710 BULLETINOFMARINESCIENCE,VOL.56, NO.2,1995

Ishizaki, Ch. and J, Urich. 1985. Mercury contamination of food: a Venezuelan case study, Inter- ciencia 10: 173-178. Knauer, O. A. 1976, Immediate industrial effect on sediment mercury concentrations in a clean coastal environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 7: 112-115. Monaco, M, and P. Ozaeta. 1979. Informe preliminar presentado a la Comisi6n Interministerial del Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables (MARNR ed,), 20 pp. Morgan, M, D. and C. L. Kitting. 1984. Productivity and utilization on the seagrass Halodule wrightii and its attached epiphytes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 1066-1076. Orth, R. J. 1984. The importance, of sediment stability in seagrass communities. Pages 281-300 in Bruce C. Coull, ed. Ecology of marine benthos. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, Parra, G. 1974. Estudio integral de la cuenca del rfo Yaracuy. Direccion de Malario-Iogfa y Saneami- ento Ambiental. Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social (MSAS ed.). 341 pp. Pollard, D. A. 1984. A review of eco]ogical studies on seagrass- communities, with particular reference to recent :;tudies in Australia. Aquatic Bot. 18: 3-42. Renzoni, A., E. Bacci and L. Falciai. 1973. Mercury concentrations in the water, sediments and fauna of an area of Tyrrhenian coast Rev, Inter. Oceanogr. Med. 31/32: 17-45. Sasarna], S. K., B. K. Sahu and R. C. Panigrahy. 1987. Heavy metals in coastal sediments from India. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 18: 132-136. Selli, R., M. Frignani, C. M. Rossi and R. Viviani. 1973. Mercury content in the sediments of the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian. Bull. Geol. Soc, Greece 10: 177-179, Short, F. T. 1987. Effcct of sediments nutrients on seagrasses: literature review and mesocosm ex- periment. Aquatic Bot. 27: 41-57. Urich, J. 1981. Estudio comparativo de los niveles de mercurio total en la ictiofauna de Golfo Triste (Edo. Carabobo) y zona orienta] de ]a costa de Venezuela. M.Sc. Thesis, Inst. Venez. Invest. Cient., Venezuela, ] 15 pp. Zingdee, M. D. and B. N, Desay. 1981. Mercury in Thana Creek Bombay Harbour. Mar. Pollut, Bull, ]2: 237-241.

DATEACCEPTED:June I, 1994.

ADDRESS: Instituto de Tecnologia y Ciencias Marinas (INTECMAR), Universidad Simon Bolivar, Apartado postal 89000, Caracas l080-A, Venezuela.

BULLETINOFMARINESCIENCE,56(2): 710-717, 1995

ETHNOICHTHYOLOGY OF SOUTHERN COASTAL FISHERMEN: CASES FROM BUZIOS ISLAND AND SEPETIBA BAY ()

A. Begossi and J. L. de Figueiredo

Ethnobiology deals with the perceptions, uses, and classifications man has for the biotic environment. It includes the study of the types and uses of resources, of their names, and of the logic behind their classification. living close to natural resources have, in general, a deep knowledge of those resources, useful for food, trade, medicine and ritual practices. There is a vast literature on , such as on (Prance et aI., 1987), ethnornithology (Bos- ter et aI., 1986), ethnoentomology (Posey, 1981) and ethnoichthyology (Begossi and Garavello, 1990; Marques, 1991; Morril, 1967). Studies on ethnobiology have contributed to advances in biological knowledge, through the finding of new species (Posey, 1986) and through new data on fish behavior (Marques, 1991), The implication folk knowledge has on the conser- vation of biodiversity is indisputable: it is essential to do inventories of tropical fauna and to know more about species, Traditional seafolk have a fundamental NOTES 7] ]

