International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Vol. 2, Issue-1, January-2012 ISSN No.: 2250-0758 Pages: 57-61 www.ijemr.net Features and Limitations of Mobile Generations Taranpreet Kaur Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Mata Gujri College, Sri Fatehgarh Sahib, INDIA ABSTRACT Mobile communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors/ wires. The distances involved may be short or long In the past few decades, mobile wireless technologies have experience 4 or 5 generations of technology revolution and evolution. Currently 5G term is not officially used. At present, 3G mobile phone systems are sustaining IP connections worldwide for all real and non- real time operations. Subsequently, the platform of 4G is formerly deliberated and it is sure that 4G comprises heterogeneous standards under a same umbrella, as in 3G but there is one exception of IEEE 802.XX wireless network connection which is present in this network from the initial progress phase. It is an emerging technology in all the fields of mobile communication such as internet access, location In 1947, researchers in AT&T and Bell labs based services, video conferencing system, mobile financial conceived the idea of cellular phones. AT&T requested services, mobile entertainment services etc. The users can the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) to use these applications at anytime and anywhere through mobile communication. The aim of this survey is to allocate a large number of radio spectrum frequencies so compare the challenges and issues that are involved in each that wide spread mobile telephone service would become generation and explained how the improvements have been feasible. Then, FCC agreed to license a very small band made successfully in mobile communication from earlier to AT&T. This small frequency range made only 23 generation to modern generation. simultaneous phone conversations possible in one service area. With 23 channels there was no market Keywords--- 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G incentive for either research or commercial deployment for AT&T. So the idea of cellular was very much of I. INTRODUCTION there in late forties, it did not take off. The first wireless network was commissioned in Mobile technologies are developed at very rapid Germany in 1958. It was called ANetz and used analog growth. The 1G mobile systems gives a start up to the technology at 160MHz. Only outgoing calls were cellular concept while, 2G systems provides various possible in this network. Later this system was evolved features to the users. The 3G mobile systems provide into B-Netz at the same 160MHz. In this new system, it various attractive multimedia services. 4G system. was possible to receive an incoming call from a fix Increases the data rates to a great extent. It also station. These systems were wireless but not cellular has high spectrum utilization ratio and low transmitting networks. These systems did not have any function, power. Nowadays, a rapid growth in mobile technology which permitted handover. Then later in 1968, in USA, has satisfied the customer needs to a great extent but it is the FCC agreed to allocate a large frequency band. In still developing to a great height which makes the April 1973 Martin Cooper of Motorola invented the first people’s life easier. Since the start of this millennium, a mobile phone handset. standard mobile device has gone from being no more By 1977, AT&T and Bell Labs constructed a than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, prototype of public cellular networks. In 1978, public GPS navigation device, an embedded web browser and trials of cellular telephony system started in Chicago. In instant messaging client, and a handheld game Console. 1982, FCC finally authorized commercial analog cellular Many experts argue that the future of computer service for the USA. A year later in 1983, the first technology rests in mobile computing with wireless American commercial analog cellular service AMPS networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was made computers is becoming more popular. commercially available in Chicago. This was the first cellular mobile network in the world. During 1980s, cellular phone experienced a very rapid growth in Europe. 57 There was decent growth of cellular phone in Reliance Industries also going to launch a MiFi devices France and Germany as well. To take the advantage of that will allow Smartphone and tablet users to access this growing market, each country in Europe developed high speed internet on the go from their existing devices its own analog mobile systems. These cellular systems and enable speedy adoption of its services when it kicks were mutually incompatible. These incompatibilities off its much-awaited fourth generation (4G) offerings in made the operation of mobile equipment and equipment mid-2013. But with a growing number of consumers manufactures limited to national boundaries. Also, the accessing the net through smart phones and tablets, for mobile subscriber of one network cannot use the same 4G to quickly become a mass service, it will need to ride device in another network. To cop up this problem on these devices. At present, there is only one smart Europeans decided to evolve a standard for mobile phone available in the market that runs on the 2,300 phone technology. In 1982, CEPT (Conference of MHz band, the frequency on which 4G services will be European Post and Telegraphs) formed a study group offered in the country. called the GSM (Group Special Mobile) to develop a standard for European mobile system. To give a global II. 1G MOBILE COMMUNICATION flavor, GSM was renamed as “Global system for Mobile SYSTEM Communications”. Earlier mobile systems were wireless but not 1G refers to the first generation of mobile cellular networks. These systems did not have Any communication system which was started in 1974 and function, which permitted handover. These don’t have completed in 1984. 1G was developed on earlier stage to any particular standard. Frequency band used in 0G communicate with the mobile phones through the mobile phones was 150MHz to 450MHz. 1G refers to network of distributed transceivers. Analog System was the first generation of telecommunications. These are the the first mobile wireless communication system used in analog telecommunications standards that were 1G, which was based on an Advance Mobile Phone introduced in the 1980 and continued until being Service (AMPS) technology. These first generation replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main systems provided voice transmissions by using difference between two succeeding mobile telephone frequencies around 900 MHz and analogue modulation. systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G Its successor, 2G, which made use of digital signals, 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. wireless networks used analog radio signals. Through Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of commercially launched on the GSM standard in 1991. about 150MHz and up as it is transmitted between radio Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their towers. This is done using a technique called Frequency- predecessors were that phone conversations were Division Multiple Access (FDMA). In terms of overall digitally encrypted, 2G systems were significantly more connection quality, 1G compares unfavorably to its efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile successors. It has low capacity, unreliable handoff, poor phone penetration levels and 2G introduced data services voice links, and no security at all since voice calls were for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 3rd played back in radio towers, making these calls generation is a standard used for mobile devices and susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties. mobile telecommunication services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. It finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV. The 4G (fourth generation) of mobile phone communications is a successor of the third Generation (3G) standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra- broadband Internet access. Conceivable applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, and gaming Services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television. Recently, Android and Windows-enabled cellular devices have fallen in the 4G category. One base Limitations of 1G Mobile Communication: advantage of 4G is that it can at any point of travelling It does not have data service to convert the time provide an internet data transfer rate higher than voice into digital signals. Global Roaming Service was any existing cellular services (excluding broadband and not possible, low capacity, unreliable hand off, Poor Wi-Fi connections). Voice Quality because in 1G, the data can be carried by In India, Bharti Airtel launched India's first 4G only one channel from source to destination .This means services, in Chandigarh, Mohali & Panchkula. that the two callers are not able to hear each other By using TD-LTE technology on March 20, simultaneously since the number of calls was limited. 2013 and in Kolkata on 10 April 2012. It has already launched the same service in Banglore on May 07, 2012. 58 II. 2G MOBILE COMMUNICATION Mail Messages, Speed 64-144 kbps, Phone Calls, Take a SYSTEM time of 6-9 minutes to download a 3 minutes Mp3 Song. The second generation of mobile networks III. 3G MOBILE COMMUNICATION which were the next stage in the development of mobile SYSTEM communication after 1G. 2G was started at 1980’s and completed at 1990’s which were mainly for voice 3G started in the 1980s.