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International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Vol. 2, Issue-1, January-2012 ISSN No.: 2250-0758 Pages: 57-61 www.ijemr.net

Features and Limitations of Mobile Generations

Taranpreet Kaur Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Mata Gujri College, Sri Fatehgarh Sahib,

ABSTRACT Mobile communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors/ wires. The distances involved may be short or long In the past few decades, mobile technologies have experience 4 or 5 generations of technology revolution and evolution. Currently term is not officially used. At present, systems are sustaining IP connections worldwide for all real and non- real time operations. Subsequently, the platform of is formerly deliberated and it is sure that 4G comprises heterogeneous standards under a same umbrella, as in 3G but there is one exception of IEEE 802.XX connection which is present in this network from the initial progress phase. It is an emerging technology in all the fields of mobile communication such as access, location In 1947, researchers in AT&T and Bell labs based services, conferencing system, mobile financial conceived the idea of cellular phones. AT&T requested services, mobile entertainment services etc. The users can the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) to use these applications at anytime and anywhere through mobile communication. The aim of this survey is to allocate a large number of spectrum frequencies so compare the challenges and issues that are involved in each that wide spread mobile service would become generation and explained how the improvements have been feasible. Then, FCC agreed to license a very small band made successfully in mobile communication from earlier to AT&T. This small frequency range made only 23 generation to modern generation. simultaneous phone conversations possible in one service area. With 23 channels there was no market Keywords--- , , 3G, 4G, 5G incentive for either research or commercial deployment for AT&T. So the idea of cellular was very much of I. INTRODUCTION there in late forties, it did not take off. The first wireless network was commissioned in Mobile technologies are developed at very rapid Germany in 1958. It was called ANetz and used analog growth. The 1G mobile systems gives a start up to the technology at 160MHz. Only outgoing calls were cellular concept while, 2G systems provides various possible in this network. Later this system was evolved features to the users. The 3G mobile systems provide into B-Netz at the same 160MHz. In this new system, it various attractive multimedia services. 4G system. was possible to receive an incoming call from a fix Increases the data rates to a great extent. It also station. These systems were wireless but not cellular has high spectrum utilization ratio and low transmitting networks. These systems did not have any function, power. Nowadays, a rapid growth in which permitted . Then later in 1968, in USA, has satisfied the customer needs to a great extent but it is the FCC agreed to allocate a large frequency band. In still developing to a great height which makes the April 1973 Martin Cooper of invented the first people’s life easier. Since the start of this millennium, a mobile phone handset. standard has gone from being no more By 1977, AT&T and Bell Labs constructed a than a simple two-way to being a mobile phone, prototype of public cellular networks. In 1978, public GPS navigation device, an embedded and trials of cellular telephony system started in Chicago. In instant messaging client, and a handheld game Console. 1982, FCC finally authorized commercial analog cellular Many experts argue that the future of computer service for the USA. A year later in 1983, the first technology rests in with wireless American commercial analog cellular service AMPS networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was made computers is becoming more popular. commercially available in Chicago. This was the first cellular mobile network in the world. During 1980s, cellular phone experienced a very rapid growth in Europe. 57