_ I:LCIOQlXlO ~~ I I I I 1050 l!D 40 eo

Figure I. Map of the southern Brazilian coast, including the islands studied (Buzios, ItacurUl;:aand Jaguanum). The community of Gamboa is located at Itacuru~a Island. wealth of this knowledge that could help maintaining the resources they depend upon. "Cai~aras" are native populations of the southern Brazilian coast living close to the Atlantic Forest and are descendants of Indians and Portuguese. is a central activity for many contemporary cai~aras in spite of the role that agri- culture played in the past and of the cultivation of manioc (Begossi et aI., 1993). A great part of the knowledge of fishermen from Buzios and Sepetiba are trans- mitted from fathers to sons, as fishing starts in childhood. In this study we show fish names and uses by the community of Buzios Island, located at Sao Paulo State and by the community of Gamboa (Itacuru~a Island) and of Jaguanum Island, in Sepetiba Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro. We list 105 species for Buzios and 66 for Sepetiba Bay.

METHODS Buzios Island was studied from 1986 to 1987, on monthly visits of about a week, over 14 months. Field work in Sepetiba Bay was carried out in 1989 and 1990, over 6 months. Field work included interviews and data recorded on fishing trips. Interviews (conducted with fishermen and wives) included questions on fish consumption and preference, and on economic activ- ities. Data from trips (gear, species, crew) were collected 3 days per month, at landing points at the islands of Buzios, Itacuru~a and Jaguanum and at Itacuru~a Beach (Fig. 1). Fish and other animals collected were preserved with 15% formaldehyde. Fish identification was based on Figueiredo (1977), Figueiredo and Menezes (1978, 1980) and Menezes and Figueiredo (1980, 1985), with minor corrections. Some fish names changed after taxonomic revision. Then, Cynoscion striatus should stand as C. guatucupa (Figueiredo, 1992), Raneyafiuminensis as R. brasiliensis (Rob- ins, 1985), Epinephelus guaza as E. marginatus and Mycteroperca bonaci as M. acutirostris (Heemstra, ]99]).

STUDY SITES AND FISHING ACTIVITIES The commumtIes studied are located in islands relatively disturbed, but they are part of the last remaining Atlantic forest. As part of the southern Brazilian 712 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 56, NO.2, 1995 continental shelf, these islands pertain biogeographic ally to the Argentinian Ma- rine Province, which includes essentially a tropical fauna, some endemic species, and only a few temperate species (Figueiredo, 1981). Artisanal of this region are basically supported by tropical species. Buzios Island, about 24 km off the coast of Sao Paulo State is surrounded by deep waters (ca, 39--45 m deep) (Fig. 1). It includes about 44 families; people fish around the island, especially from paddled canoes using hook and line and gilInets (Begossi and Richerson, 1991). Pomatomus saltatrix (bluefish), Loligo sanpaulensis (squid) and Hemiramphus balao (halfbeak) are important for sale and consumption. Marine animals represent about 68% of the animals consumed by islanders (Begossi and Richerson, 1993). Sepetiba Bay is a shallow coastal area with many islands, reaching about 30 m in the deepest sites and protected by the sandbank (restinga) of Marambaia (Fig. 1). It includes communities that make a living on fishing and on tourism, located at Itacuru~;i, Jaguanum, Marambaia and Martins Islands. The "ColOnia de Pescadores Z-16" (fishermen's association) has 883 registered fishermen, 37% living in Jaguanum and 18% in Itacuru9

FISH NAMES We list 115 "folk" species for Buzios Island and 73 folk species for Sepetiba Bay (Table 1). Many folk names are based on morphology and binomial names occur for 37 (35%) of species at Buzios and for 13 (20%) of species at Sepetiba Bay. Folk binomials seem to include a set of related folk species, where the second name is a feature of the species. A composite term is considered binomial if one constituent of the label stands on its own, the other is a modifying element and if there is another composite term with which it shares a constituent (Brown, 1985). We may observe the sets "raia" (rays), "ca~ao" (), "bonito" and "corcoroca" (Table 1), among others, having binomial folk names. Brown (1985, 1990) compared the frequency of binomial uses among cultivators and hunter-gatherers, and found about 32% of binomials for small-scale cultivators and 8% for foragers. Fishermen of south- east coastal Brazil reinforce Brown's findings, if one considers these fishing com- munities to be small-scale cultivators because they are economically dependent upon fishing yet stilI rely on resources cultivated and collected in the forest (Be- NOTES 713

Table 1. Fish names and uses from southcrn coast of Brazil. C = consumed, A = avoided or seldom consumed: may be tabooed or "low status" fish, usually bony fish; nc = not collected, but identified by comparing pictures and dcscriptions.

