International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 14, No.1, 2019 (Spl.) pp. 16-21 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Analytical study of ground water contamination in Ankleshwar Taluka of

Mukesh A Modi, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Dept., Faculty of Tech. and Engg., M. S. University of Baroda.

Hettal M. Tokle, Assistant Professor, Sal Institute of Tech. and Engineering Research-

Dr. N J Shrimali, Associate Professor, Civil Engg. Dept., Faculty of Tech. and Engg., M. S. University of Baroda.

Abstract: Groundwater is considered as most valuable helpful in most of agricultural and industrial utilization, for natural resource to human lives. In the recent era fresh the development of arid and semi arid region ground water ground water is a topic to think. To access clean portable takes part vital role. A large number of ground water drinking water is challenge to people; as groundwater quality reservoirs are still uninvestigated and undeveloped although is affected by public activity and utility. The area having high the ground water is distributed among the world. contamination of ground water is selected named as Ankleshwar located in district of Gujarat. The study II. LITERATURE REVIEW: area became center of attraction due to urbanization as well as many chemical refineries and pharmaceutical companies are Groundwater Quality is an issue of great importance and located around. The objective of study to access water quality concern. With continuous utilization of surface water parameter in 22 numbers of selected wells. Most effected sources, utilization of ground has increased in last few pollutant like TDS, Alkalinity, Nitrogen and fluoride analyzed decades which have raised new challenges and issues. during study. Spatial distribution analysis of these all Amongst these issues related to quality are significant. parameter is done with help of Arc GIS. Graphs are also Many scholars and researchers have worked on study and plotted to show ground water quality index with reference of analysis of ground water quality worldwide. They have dirking water quality standard IS 10500-2012. Study revels used many approaches and methods. Amongst most widely high constrictions of alkalinity and TDS in Ground water of used tools use of GIS and Statistical Models are very study area due to industrial effluents. Also higher magnitude of nitrogen is because of excessive use of fertilizer and popular. Some of the studies related to India and nearby pesticide. region are as follows.

Index Terms — Nitrogen, TDS, Alkalinity, Groundwater, S.Krishnaraj et al carried out spatial analysis of IDW. groundwater quality using GIS for Karur district of Tamil Nadu, India. They analyzed number of water samples for

I. INTRODUCTION physico-chemical parameters like TDS, TH, TA Chloride, and Fluoride. They also did geographic information system- Groundwater resources are affected by enlargement of based groundwater quality mapping and contour map. irrigation activities, industrialization and urbanization. Finally they developed an integrated map showing three Monitoring and conserving this essential useful resource is priority classes such as Excellent, Good and Poor essential. The exceptional of water is described in phrases groundwater quality zones of the study are. of its physical, chemical and biological parameters. Ascertaining the satisfactory of groundwater is The urban groundwater quality assessment of their indispensable earlier than its use for a number of functions physiological characteristics have done by P.Satyanarayana such as drinking, agricultural, leisure and industrial et al of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation activities. Area of Andhra Pradesh, India. The water quality standards The movement of groundwater is very slow as compare to of WHO, BIS and CPHEEO are taken as reference and final surface water, the rate of movement of ground water is results were compared with that. depending upon the parameters like transmissivity, permeability, aquifer storage capacity etc. Ground water

16 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 14, No.1, 2019 (Spl.) pp. 16-21 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Spatial Distribution of Ground water Quality is done by S.Tikle et al; the domain area is selected in Pune city- Maharashtra. The study bore well sample of data collected are 29 numbers and the study is done with using Arc GIS INDIA software. The prescription from APHA is taken as a reference and the physicochemical parameters are analyzed that are finally compared with WHO (2006, 2008) water GUJARAT quality standards for drinking. Also, maps were prepared using IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) technique in GIS.