There was decent growth of cellular phone in Reliance Industries also going to launch a MiFi devices and Germany as well. To take the advantage of that will allow and tablet users to access this growing market, each country in Europe developed high speed internet on the go from their existing devices its own analog mobile systems. These cellular systems and enable speedy adoption of its services when it kicks were mutually incompatible. These incompatibilities off its much-awaited fourth generation (4G) offerings in made the operation of mobile equipment and equipment mid-2013. But with a growing number of consumers manufactures limited to national boundaries. Also, the accessing the net through smart phones and tablets, for mobile subscriber of one network cannot use the same 4G to quickly become a mass service, it will need to ride device in another network. To cop up this problem on these devices. At present, there is only one smart Europeans decided to evolve a standard for mobile phone available in the market that runs on the 2,300 phone technology. In 1982, CEPT (Conference of MHz band, the frequency on which 4G services will be European Post and Telegraphs) formed a study group offered in the country. called the GSM (Group Special Mobile) to develop a standard for European mobile system. To give a global II. 1G MOBILE COMMUNICATION flavor, GSM was renamed as “Global system for Mobile SYSTEM Communications”. Earlier mobile systems were wireless but not 1G refers to the first generation of mobile cellular networks. These systems did not have Any communication system which was started in 1974 and function, which permitted handover. These don’t have completed in 1984. 1G was developed on earlier stage to any particular standard. Frequency band used in 0G communicate with the mobile phones through the mobile phones was 150MHz to 450MHz. 1G refers to network of distributed transceivers. Analog System was the first generation of . These are the the first mobile wireless communication system used in analog telecommunications standards that were 1G, which was based on an Advance Mobile Phone introduced in the 1980 and continued until being Service (AMPS) technology. These first generation replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main systems provided voice transmissions by using difference between two succeeding mobile telephone frequencies around 900 MHz and analogue . systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G Its successor, 2G, which made use of digital signals, 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. wireless networks used analog radio signals. Through Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of commercially launched on the GSM standard in 1991. about 150MHz and up as it is transmitted between radio Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their towers. This is done using a technique called Frequency- predecessors were that phone conversations were Division Multiple Access (FDMA). In terms of overall digitally encrypted, 2G systems were significantly more connection quality, 1G compares unfavorably to its efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile successors. It has low capacity, unreliable handoff, poor phone penetration levels and 2G introduced data services voice , and no security at all since voice calls were for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 3rd played back in radio towers, making these calls generation is a standard used for mobile devices and susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties. mobile services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. It finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile , fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV. The 4G (fourth generation) of mobile phone communications is a successor of the third Generation (3G) standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra- broadband Internet access. Conceivable applications include amended access, IP telephony, and gaming Services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television. Recently, Android and Windows-enabled cellular devices have fallen in the 4G category. One base Limitations of 1G Mobile Communication: advantage of 4G is that it can at any point of travelling It does not have data service to convert the time provide an internet data transfer rate higher than voice into digital signals. Global Service was any existing cellular services (excluding broadband and not possible, low capacity, unreliable hand off, Poor Wi-Fi connections). Voice Quality because in 1G, the data can be carried by In India, launched India's first 4G only one channel from source to destination .This means services, in Chandigarh, Mohali & Panchkula. that the two callers are not able to hear each other By using TD-LTE technology on March 20, simultaneously since the number of calls was limited. 2013 and in Kolkata on 10 April 2012. It has already launched the same service in Banglore on May 07, 2012. 58

II. 2G MOBILE COMMUNICATION Mail Messages, Speed 64-144 kbps, Phone Calls, Take a SYSTEM time of 6-9 minutes to download a 3 minutes Mp3 Song.

The second generation of mobile networks III. 3G MOBILE COMMUNICATION which were the next stage in the development of mobile SYSTEM communication after 1G. 2G was started at 1980’s and completed at 1990’s which were mainly for voice 3G started in the 1980s. Initial plans focused on transmission with digital signals and the speed up to 64 multimedia applications such as videoconferencing for kbps. When compared to 1G, 2G was step ahead by mobile phones. As personal wireless handsets become providing services such as short message services, more common than fixed , it is clear that picture message services and Multi Media Message personal wireless Internet access will follow and users services (MMS). In 2G ,two schemes such as Time will want broadband Internet access wherever they go. Division Multiple Access(TDMA) and Code Division Today's 3G specifications call for 144 Kb/s while the Multiple Access ( CDMA) were used .TDMA allows for user is on the move in an automobile or train. The the division of signals into time slots and a special code second key issue for 3G wireless is that users will want generated by a CDMA for each user in order to to roam worldwide and stay connected. Today, GSM communicate over a multiplex physical channel. The leads in global roaming. Because of the pervasiveness of most popular 2G wireless technology is known as Global GSM, users can get comprehensive coverage in Europe, Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM). The first Asia and U.S. . . . A key goal of 3G is to make this GSM systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in the roaming capacity universal. A third issue for 3G systems 900MHz band. Today, GSM systems operate in the is capacity. As wireless usage continues to expand, 900MHz and 1.8 GHz bands throughout the world with existing systems are reaching limits. Cells can be made the exception of the Americas where they operate in the smaller, permitting frequency reuse, but only to a point. 1.9 GHz band. Within Europe, the GSM technology The next step is new technology and new . made possible the seamless roaming across all countries. The important feature of 3G technology is that it While GSM technology was developed in Europe, provides higher data transmission rates and increased CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology speed of capability. 3G uses packet-switching was developed in . While GSM and other technology, which is more effective and faster than the TDMA-based systems have become the dominant 2G earlier circuit-switched systems, but it requires a technologies, CDMA technology are changed infrastructure to the 2G systems. The purpose of recognized as providing clearer voice quality with less the 3G is to provide more coverage and evolution with background noise, fewer dropped calls, enhanced lowest investment. security, greater reliability and greater network capacity.