Family Fish Buzios Island Uscs Sepctiba Bay Uses Albulidae Albula vulpes paratf-mico Apogonidac Apogon pseudomaculatus gordinho, leopol- A dina Ariidae Cathorops ~pixii bagre-gurf A Genidens genidens bagre, cabc90tc A Netuma sp. cumbaca A Notarius grandicassis bagre A Sciadeichthys luniscutis bagre-amarelo A Atherinidae Xenomelaniris brasiliensis peixe-reis Batrachoididae Porichthys porosissimus bacalhau Branchiostegidae Caulolatilus chrysops michola Carangidae A lectis ciliaris xareu-bandeira, A x. penacho Caranx crysos xalerete C Caranx hippos xereletc, olhudo Caranx latus xareu A olhudo, xerelete Chloroscombrus chrysurus palombeta A palombeta C Decapterus punctatus xixarro, carapau C Oligoplites saliens guaivira A guaivira A Psedocaranx dentex pracumanda C Selar crumenophthalmus xixarro-olhudo Selene setapinnis galo A Selene vomer peixe-galo Seriola dumerili olho-de-boi C Seriola lalandei olhete C Trachinotus carolinus pampo A pampo C Uraspis secunda sabao A Carcharhinidae Rhizoprionodon lalandei ca9ao-babaqueiro A ca90nete A Centropomidae Centropomus undecimalis robalo C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon striatus tinhuna-fradc A Clupeidae Harengula clupeola savelha sardinha A Opisthonema oglinum sardinha* A Sardinella brasiliensis sardinha A Congridae Conger orbignyanus cobra-do-mar A Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus dourado C Cynoglossidae Symphurus plagusia lingua Dactylopteridae Dactylopterus volitans coi6 A coi6 A Dasyatididae Dasyatis guttata arraia-lixa A Dasyatis sp. raia-prego nc A Elopidae Elops saurus baranda A barana A Engraulididae Anchoa lyolepis manjuba-boca- de-rato Cetengraulis edentulus sardinha A Ephippididae Chaetodipterus faber parD C enxada Exocoetidae Hirundichthys speculiger voador Fistulariidae Fistularia petimba timbiili A Gadidae Urophycis brasiliensis' bacalheu Gerreidae Diapterus auratus caratinga A carapeba** C Diapterus rhombeus caratinga Eucinostomus argenteus c.arapau C Eucinostomus gula c.arapicu C Bathygobius soporator imbore A Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela arraia-parati A Haemulidae Anisotremus surinamensis sargo C sargo Anisotremus virginicus salema A Haemulon aurolineatum corc.oroca A Haemulon steindachneri corcoroca-sargo A Orthopristis ruber corcoroca C 714 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. VOL 56. NO.2. 1995