Gursimran Singh et al studied effect of polluter surface Figure1. MAP OF ANKLESHWAR water on ground water for BudhaNullah near Ludhiana and Figure: 1 Study area map of Ankleswar Machhiwara region of India. They collected number of 2012-13 samples and analyzed all the quality parameters using District: Bharuch Water sample: Tube well Lab: Ankleswar TDS standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for Sr Village Name Location Testing Date Testing result examination of water and wastewater”. The total studyNo 1 ALANJ Vav of Vill. Aalunj 06/12/2012 2680.00 mg/l covers so many samples of data within range of study area, 2 GADKHOL Nr. Tank 22/12/2012 3880.00 mg/l the data sample then analyzed and compared with ISO 3 KARMALI Near Panchayat 26/02/2013 2200.00 mg/l 4 KARMALI Nr. Samshan 19/06/2012 2356.00 mg/l 10500 drinking water quality standards; in the result found 5 KHAROD Near Tank 26/02/2013 2250.00 mg/l 6 MOTALI Sarpanch's house 19/06/2012 3848.00 mg/l that the sample of water collected found to be unfit for 7 PUNGAM Rajput Faliya 11/10/2012 3240.00 mg/l drinking. Optimum value for soil is found in Sodium 8 SAMOR Nr Amravati Wadi 22/12/2012 2300.00 mg/l 9 SANJALI Bore Water 26/02/2013 3650.00 mg/l adsorption ratio (SAR) test shows results within the ranges 10 SANJALI Mazid 02/03/2013 3500.00 mg/l 11 SARANGPOR Near Navi Nagri 26/02/2013 2120.00 mg/l from 3.78 to 6.98 mg/kg; the soil having SAR value less 12 SARANGPOR Nr. Gram Panchayat 11/10/2012 2360.00 mg/l than 10 are generally considered as a good soil for leaching 13 UMARWADA Bore Water 26/02/2013 2300.00 mg/l 14 UMARWADA Talav 19/06/2012 2264.00 mg/l and water percolation. The presence of impurities and NITRATE heavy metals are found in other forms in the ground water. 1 MOTALI Sarpanch's House 19/06/2012 253.81 mg/l 2 SANJALI Bore Water 26/02/2013 115.18 mg/l 3 SANJALI Mazid 02/03/2013 115.18 mg/l Akhtar and Z.Tang carried out study related to 4 SANJALI Tank 19/06/2012 176.30 mg/l contamination sources-identification and concentration of 5 SARANGPOR Nr.Panchayt ofiice 11/10/2012 121.09 mg/l TDS in urban area of Pakistan. They collected data and 6 UMARWADA Bore Water 26/02/2013 115.18 mg/l ALKALINITY analyzed graphically. In the conclusion; contaminated river 1 KHAROD Near Tank 26/02/2013 780.00 mg/l water and drain systems, poor unregulated landfills are 2 UMARWADA Bore Water 26/02/2013 680.00 mg/l found as major sources of pollution.

III. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION: 2017-18 District: Bharuch Water sample: Tube well Lab: Ankleswar The study area Ankleshwar is located in Bhruch district of TDS Gujarat. It lies between 21.6264° N (latitude), 73.0152° E Sr VillageName Location Testing Date Testing result (longitude). Akleshwar taluka is located around 14Km fromNo 1 DIVA Bore Near Tank 20/11/2017 2262.00 mg/l Bharuch District. The beautiful Bharuch district is situated 2 DIVA Near Pond 20/11/2017 2276.00 mg/l 3 DIVA Near panchayat 20/11/2017 7688.00 mg/l on bank of , which also known as lifeline of 4 DIVI Primary school 20/11/2017 2344.00 mg/l Gujarat. The river banks of Bharuch district are covered by 5 DIVI Nr Aganvadi 20/11/2017 2444.00 mg/l 6 KARMALI Nr School 06/04/2017 3600.00 mg/l greenery. 7 KOSAMADI kosamadi 03/05/2017 2600.00 mg/l 8 SARFUDDIN Nr Tank 20/11/2017 2594.00 mg/l 9 SARFUDDIN Nr aganvadi, 20/11/2017 3052.00 mg/l Ankleshwar town and Bharuch also have remarkable 10 SURWADI Primary school 20/11/2017 2312.00 mg/l peculiarities in ancient time. Many pharmaceutical NITRATE 1 DIVA Near panchayat 20/11/2017 47.38 mg/l companies are located in Ankleshwar taluka. There are 2 DIVA Plot Vibhag-01, 20/11/2017 129.55 mg/l 3 DIVA Plot vibhag-02, 20/11/2017 141.47 mg/l around 2000 industries located in this area. 4 KARMALI Near Tank 31/08/2017 72.57 mg/l 5 KARMALI At Nea School 06/04/2017 273.00 mg/l Ankleshwar industrial association is the largest association 6 KOSAMADI Name: kosamadi 03/05/2017 60.28 mg/l 7 SARFUDDIN Nr aganvadi 20/11/2017 54.86 mg/l of industry in Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation 8 UMARWADA Nr panchayat 06/04/2017 120.30 mg/l (GIDC). In 2011 Ankleshwar had population around ALKALINITY 1 HARIPURA At office Faliya 07/04/2017 760.00 mg/l 140839. Major predominant geological formation found in 2 SARFUDDIN Nr Tank 20/11/2017 644.00 mg/l study area is Deccan Trap, Sandstone, and Alluvium. FLOURIDE 1 SARFUDDIN Primary school 20/11/2017 3.04 mg/l

17 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 14, No.1, 2019 (Spl.) pp. 16-21 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com However some data are out of Ankleswar but having lot of contamination and instructed topic to highlight in research. For analysis data used are secondary/ancillary data collected from NRDWP and other internet sources, as well as some data are found from GPCB website and software like goggle earth pro so as to identify ground position.

