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Ethnoichthyology of Southern Coastal Fishermen: Cases from Buzios Island and Sepetiba Bay (Brazil)

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Ethnoichthyology of Southern Coastal Fishermen: Cases from Buzios Island and Sepetiba Bay (Brazil) 710 BULLETINOFMARINESCIENCE,VOL.56, NO.2,1995 Ishizaki, Ch. and J, Urich. 1985. Mercury contamination of food: a Venezuelan case study, Inter- ciencia 10: 173-178. Knauer, O. A. 1976, Immediate industrial effect on sediment mercury concentrations in a clean coastal environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 7: 112-115. Monaco, M, and P. Ozaeta. 1979. Informe preliminar presentado a la Comisi6n Interministerial del Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables (MARNR ed,), 20 pp. Morgan, M, D. and C. L. Kitting. 1984. Productivity and utilization on the seagrass Halodule wrightii and its attached epiphytes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 1066-1076. Orth, R. J. 1984. The importance, of sediment stability in seagrass communities. Pages 281-300 in Bruce C. Coull, ed. Ecology of marine benthos. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, Parra, G. 1974. Estudio integral de la cuenca del rfo Yaracuy. Direccion de Malario-Iogfa y Saneami- ento Ambiental. Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social (MSAS ed.). 341 pp. Pollard, D. A. 1984. A review of eco]ogical studies on seagrass-fish communities, with particular reference to recent :;tudies in Australia. Aquatic Bot. 18: 3-42. Renzoni, A., E. Bacci and L. Falciai. 1973. Mercury concentrations in the water, sediments and fauna of an area of Tyrrhenian coast Rev, Inter. Oceanogr. Med. 31/32: 17-45. Sasarna], S. K., B. K. Sahu and R. C. Panigrahy. 1987. Heavy metals in coastal sediments from India. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 18: 132-136. Selli, R., M. Frignani, C. M. Rossi and R. Viviani. 1973. Mercury content in the sediments of the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian. Bull. Geol. Soc, Greece 10: 177-179, Short, F. T. 1987. Effcct of sediments nutrients on seagrasses: literature review and mesocosm ex- periment. Aquatic Bot. 27: 41-57. Urich, J. 1981. Estudio comparativo de los niveles de mercurio total en la ictiofauna de Golfo Triste (Edo. Carabobo) y zona orienta] de ]a costa de Venezuela. M.Sc. Thesis, Inst. Venez. Invest. Cient., Venezuela, ] 15 pp. Zingdee, M. D. and B. N, Desay. 1981. Mercury in Thana Creek Bombay Harbour. Mar. Pollut, Bull, ]2: 237-241. DATEACCEPTED:June I, 1994. ADDRESS: Instituto de Tecnologia y Ciencias Marinas (INTECMAR), Universidad Simon Bolivar, Apartado postal 89000, Caracas l080-A, Venezuela. BULLETINOFMARINESCIENCE,56(2): 710-717, 1995 ETHNOICHTHYOLOGY OF SOUTHERN COASTAL FISHERMEN: CASES FROM BUZIOS ISLAND AND SEPETIBA BAY (BRAZIL) A. Begossi and J. L. de Figueiredo Ethnobiology deals with the perceptions, uses, and classifications man has for the biotic environment. It includes the study of the types and uses of resources, of their names, and of the logic behind their classification. Populations living close to natural resources have, in general, a deep knowledge of those resources, useful for food, trade, medicine and ritual practices. There is a vast literature on ethnobiology, such as on ethnobotany (Prance et aI., 1987), ethnornithology (Bos- ter et aI., 1986), ethnoentomology (Posey, 1981) and ethnoichthyology (Begossi and Garavello, 1990; Marques, 1991; Morril, 1967). Studies on ethnobiology have contributed to advances in biological knowledge, through the finding of new species (Posey, 1986) and through new data on fish behavior (Marques, 1991), The implication folk knowledge has on the conser- vation of biodiversity is indisputable: it is essential to do inventories of tropical fauna and to know more about species, Traditional seafolk have a fundamental NOTES 7] ] _ I:LCIOQlXlO ~~ I I I I 1050 l!D 40 eo Figure I. Map of the southern Brazilian coast, including the islands studied (Buzios, ItacurUl;:aand Jaguanum). The community of Gamboa is located at Itacuru~a Island. wealth of this knowledge that could help maintaining the resources they depend upon. "Cai~aras" are native populations of the southern Brazilian coast living close to the Atlantic Forest and are descendants of Indians and Portuguese. Fishing is a central activity for many contemporary cai~aras in spite of the role that agri- culture played in the past and of the cultivation of manioc (Begossi et aI., 1993). A great part of the knowledge of fishermen from Buzios and Sepetiba are trans- mitted from fathers to sons, as fishing starts in childhood. In this study we show fish names and uses by the community of Buzios Island, located at Sao Paulo State and by the community of Gamboa (Itacuru~a Island) and of Jaguanum Island, in Sepetiba Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro. We list 105 species for Buzios and 66 for Sepetiba Bay. METHODS Buzios Island was studied from 1986 to 1987, on monthly visits of about a week, over 14 months. Field work in Sepetiba Bay was carried out in 1989 and 1990, over 6 months. Field work included interviews and data recorded on fishing trips. Interviews (conducted with fishermen and wives) included questions on fish consumption and preference, and on economic