Table I. Continued

Family Fish Buzios Island Uses Sepetiba Bay Uses Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus balao panaguaiu C Hyporhamphus unifasciatus peixe-agulha Holoeentridae Holocentrus a.rcensionis jaguari~a C Kyphosidae Kyphosus incisor piragiea C Labridae Bodianus pulc.hellus budiiio-fogueira, A b. batata Bodianus rufus budiiio-batata A Halichoeres cyanocephalus budiiio-papagaio A Halichoeres poeyi budiiio- verde, A budiiio verdugo Labrisomidae Labrisomus nuchipinnis imbore*** A Lobotidae Labotes surinamensis pejereba Lutjanidae Lutjanus analis caranha C Lutjanus cyanopterus caranha C Lutjanus synagris vermelho- xi6va C vermelho Romboplites aurorubens xi6va A Monaeanthidae Aluterus monoceros peixe-porco A Stephanolepis hispidus peixe-poreo A peixe-poreo Mugilidae Mugi! curema parat! nc parat! C Mugi! platanus tainha C virote****, tainha Mullidae Pseudupeneus maculatus sabonete Upeneus parvus trilha Muraenidae Gymnothorax funebris camburn-marrom A Gymnothorax moringa camburn-pintado A Gymnothorax acellatus mort-:ia A Myliobatididae Myliobatis sp. raia-sapo A Rhinoptera bonasus arraia-moitiio, A a. cabocla Ogcocephalidae Ogcocephalus vespertilio peixe-morcego A Odontaspididae Eugomphodus tauru~' ca~oa C Ophidiidae Raneya brasiliensis lagarto-do-mar A Paraliehthyidae Citharichthys spilopterus linguado Cyclopsetta fimbriata linguado, tapa A Syacium micrurum linguado, tapa A Pempherididae Pempheris schomburgki machadinha A Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus paru frade Pomacentridae Abudefduf saxlltilis tinhuna A querquere Stegastes leucostictu~' cafe-torrado A Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix enehova C enchova C Priaeanthidae Priacanthus arenatus olho-de-ciio e fogueira, olho-de-ciio Rajidae Raja cyclophora raia-emplasto A Rhinobatidae Rhinobatos horkelii ea~iio-viola A Rhinobatos percellens ca~iio-viola A Scaridae Scarus vetula budiiio-bicho, b. A rabo-de-tlor Sparisoma cf. chrysopterum budiiio-enxofrado A ne Sparisoma rubripinne budiiio-caranha A Seiaenidae Bairdiella ronchus cangu

Table I. Continued

Family Fish Buzios Island Uses Sepetiba Bay Uses Macrodon ancylodon peseada-pii, p. eomum Menticirrhus americanus betara A imbetara C Micropogonias fumier; eorvina C Nebris microps peseada-banana, p. ing]esa Pogonias cromis pirauna C Stellifer rastrifer roneador, eabel;udo, cangua Umbrina coroides roneador, eorvina A coreoroca-da- C areia-branea Seombridae Auxis sp. bonito-banana A Euthynnus alleteratus bonito-pintado A Sarda sarda baquara ne Scomber japonicus eavalinha C Scomberomorus brasiliensis sororoea ne sororoca C Scomberomorus cavalla eavala A Seorpaenidae Pontinus rathbuni mamangaba A Serranidae Diplectrum formosum mieh61i Diplectrum radiale mieh61e Epinephelus marginatus garoupa C Epinephelus moria garoupa-sao- C tome Epinephelus niveatus cherne C cherne Mycteroperca acutirostris miraeelo C mira Mycteroperca bonaci badejo, badejo- C preto Mycteroperca interstitialis agua-fria C Paranthias furcifer namorado Sparidae Archosargus rhomboidalis eanhanha Calamus penna pargo, earatinga A Diplodus argenteus marimba C Pagrus pagrus pargo-verrne]ho A pargo Sphyraenidae Sphyraena guachancho bicuda C Sphyrnidae Sphyrna sp. caC;ao-campeba A ne Sphyma tiburo A eal;ao-eampeba Squatinidae Squatina sp. eal;iio-anjo Stromateidae Peprilus paru gordinho, pomba- de-mol;a Hippocampus reidi eavalinho-do-mar A Synodontidae Synodus foetens bonome, coi6 Synodus intermedius lagarto-do-mar A Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides spengleri baiaeu A Sphoeroides testudineus baiaeu A Triehiuridae Trichiurus lepturus espada C espada Trig]idae Prionotus punctatus eabrinha A * Sardinha lais, s. laje. s. maromba. ** Adult of caratinga. *** Imbor€: de chia, i. fOlha seca. **** Young mullet. gossi et aI., 1993). Small-scale agrarian groups tend to have larger inventories of species than hunters and gatherers, which usually have a shallow taxonomy, with little subclassification (Brown, 1986). Important families at Buzios, with many folk and scientific species listed, are Carangidae, with no binomials and 15 folk and scientific species, Serranidae (9 folk and 8 species) and Sciaenidae (13 folk and 8 species). "Budiao" (Labridae 716 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 56, NO.2, 1995