Limitations of 3G Mobile Communication:

Requires higher bandwidth. Cost for the 3G Limitations of 2G Mobile Communication: mobile phone is high. Size of the phone is large. Strong digital signals are required to make the Difficult to build the infrastructure for 3G the amount is mobile phones work. Digital signals would be week if high for 3G Licenses Services. there is no proper network coverage in the specified area. Difficult to handle complex data such as video etc. 2G IV. 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION Mobile communication system defines that the 2G SYSTEM cellular systems can combine with the General Packet radio Services (GPRS) or other facilities that are not The objective of the 3G was to develop a new found in 2G or 1G network. In addition to circuit- protocol and new technologies to further enhance the switched domain, 2G implements as packet switched mobile experience. The new 4G framework to be network to make use of 2G system infrastructure. It can established will try to accomplish new levels of user have a data rate up to 144kbps and the technologies used experience and multi-service capacity by also integrating in 2G are GPRS, EDGE, & CDMA. The major features all the mobile technologies that exist In spite of different are Camera Phones, Web Browsing Send/Receive E- approaches, each resulting from different visions of the 59 future platform currently under investigation, the main Limitations of 4G Mobile Communication: objectives of 4G networks can be stated in the following The usage of battery in 4G mobile phone is properties: Ubiquity, Multi-service platform Low bit more; Implementation of hardware is difficult, cost. Ubiquity means that this new mobile networks complicated hardware is necessary, Exclusive network is must be available to the user, anytime, anywhere. To compulsory to implement the 4G network. accomplish this objective services and technologies must be standardized in a worldwide scale. Furthermore the V. 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION services to be implemented should be available not only SYSTEM to humans as have been the rule in previous systems, but also to everything that needs to communicate. In this This technology is fifth generation of wireless mobile new world we can find transmitters in our phone to network which was begun in late 2010s. It has almost no enable voice and data communications, in our wrist, to limitation which makes it isolated or completed wireless monitor our vital signs, in the packages we send, so that communication. Mobile users not had experience of such we always know their location, in cars, to always have a highly advance technology. An end user can also their location and receive alerts about an accident, in connect their 5G mobile phones with their desktops to remote monitor/control devices, in animals to track their have internet connection. It totally supported World state or location, or even in plants. Based on this view, Wide Wireless Web. This communication technology NTT DoCoMo, that has already a wide base of 3G merges all enhanced benefits of mobile phones like mobile users, estimates the number of mobile dialling speed, MP3 recording, cloud storage, HD communication terminals to grow in from the downloading in instant of seconds and much more that actual 82.2 million to more than 500 million units by you had never imagined. 2010. A multi-service platform is an essential property Features of 5G: of the new mobile generation, not only because it is the The following are the features of 5G that makes main reason for user transition, but also because it will it extraordinary phone give telecommunication operators access to new levels • Faster data transfer rate as compared with last of traffic. Voice will loose its weight in the overall user generations. bill with the raise of more and more data services. Low- • Huge memory, fast dialling speed. bit cost is an essential requirement in a scenario where • high volumes of data are being transmitted over the HD quality picture. mobile network. With the actual price per bit, the market • More attractive and more effective. for the new high demanding applications, which transmit • Peak uploading and downloading speed. high volumes of data? (To achieve the proposed goals, a • Remote diagnostics. very flexible network that aggregates various radio • Up to 25 Mbps connection speed. access technologies, must be created. 4G denotes the • High quality services to avoid errors. fourth generation of mobile communication system • Bi-directional large bandwidth. which was introduced in the year 2010. 4G is the IP- These all features will be most likely found in 5G based mobile system that provides access through a mobile phones collection of radio interfaces. It has the capability to Future Prospective of 5G Technology: provide speed of 100 Mbps – 1Gbps and has high QoS 5G mobile phones have bright future in the era (Quality of service) and security. It also offers various of development and technology. At present, each kind of service at any time as per user requirements at desktop or has assigned an individual IP address anywhere . The significant features of 4G technology are to track the of data traffic but in future 5G mobile video conferencing, location based services, tele- phones will have permanent care of address and “Home” medicine, high security, speed, capacity and low cost per IP address associated which tells actual location without bit. The term MAGIC indicates in 4G as any error. Once a computer is connected to internet, then M= mobile multimedia it can easily connect with mobile phone as computer A= any time any where sends a data packet to IP address of mobile set and as a G= global mobility support result, server present on IP address send I= integrated wireless solution acknowledgement packet to real location through C= customized personal service message forwarding mechanism. 5G will use cloud computing mechanism in their mobile phones i.e. it is a technology that uses central data repository and internet connection to maintain applications. At present, operators are going through training of clod computing technology and in future they implied tremendous opportunities of cloud in 5G wireless networks. The most effective and attractive feature of 5G will be its advanced billing interfaces.

