyllum sp. SL2013 JX966307 1/89 Lyophyllum infumatum JF908334 1/89 Lyophyllum sp. TO2011 JF908337 Lyophyllum caerulescens JF908339 0.91/85 Lyophyllum crassifolium JF908331 Lyophyllum semitale HM572552 1/97 Lyophyllum caerulescens AF357052 0.95/65 Hypsizygus marmoreus KF192813 0.72/69
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