activ- ities. Data from trips (gear, species, crew) were collected 3 days per month, at landing points at the islands of Buzios, Itacuru~a and Jaguanum and at Itacuru~a Beach (Fig. 1). Fish and other animals collected were preserved with 15% formaldehyde. Fish identification was based on Figueiredo (1977), Figueiredo and Menezes (1978, 1980) and Menezes and Figueiredo (1980, 1985), with minor corrections. Some fish names changed after taxonomic revision. Then, Cynoscion striatus should stand as C. guatucupa (Figueiredo, 1992), Raneyafiuminensis as R. brasiliensis (Rob- ins, 1985), Epinephelus guaza as E. marginatus and Mycteroperca bonaci as M. acutirostris (Heemstra, ]99]). STUDY SITES AND FISHING ACTIVITIES The commumtIes studied are located in islands relatively disturbed, but they are part of the last remaining Atlantic forest. As part of the southern Brazilian 712 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 56, NO.2, 1995 continental shelf, these islands pertain biogeographic ally to the Argentinian Ma- rine Province, which includes essentially a tropical fauna, some endemic species, and only a few temperate species (Figueiredo, 1981). Artisanal fisheries of this region are basically supported by tropical species. Buzios Island, about 24 km off the coast of Sao Paulo State is surrounded by deep waters (ca, 39--45 m deep) (Fig. 1). It includes about 44 families; people fish around the island, especially from paddled canoes using hook and line and gilInets (Begossi and Richerson, 1991). Pomatomus saltatrix (bluefish), Loligo sanpaulensis (squid) and Hemiramphus balao (halfbeak) are important for sale and consumption. Marine animals represent about 68% of the animals consumed by islanders (Begossi and Richerson, 1993). Sepetiba Bay is a shallow coastal area with many islands, reaching about 30 m in the deepest sites and protected by the sandbank (restinga) of Marambaia (Fig. 1). It includes communities that make a living on fishing and on tourism, located at Itacuru~;i, Jaguanum, Marambaia and Martins Islands. The "ColOnia de Pescadores Z-16" (fishermen's association) has 883 registered fishermen, 37% living in Jaguanum and 18% in Itacuru9<l Island. Gamboa, located at Itacuru~a Island and next to a mangrove forest, has 26 families. Jaguanum Island has 9 small settlements with about 100 fisher families. On both islands there are many tourist houses. People fish from paddled or motor canoes at Gamboa, and in small boats at Jaguanum Island. Encircling nets and gilInets are used in trips within the bay. Marine animals represent about 67% of the animal diet at Gamboa, and at the beach of Calhaus, Jaguanum Island. Mi- cropogonias furnieri (whitemouth croaker), Menticirrhus americanus (southern kingfish), rays and Mugil curema (white mullet) are consumed very often by the population. Penaeus schmitti (shrimp), Cynoscion leiarchus (smooth weakfish) and Centropomus undecimalis (snook), with good market prices, are often sold (Begossi, 1992a). Some catfishes, morays, pufferfishes and ray are avoided as food or seldom consumed by islanders. Fish avoidances (Table 1) are fish not consumed because of low catches or because they are bony (such as Haemulon aurolineatum); or food taboos (such as Auxis sp. and Euthynnus alletteratus); or used in medicinal practices (such as Stephanolepis hispidus), eggs of Raja cyclophora and Hippocampus reidi (Begos- si, 1992b). FISH NAMES We list 115 "folk" species for Buzios Island and 73 folk species for Sepetiba Bay (Table 1). Many folk names are based on morphology and binomial names occur for 37 (35%) of species at Buzios and for 13 (20%) of species at Sepetiba Bay. Folk binomials seem to include a set of related folk species, where the second name is a feature of the species. A composite term is considered binomial if one constituent of the label stands on its own, the other is a modifying element and if there is another composite term with which it shares a constituent (Brown, 1985). We may observe the sets "raia" (rays), "ca~ao" (sharks), "bonito" and "corcoroca" (Table 1), among others, having binomial folk names. Brown (1985, 1990) compared the frequency of binomial uses among cultivators and hunter-gatherers, and found about 32% of binomials for small-scale cultivators and 8% for foragers. Fishermen of south- east coastal Brazil reinforce Brown's findings, if one considers these fishing com- munities to be small-scale cultivators because they are economically dependent upon fishing yet stilI rely on resources cultivated and collected in the forest (Be- NOTES 713 Table 1. Fish names and uses from southcrn coast of Brazil. C = consumed, A = avoided or seldom consumed: may be tabooed or "low status" fish, usually bony fish; nc = not collected, but identified by comparing pictures and dcscriptions. Family Fish Buzios Island Uscs Sepctiba Bay Uses Albulidae Albula vulpes paratf-mico Apogonidac Apogon pseudomaculatus gordinho, leopol- A dina Ariidae Cathorops ~pixii bagre-gurf A Genidens genidens bagre, cabc90tc A Netuma sp. cumbaca A Notarius grandicassis bagre A Sciadeichthys luniscutis bagre-amarelo A Atherinidae Xenomelaniris brasiliensis peixe-reis Batrachoididae Porichthys porosissimus bacalhau Branchiostegidae Caulolatilus chrysops michola Carangidae A lectis ciliaris xareu-bandeira, A x.
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