VI. CONCLUSION

This paper gives brief of generations of mobile wireless technology. This revolution had started from 1G 60 and emerging up to 5G. From the analog voice centric [2] E. Ferro and F. Potorti, “Bluetooth and Wi-Fi first generation to the digital second generation, the goal wireless protocols: A survey and a comparison,” IEEE was to enhance the voice experience of a user, by Wireless Communication., vol. 12, no. 1, pp.12-16, Feb. improving the quality of the communication while using 2005. more efficiently the installed capacity. At the same time [3] K. R. Santhi, V. K. Srivastava, G. SenthilKumaran, the enhanced mobility provided by seamless handover A. Butare, “Goals of true broad band's wireless next and the additional data communications capacity wave (4G-5G),” Vehicular Technology Conference, (although very small) advanced and opened the doors to 2003. VTC 2003-Fall. 2003 IEEE 58th, Volume: 4, 6-9 future developments. Some of the developments was Oct. 2003, Pages: 2317 - 2321 Vol.4 brought by generation 2.5 namely by GPRS, which [4] Vasco Pereira and Tiago Sousa, Evolution of Mobile improved data communications by supporting IP in the Communications: from 1G to 4G, July 2004 GSM infrastructure. With the third generation the goal [5] Tachikawa, Keiji, “A perspective on the Evolution of changed from voice-centric to data-centric. Moreover Mobile Communications”, IEEE Communications total mobility became an objective to pursuit. In this Magazine, October 2003, pp. 66-73 generation it is possible to combine voice, multimedia [6] Hui, Suk Yu, and Yeung, Kai Hau, “Challenges in applications and mobility in a never experienced manner. the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems”, IEEE However, the global mobility, while an important Communications Magazine, December 2003, pp. 54-59 objective, was never really reached. At the same time [7] Mudit Ratana Bhalla and Anand Vardhan Bhalla, new applications demand more bandwidth and lower International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – costs. The newcomer fourth-generation tries to address 8887) Volume 5– No.4, August 2010 this problem by integrating all different wireless [8] Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs), “Cellular Mobile technologies. This paper reviewed the various Communication System.” generations of mobile wireless technology, their [9] Andrew McGirr, Barry Cassidy (Novatel), 1992, performance, advantages and disadvantages of one “Radio telephone using received signal strength in generation over other. In future the research work is on controlling transmission power”. real wireless world with no more limitations, wired [10] Douglas Fougnies et al. (Freedom Wireless) 1998, devices with artificial intelligence capabilities, Pervasive “Security cellular telecommunications system” Networks provides universal computing. [11] Friedhelm Hillebrand, ed. (2002): "GSM and UMTS, the Creation of Global Mobile REFERENCES Communications", John Wiley & Sons. [12] Goldsmith, Andrea (2005), “Wireless [1] Nabeel ur Rehman, Asad Asif,Junaid Iqbal, “3G Communications. Cambridge University” Mobile Communication Networks”, in Explore Summer 2006.

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