and Scaridae) is a folk genus with many binomial names for species but it includes fish not consumed. The identification of many species of "budiao" at Buzios was also observed by Lenko (1965). Binomial folk names are generally related to important economic families except for Labridae and Scaridae. Perhaps, the con- spicuousness and beautiful colors of these species making them highly noticeable and identifiable, explains their importance in folk nomenclature. Reference sa- lience relates to natural salience for humans because of such physical aspects or cultural importance: (Brown, 1986). At Sepetiba Bay, taxonomically important families are Sciaenidae, with 10 folk and 9 scientific species, Carangidae, with 7 folk and 6 scientific species and Ariidae (3 species). Ariidae ("bagre"), rays ("arraia") and sharks ("cal;(ao") are important groups and have binomials. "Hidden" binomials are found for Gerrei- dae (caratinga, carapeba-Table 1). Brown (1990) proposed that binomials arise when folk taxonomies become large: binomial labels are easier to remember be- cause they are built out of terms current in the language. The utilitarian side of classification is a polemic matter in the literature (Hays, 1982). Practical measures of cultural significance of taxa are difficult because species not used may be detected and classified for various reasons, including poisonous, invasive (Hunn, 1982) or just beautiful species. Boster et al. (1986) pointed out that Aguaruna informants showed least disagreements on bird speci- mens that were perceptually salient. Among Brazilian fishers, Marques (1991) found in Alagoas State a detailed classification of the Gobiidae, some of them used for food and bait (Marques, pers. comm.) Begossi and Garavello (1990) found at the Tocantins River a fine-grained classification for fish consumed and sold, suggesting in this case an utilitarian purpose in classification. Some folk species have synonyms (7 cases in both communities) and there are 11 cases in Buzios and 7 in Sepetiba in which there are more than one folk name for a species (polysemy). Cases in which the same folk name is given for more than one species are less frequent (5 in each community). There are 14 polytypic genera at Buzios and 6 at Sepetiba Bay, contrasted to 74 monotypic at Bt1zios and 55 at Sepetiba. We did not find differences in the naming process of fishers for polytypic or monotypic genera, in spite of the sug- gestions of Berlin (1990) that monotypic genera have better established folk names.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to CNPq (Brazil) for scholarships (1985-1994) and research grants (1988-9/91/93), to FAPERJ (RI, Brazil) for a research grant (1990), to FAPESP (SP, Brazil) for the grant no. 9211390- 9 and to J.G.W. Marques for helpful comments.

LITERATURE CITED

Begossi, A. I992a. The: use of optimal foraging theory in the understanding of fishing strategies: a case from Sepetiba bay (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). Human Ecol. 20: 463-475. ---. 1992b. Food taboos at Buzios Island (Brazil): their significance and relation to folk medicine. J. Ethnobiol. 12(1): 117-139. -- and J. C. Garavdlo. 1990. Notes on the ethnoichthyology of fishermen from the Tocantins River. Ac. Amaz. 20: 341-351. --- and P. J. Richerson. 1991. The diffusion of "Iambreta", an artificial lure, at Buzios Island (Brazil). Marit. Anthropol. St. 4(2): 87-103. --- and ---. 1993. Biodiversity, family income and ecological niche: a study on the con- sumption of animals at Buzios island. Ecol. Food Nutr. 30: 51-61. ---, H. E Leitao-Filho and P. J. Richerson. 1993. Plant uses in a Brazilian coastal fishing com- munity (Buzios Island). J. Ethnobiol. 13(2): 233-256. NOTES 717