IV. METHODOLOGY:

The groundwater samples were analyzed with help of analytical and graphical method. Ground water parameters are then compared with IS 10500 (2012): Drinking water. The samples collected were analyzed for important chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, fluorides, and NO3.

The expression of all these chemical constituents is in mg/L Figure:2 TDS concentration in 2012-13 at Ankleswar (milligrams/liter). The sample is divided with reference of the parameter which having higher contaminations are taken account. Spatial distribution of these parameters is done with the help of arc GIS 10 software.

Inverse distance weighting IDW approach of GIS is an advantageous device for preliminary decision making of groundwater contaminant extent. This tool is interpolation technique for creating spatial distribution maps and has been used for parameters which are greater than its permissible limit as per standard.

IDW Uses the measured values surrounding the prediction location to predict a value for any unsampled location, based on the assumption that things that are close to one another are more alike than those that are farther apart (ESRI Arc gis).

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: A TDS(Total Dissolved Solid ): Figure:3 TDS concentration in 2017-18 at Ankleswar

The study area of Ankleswar is the leading industrial zone B Nitrate: of southern Gujarat. The industries which are having boiler In the atmosphere fundamental sources of nitrate consist of and cooling tower blow down and processing waste water reactions prompted via lightning, photochemical oxidation stream containing alkalinity and hardness are the result of in the stratosphere, chemical oxidation of ammonia, soil higher magnitude of TDS in surface as well as ground water manufacturing of NO by means of microbial processes, and of the area. fossil gasoline combustion. Due to dissolved impurities come from rocks and mineral Nitrate in groundwater originates primarily from fertilizers, matters the amount of TDS also increased in groundwater. septic systems, and manure storage or spreading operations

18 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 14, No.1, 2019 (Spl.) pp. 16-21 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Figure:4 Nitrate concentration in 2012-13 at Ankleswar

Figure:6 Alkalinity in 2012-13 at Ankleswar

Figure:5 Nitrate concentration in 2017-18 at Ankleswar

C Alkalinity:

As per available information from NRDWP, the alkalinity above IS standard of 200mg/l were observed in ground water of Kharod, Umarwada, Haripura and Safruddin Figure:6 Alkalinity in 2017-18 at Ankleswar villages. The Natural processes such as dissolution of C Fluoride: carbonate mineral and dissolution of atmospheric, and soil CO gas are supplying CO to the groundwater. 2 3 In the year of 2017-18, a surprising location of Safruddin village bore well sample got higher value of Fluoride 3.04 mg/l which was due to phosphate fertilizers used in irrigation lands.

19 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 14, No.1, 2019 (Spl.) pp. 16-21 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com VI. CONCLUSION: and managing ground water quality and its pollution in the From this study it is found that the utility of GIS combined study area. with analytical data to assess and mapping of groundwater REFERENCES quality. The spatial distribution map of Total Dissolved Solids, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Chloride and [1] Akhtar M. M. and Tang Zhonghua “Identification of Fluoride shows that, these parameters were not within the Contamination Sources and TDS Concentration in ground water of Second Biggest City of Pakistan” permissible limit throughout the study area uniformly. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013 Spatial distribution maps of a number of quality parameters are used to demarcate the locational distribution of water [2] R. Ghazavi and Z. Ebrahimi, “Assessing groundwater quality in a complete manner and assist in suggesting vulnerability to contamination in an arid environment groundwater appropriate for domestic usage purposes. using DRASTIC and GOD models” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2015) 12:2909–2918 The study region and its nearby locations are going through a quantity of groundwater issues, such as water shortages, [3] S. Krishnaraj, Sanjiv Kumar and K.P. Elango locally excessive pollution, and low recharge and over 1Department of Petrochemical Engg., R.V.S College exploitation of the resource. The important sources of “Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality Using Geographic Information System – A Case Study” pollution in the study area are negative unregulated IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology landfills, contaminated river water and drain systems. All of and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT, Volume 9, these issues will intensify with passage of time unless steps Issue 2 Ver. III (Feb 2015), PP 01-06 are taken in the. [4] Satyanarayana P., N.Appala Raju, K.Harikrishna and It is felt that we have no strong approach to guard the K.Viswanath “Urban Groundwater Quality groundwater gadget from pollutant, which are continually Assessment: A Case Study of Greater Visakhapatnam infiltrating into the aquifer. Municipal Corporation Area (Gvmc), Andhra Pradesh, India” International Journal of Engineering Science A groundwater monitoring gadget is most essential for Invention Volume 2 Issue 5, May. 2013, PP.20-31 stopping these. There are some considerable guidelines for [5] Tikle Suvarna, Saboori Mohammad Jawid and preventing in addition groundwater satisfactory Sankpal Rushikesh, “Spatial Distribution Of Ground deterioration Water Quality In Some Selected Parts Of Pune City, Maharashtra, India Using GIS” Current World 1) A massive waste water extent from domestic sewage that Environment Vol. 7(2), 281-286 (2012) enters into the quite a number water bodies positioned in the city. Effective treatment plants must be set up to deal V. AUTHORS DETAILS: with municipal waste water before thru into river or other water bodies. Fractured and ancient sewage traces ought to be exchange to make it insure fix leaking problem.

2) Landfills must be maintained precise and generated leachate collection mechanism need to be established. Groundwater recharge places and buildings are protected from surface pollution. Agricultural activities, specifically those the use of large quantities of fertilizer and pesticide, need to be excluded from the recharge sites. Mukesh A. Modi received the B.E.degree from S.V.N.I.T., and M.E. degree from L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad and pursuing PhD in Civil Engineering from The 3) Enforce current environmental safety laws and boost M.S. University of Baroda. He obtained his Master degree with additional guidelines and policies as necessary. specialization in Water Resources Management in 2004. He served L.E. College, Morbi for a short period and then joined 4) There is a crucial need of continuously monitoring Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M.S. University of groundwater levels and high-quality so that issues can be Baroda in 2004. He has written several research papers and identified and dealt quickly. delivered many technical expert talks as well as lectures. He has been guiding many scholars for their Masters in the field of water resources engineering which includes Ground water The outcomes obtained in this study with the spatial Modeling, Irrigation water management, Water pollution and database mounted in GIS will be beneficial for monitoring contamination studies and ground water vulnerabilities.

20 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 14, No.1, 2019 (Spl.) pp. 16-21 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Engineering, SAL College of Engineering is helping us to publish our research paper in the journal “IJAER”. We also extend our gratitude to the Department for the same.

Declaration:

We also declare that the presented work is done Ms. Hettal M. Tokle received the degree from Shantilal Shah by us. Any of the staff members/ faculty Engineering College- and M. E. degree from L. E. members of the above mentioned organizers and College- Morbi in specialization subject of Water Resources Engineering and Management. She has one year industrial that of SAL Education campus is not responsible Experience as Drafts men Designer cum site engineer. She for data or work presented in the paper. We served as Asst. Prof. in Arunmuchhala Engineering College- publish our paper “Analytical study of ground Dhari for two years and Atmiya Institute of Engineering and water contamination in Ankleshwar Taluka of Technology for two years. She also served as Laboratory Gujarat” in the above said journal at our sole Engineer at S.V.N.I.T.-Surat under TQP-2 cell on river responsibility and resolve the issues if raised any morphological project. Currently she is serving at Sal Institute time at ourselves. of Engineering and Research-Ahmedabad. She has published several research papers on different areas. Interested research area and study area is Ground water hydrology, River water, Ground water contamination, river morphology, Ground water recharge, modeling with help of software like Arc GIS, Surfer, ANN, Sewer Gems, Water Gems.

Dr.Narendra J. Shrimalireceived the B.E. and M.E. degree in Civil Engineering from The M.S. University of Baroda. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from the same university in Civil Engineering in 2010. He served B. & B. Polytechnic college, VallabhVidya Nagar for a short period and then joined Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M.S. University of Baroda in 1996. He has written several research papers and delivered many technical expert talks as well as lectures. He has been guiding many scholars for their Masters and Ph.D. His area of interest and specialization includes Ground water Modeling, Surface water Hydrology, Water pollution and contamination studies and water resources management.

Acknowledgement

The Author/s are grateful to the Department of Chemical Engineering, Sal College of Engineering, Ahmedabad for giving us an opportunity to present our work in the National Seminar “Pollution control, Cleaner Production and Chemical Security Program- Issues & Concerns” Sept 19-20, 2018 jointly organized by Department of Chemical Engineering – SAL College of Engineering, Gujarat pollution Control Board, Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers-ARC & Institution of Engineers India)- Gujarat Centre. We are pleased to know that the Department of Chemical

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