Berlin, B. 1990. The chicken and the egg-head revisited: further evidence for the intellectualist bases of ethnobio]ogical classification. Pages 19-34 in D. A. Posey and W. L. Overa], Org. Ethnobio]- ogy: implications and applications. Proc. First Int. Congr. Ethnobiol., 1988. CNPqIMPEG, Brazil. Boster, J., B. Berlin and J. O'Neill. 1986. The correspondence of Jivaroan to scientific ornithology. Am. Anthropol. 88: 569-583. Brown, C. H. 1985. Mode of subsistence and folk biological taxonomy. CurroAnthropol. 26: 43-53. ---. ]986. The growth of ethnobio]ogical nomenclature. CurroAnthropol. 27: I-II. ---. 1990. Ethnozoological nomenclature and anima] salience. Pages 81-88 in D. A. Posey and W. L. Overal, Org. Ethnobiology: implications and applications. Proc. First Int. Congr. Ethnobiol., 1988. CNPqIMPEG, Brazil. Figueiredo, J. L. 1977. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. I. Ca••6es, raias e quimeras. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 104 pp. ---. 1981. Estudo das distribui••6es endSmicas de peixes da Provincia Zoogeografica Marinha Argentina. Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. 121 pp. ---. 1992. Sobre a aplica••ao dos nomes Cynoscion striatus (Cuvier, 1829) e Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) (Teleostei:Sciaenidae). Comun. Mus. CiSne. PUCRS, ser. zool. Porto A]egre, 5(8): 117-121. --- and N. A. Menezes. 1978. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Te]eostei (1). Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 110 pp. --- and ---. 1980. Manua] de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. Ill. Te]eostei (2). Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 90 pp. Hays, T. E. 1982. Utilitarianladaptationist explanations of folk biological classification: some cau- tionary notes. J. Ethnobiol. 2: 89-94. Heemstra, P. C. 1991. A taxonomic revision of the eastern Atlantic groupers (Pisces: Serranidae). Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 43(226): 5-71. Hunn, E. 1982. The utilitarian factor in folk biological classification. Amer. Anthropol. 84(4): 830- 847. Lenko, K. 1965. Migalhas fo1c16ricasda llha dos Buzios. Chacaras e Quintais, Sept.: 453-456. Marques, J. G. W. 1991. Aspectos ecol6gicos na etnoictiologia dos pescadores do comp]exo estuarino- lagunar de Mundau-Manguaba, Alagoas. Doctora] Dissertation, Universidade Estadual de Cam- pinas, Brazil. 292 pp. Menezes, N. A. and J. L. Figueiredo. 1980. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. IV. Teleostei (3). Museu de Zoo]ogia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 96 pp. --- and ---. 1985. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. V. Teleostei (4). Museu de Zoo]ogia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 105 pp. Morrit, W. T. 1967. Ethnoicthyo]ogy of the Cha-Cha. 6: 405-417. Posey, D. A. 1981. Wasps, warriors, and fearless men: ethnoentomology of the Kayap6 Indians of Central Brazil. J. Ethnobiol. 1(1): ]65-174. ---. 1986. Etnobiologia: teoria e pnitica. Suma etnol6gica Brasileira, Vol. I: etnobiologia. B. Ribeiro (Coord.). VozeslFinep, Brazil. 302 pp. Prance, G. T., W. Balee, B. M. Boom and R. L. Carneiro. ]987. Quantitative ethnobotany and the case for conservation in Amazonia. Cons. BioI. 1(4): 296-310. Robins, C. R. ]985. The status of the ophidiid fish Ophidium brasiliense Kaup. Jap. J. Ichthyol. 31: 441-443.

DATEACCEPTED:December 9, 1993.

ADDRESSES: (A.B.) Nucleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UN/CAMP), CP 6166, Campinas, SP, 1308/-970, Brazil; (J.L.F.) Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de sao Paulo (USP), CP 7172, sao Paulo, SP, 01064-970, Brazil.